images and optical instruments. definitions real image - light passes through the image point....
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Images and Optical Instruments
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Definitions• Real Image - Light passes through the image point.
• Virtual Image - Light does not pass through the image point.
• Magnification– Negative means the image is inverted.
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Plane Mirror
• Plane Mirror Properties s’ = s M = 1 Image is virtual and erect Image has right-left reversal
Mirror Image
s s’
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Spherical Mirror• Focal Point - Location where parallel
incoming rays converge or appear to converge.
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Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
MagnificationFocal Length Image Distance
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Concave Mirror• s, s’, f, and R are positive values
• Image is inverted and real
R
f
s
s’
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Convex Mirror• s is positive
• s’, f, and R are negative
• Image is erect and virtual
R
s s’
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Grocery Shopping• In a grocery store you see an aisle mirror
which is convex with a 1.0 m radius of curvature. How tall is your image if you are 2.0 m tall and 3.0 m away from the mirror?
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Images from Refraction
• Assuming small incidence angle
• Use positive numbers for values when– s in front of the surface (Real Object)– s’ & R in back of the surface
• Use negative numbers for values when– s in back of the surface (Virtual Object)– s’ & R in front of the surface
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Fish and the Kitten
• A kitten is located 10 cm from a fish bowl with a 2.0 m radius of curvature. Where is the image of the kitten and tall is it if the kitten is 20 cm tall.
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Thin Lenses• A lens consists of two refracting surfaces.
• For thin lenses
• Positive– s in front of the lens, s’, R1 and R2 behind
• Negative– s in back of the lens, s’, R1, and R2 in front
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R1
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Thin Lenses• Convex Lens - Converging
• Concave Lens - Divergingfocus
Parallel Light Rays
focus
Parallel Light Rays
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Vision ProblemsHyperopia – farsightednessCorrected with a convergent lense.
Myopia – nearsightednessCorrected with a divergent lense.
Diopters = m-1fP 1Lens’ Power
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Microscope• Objective and eyepiece separated by a fixed distance, L.
fe
L
fo
Lateral MagnificationM=-s’/s
Angular MagnificationMax M=1+25/fRelaxed M=25/f
Near Point = 25 cm
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Telescopes
Refractor Reflector
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Eyepiece
Objective
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Color Vision
• Additive Color Theory– Primary Colors
• Red
• Green
• Blue
– Secondary Colors• Yellow
• Cyan
• Magenta