ii urbanization. americans migrate to the cities how do you think life in big cities was different...
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II Urbanization
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Americans Migrate to the Cities
How do you think life in big cities was different from life on farms and in small towns?
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Americans Migrate to the CitiesAfter Civil War urban
population explodedNew York City grew from
800,000 to 3.5 million between 1860 -1900
Chicago swelled from 109,000 to 1.6 million
U.S. only 131 cities with 2,500 or more in 1840; by 1900 there were 1,700
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Americans Migrate to the CitiesMost immigrants as well as
rural America moved to the cities
Cities offered more and better paying
jobsElectricityModern plumbingentertainment
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Americans Migrate to the CitiesNew strategies in urban
developmentRising land value provided
incentive to build upIncentive – something that
motivates a person into action
Tall steel frame buildings called skyscrapers appear
First skyscraper was 10 stories tall
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Americans Migrate to the CitiesCities developed mass transit1890 horse cars move 70% of
urban traffic 1873 San Francisco installs
cable carsPulled by underground cables20 cities follow
1887 Frank J Sprague developed the first electric trolley
Chicago built an elevated trainNew York and Boston build the
first subway system
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Americans Migrate to the Cities
What attracted people to cities in the late 1800s?
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Americans migrate to the CitiesThe promise of better paying jobs; entertainment and leisure activities; buildings with modern plumbing and electricity
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Separation by ClassHow did living conditions of the urban working class differ from those of other social classes?
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Separation by ClassUpper, middle and working
classes lived in separate distinct parts of town
Late 1800s wealthiest families established fashionable districts in the heart of the city
Homes grew larger
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Separation by ClassWealthy women depended on
hired help:CooksMaidsButlers Nannies Chauffers'
Spent a great deal of money on social events
Most new Yorkers lived on $500.00 a year
Cornelia Sherman Martin spent $360,000.00 on a dance
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Separation by ClassAmerican
industrialization expanded the middle classDoctorsLawyersManagersEngineersSocial workers ArchitectsTeachers
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Separation by classMiddle class moved away
from center cityEscape crimePollutionAfford larger homes
Used commuter rail linesMoved to “streetcar
suburbs”
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Separation by ClassLate 1800s wealthiest families
had at least one live-in servant
Gave women more time to pursue outside activities
“Women’s clubs”Focused on social and
educational activitiesLater became more charitable
and reform activities Helped establish a juvenile
court system in Chicago
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Separation by ClassFew urban working families
could hope of owning a home
Most lived in crowded tenements or multifamily apartment buildingsTenement – multifamily
apartments, usually dark crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards
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Separation by ClassThe first tenement was
built in New York City in 1839
Three out of four residents squeezed into dark crowded tenements
To supplement average workers income of $445.00
The family rented space to a boarder
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Separation by ClassWhite native born men
earned more thanAfrican American menImmigrantswomen
64% of working families relied on more than one wage
Whole families including children worked
Children faced dangerous working conditions and were not in school
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Separation by ClassGrowing number (19%) of
women took work outside the home
White native born women were more educated
Found jobs asTeachersClerkssecretaries
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Separation by ClassMany women were
domestic servantsImmigrants filled these
jobs in the NorthAfrican American women
in the SouthDomestic servants
endured long hoursLow wagesSocial isolation
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Separation by ClassWhat was the life like for working class families?
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Separation by ClassBoth parents needed to work in most families; in many families children worked, too. Domestic service was the most common type of job for woman.
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Urban ProblemsWhat types of problems developed due to the rapid growth of urban families
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Urban ProblemsCity living posed risks of
CrimeViolenceFireDiseasepollution
Rapid growth of cities made these problems worse and complicated
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Urban ProblemsCrime was a growing
problem in American CitiesMinor criminals like
PickpocketsSwindlersThievesThrived in crowded urban
conditionsFrom 1880 -1890 population
jumped from 25 million people to 100 million
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Urban ProblemsDisease and pollution posed
bigger risksImproper sewage disposal
contaminated drinking waterTriggered epidemics of
typhoid fever and choleraTriggered – to cause an action
that causes a greater reaction
Sewer systems existed but pollution remained a problem in the 1870s
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Urban ProblemsHorse manure was left on
the streetsChimneys belched smokeSoot built up from coal and
wood fires
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Urban ProblemsPolitical machine, an
informal political group designed to gain power
Came about because cities had grown faster than their governmentPolitical machine – an
organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government
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Urban ProblemsNew city dwellers needed
JobsHousingFoodHeat Police protection
In exchange for votes, political machines and party bosses provided these necessities
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Urban ProblemsParty boss – the person in
control of the political machine
George Plunkett powerful New York party boss explained“I can always get a job for
a deservin’ man…I know every big employer in the district and in the whole city”
“For that matter and they ain’t in the habit of sayin’ no to me when I ask for a job”
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Urban ProblemsParty bosses controlled the
city financesMachine politicians grew
rich as a result of fraud or graft
Graft – the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician.
Outright fraud occurred when party bosses accepted bribes from contractors
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Urban ProblemsContractors are suppose to
compete fairly To win contracts to build
streets, sewers, and buildings
Corrupt bosses sold permits to their friend to operate public utilitiesRailroadsWaterworksPower systems
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Urban ProblemsTammany Hall, New York
Democratic political machine was the most infamous
William “Boss” Tweed was its leader from 1860s to 1870s
Tweed’s corruptness led to prison sentence in 1874
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Urban ProblemsCity machines controlled city
services including the policeSt. Louis boss never feared
arrestHaving voters vote twice at
police controlled polling placesThomas Nast a cartoonist
blasted corrupt bossesDefenders argued political
machines provided necessary services
Helped assimilate city dwellers
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Urban Problems
Why were political machines so influential in cities?
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Urban ProblemsThey provided much needed services in exchange for votes