II. Kingdoms of BacteriaII. Kingdoms of Bacteria A. 2 KingdomsA. 2 Kingdoms

1. Archebacteria1. Archebacteriaa. Methanogensa. Methanogens 1) oxygen-free 1) oxygen-free

environments environments 2)2) Use HS, CO2, N2 as Use HS, CO2, N2 as

energyenergy-Give off methane-Give off methane

3) Ex’s- swamps, sewage 3) Ex’s- swamps, sewage areas areas

b. Extreme Halophilesb. Extreme Halophiles 1) High salt concentration1) High salt concentration 2) Ocean not enough 2) Ocean not enough

(3.5%)(3.5%)-Great Salt Lake, -Great Salt Lake,

Dead SeaDead Sea

c. Hyperthermophylesc. Hyperthermophyles 1) Need high 1) Need high tempstemps 2) +80 degrees C’2) +80 degrees C’ 3) Hot springs, 3) Hot springs, Sulfur SpringsSulfur Springs

2. Bacteria2. Bacteriaa. a. heterotrophsheterotrophs1) need outside 1) need outside food food sourcesource2)means:2)means:

1) parasite1) parasite2) saprophyte- def.2) saprophyte- def.b. b. AutotrophsAutotrophs*photosynthetic*photosynthetic-chlorophyll-chlorophyll B. More about ArchebacteriaB. More about Archebacteria-chemosynthetic-chemosynthetic-obtain energy from the -obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic breakdown of inorganic substances (S & N)substances (S & N)

Chemosynthesis point of interest:Chemosynthesis point of interest:=> Nitrogen fixation=> Nitrogen fixation1) Nitrogen- primary component 1) Nitrogen- primary component of our proteinof our protein2) how do we get it?2) how do we get it?Atmosphere:Atmosphere:Nitrogen (N)- Nitrogen (N)- 78%78%Oxygen (O)-Oxygen (O)- 18%18%Carbon dioxide(COCarbon dioxide(CO22))-- 1% 1%Rest (He,H,etc.)-Rest (He,H,etc.)- 1%1%

3) Bacteria “fix” the Nitrogen3) Bacteria “fix” the Nitrogen

a.Make unusable N into Nitrates and Nitrites

N2 => NO2 & NO3

b. We then can utilize the previously unusable nitrogen to make protein

B. StructureB. Structure1. No membrane bound 1. No membrane bound

organellesorganelles2. Circular DNA (Prokaryote)2. Circular DNA (Prokaryote)

-plasmid-plasmid3. Classified by shape & 3. Classified by shape &

arrangement:arrangement:Diplo-Diplo-

Staphylo-Staphylo-

Strepto-Strepto-

C. C. Your turn:Your turn: find the def.’s for the find the def.’s for the following terms from your packets:following terms from your packets:

Penicillin (how it works)Penicillin (how it works) Include “osmotic rupture”Include “osmotic rupture”

AerobesAerobes AnaerobesAnaerobes EndosporesEndospores Binary FissionBinary Fission Sexual Reproduction (parts involved)Sexual Reproduction (parts involved) Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation