ii. classification of matter2015/04/01 · classification of matter matter stuff of which all...
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Classification of Matter
Matter
Stuff of which all materials are
made: anything that has mass and
takes up space.
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Define
Atoms- Extremely small building blocks of matter
All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces by chemical means
The smallest distinct units in a sample of matter
Elements are made up the same atoms.
Elements cannot be decomposed into other substances.
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B. Pure Substances
Element
composed of identical atoms
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Define
Molecule – a combination of 2 0r more atoms (same or different) that are covalently bonded.
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which exhibits the physical and chemical characteristics of the substance.
Diatomic molecules of elements :
H2 O2 Cl2 N2 F2 Br2 I2
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Define
H2O CO2
CaSO4 HBR
Na2O KOH
H2 CO3
Compounds a compound of 2 or more
different elements bonded together in a
fixed proportion.
Molecules
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B. Pure Substances
Compound
composed of 2 or more
elements in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those
of individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)
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B. Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds,
each has a definite composition.
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Compounds
Slight differences in combinations of
atoms can have large difference in
properties
H2O- water,
H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide
C2 H6O – ethanol, drinkable
C2 H6O2 – ethylene glycol, poisonous
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Compounds
Law of Definite Composition
A given compound always contains
the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements can combine in different
ratios to form different compounds.
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Pure Substances
Compounds
Can be decomposed
into simpler
substances by
chemical changes,
always in a definite
ration
Elements
cannot be
decomposed into
simpler
substances by
chemical changes
Same kind of particles throughout
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Mixture
Mixtures are two or more substance that are not chemically combined.
Mixtures do not have a fixed composition
Mixtures do not have constant boiling points or melting points
Variable composition
Components retain their characteristic properties
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Mixture
May be separated into pure
substances by physical methods
Mixtures of different compositions
may have widely different properties.
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Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Which is it?
Element Compound Mixture
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Physical Separation
Techniques
By eye
Filtration to separate solid and
liquid
Distillation to separate two or more
liquids with different boiling points
Chromatography to separate pure
liquids or solutions of compounds
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C. Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure
substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Types of mixtures
Homogeneous mixture -1 phase -uniform properties in a sample -same composition in a sample eg: sugar and water
Heterogeneous mixture -2 or more phases (with same or different physical states) -each phase has different properties eg: oil and water, sand and water
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A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
Can it be physically
separated?
Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Compound
Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically
decomposed? no yes Is the composition
uniform? no yes
Colloids Suspensions
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C. Mixtures
Solution
homogeneous
very small particles
no Tyndall effect Tyndall Effect
particles don’t settle
EX: rubbing alcohol
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C. Mixtures
Colloid
heterogeneous
medium-sized particles
Tyndall effect
particles don’t settle
EX: milk
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C. Mixtures
Suspension
heterogeneous
large particles
Tyndall effect
particles settle
EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
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C. Mixtures
Examples:
mayonnaise
muddy water
fog
saltwater
Italian salad
dressing
colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
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A. Matter Flowchart
Examples:
graphite
pepper
sugar (sucrose)
paint
soda
element
hetero. mixture
compound
hetero. mixture
solution
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Classifying Matter
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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of
Matter
A “microscopic” view
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS #4 1. Classify the following as an element, compound, or
mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous).
_____ air _____ oxygen
_____ tin can _____ sugar
_____ Windex _____ crude oil
_____ suntan lotion _____ gummi bear
2. A white solid is dissolved in water. The resulting
colorless, clear liquid is boiled in a beaker until
dryness. White crystals remain in the beaker. The
liquid can be classified as a(n) ______________.
3. Classify the following as physical or chemical
changes.
_____ photosynthesis _____ baking
_____ writing with pencil _____ snowing
HO E
E C
HO HE
HE HO
Homogeneous mixture
CC
PC
CC
PC
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GROUP STUDY PROBLEM #4 1. Classify the following as an element, compound, or
mixture (heterogeneous or homogeneous).
_____ wine _____ root beer
_____ penny _____ table salt
_____ Bleach _____ wood
_____ diamond _____ vinegar
2. A clear blue liquid in an open beaker was left in the
hood. After 1 week, the beaker contained only blue
crystals. The original liquid can be classified as a(n)
______________.
3. Classify the following as physical or chemical changes.
_____ perspiration _____ sugar dissolving
_____ fermentation _____ aging