ii-anatomi_anatomical-terms
TRANSCRIPT
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Susy Kristiani, drg.M.Kes.
Dept. of Oral Biology
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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing erect
Face forward
Arms at the sides
Palms and toesdirected forward
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Certain terms are used to describe :
- The location of body parts
- Region of the body
- Imaginary planes by which the body can be
sectioned
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Used to describe the location of one body part
in relation to another.
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ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL )
A body part is locatedtoward the front : The
windpipe ( trachea ) is
anterior to the
oesophagus
POSTERIOR ( DORSAL )
A body part is located
toward the back : Theheart is posterior to the
sternum ( breastbone )
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SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) A body part islocated aboveanother part, ortoward the head :
The face is superiorto the neck
INFERIOR (CAUDAL) A body part is below
another part, ortoward the feet : Thenavel is inferior tothe chin
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MEDIAL A body part is nearer
than another part toan imaginary midlineof the body : Thebridge of the nose ismedial to the eyes
LATERAL A body part is farther
away from themidline : The eyesare lateral to thenose
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PROXIMAL A body part is closer to
the point of attachmentor closer to the trunk :The elbow is proximalto the hand
DISTAL A body part is farther
from the point of
attachment or furtherfrom the trunk or torso :The hand is distal tothe elbow
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SUPERFISIAL
( EXTERNAL ) A body part is
located near thesurface : The skin issuperfisial to the
muscles
DEEP( INTERNAL )
The body part islocated away fromthe surface : Theintestines are deepto the spine
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CENTRAL
A body part is situated atthe center to the body or
an organ : The central
nervous system is
located along the main
axis of the body
PERIPHERAL A body part is situated
away from the center of
the body or an organ :
The peripheral nervous
system is located outside
the central nervous
system
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IPSILATERAL
A body part is on thesame side of thebody as anotherbody part : The righthand is ipsilateral tothe right foot
CONTRALATERAL A body part is on the
opposite side of the
body from anotherbody part : The righthand is contralateralto the left hand
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REGIONS OF THE BODYCan be divided into AXIAL and APPENDICULAR
portions
AXIAL PORTION Head & Neck
Trunk : Thorax ,abdomen , pelvis
APPENDICULAR
PORTION The upper limbs
The lower limbs
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PLANES AND SECTIONS OF THE
BODY
To observe the structure of an internalbody part, it is customary to section ( cut )
the body along a plane
A plane is an imaginary flat surface passingthrough the body
The body is customarily sectioned alongthe following planes
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SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANEextends lengthwise and divides the body into right
and left portions.
A midsagittal plane passes exactly through the
midline of the body ( fig.d )
Sagittal cuts that are not along the midline are
called parasagittal sections
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FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANE
Extends lengthwise, but it is perpendicular to a
sagittal plane and divides the body or an organ into
anterior an posterior portion
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TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANE
Perpendicular to the bodys long axis and thereforedivides the body horizontally to produce cross
section.
A tranverse cut divides the body or an organ into
superior and inferior portions
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2.1 SKELETON : OVERVIEW
The skeletal system consist of the bones( 206 in adult ) and joints,
along with the the cartilage and ligaments that occur at
the the joints
AXIAL skeleton
APPENDICULAR
skeleton
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Supports the body. The bones of the lower limbs
support the entire body when weare standing, and the pelvic girdlesupports the the abdominal cavity
Protects soft body part The bones of the skull protect the
brain; The rib cage protects theheart and lungs.
Produces blood cells All bones in the fetus have red bone
marrow that produces blood cells.In the adult, only certain bonesproduce blood cells.
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Stores minerals and fat All bones have a matrix that contains calcium
phosphate, a source of calcium ions and
phosphate ions in the blood. Fat is stored inyellow bone marrow
Along with the muscles, permits flexiblebody movement While articulations ( joints ) occur between all
the bones, we associate body movement.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
LONG BONES Are longer and they are wide SHORT BONES
Are cube shaped; their lengthsand widths are about equal
FLAT BONES Are platelike and have broad
surfaces
IRREGULAR BONES Have varied shapes with many
places for connections with otherbones
ROUND BONES Are circular
PNEUMATIC BONES
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ANATOMY of a LONG BONE
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BONES GROWTH and REPAIR
OSTEOPROGENITORCELLS Unspecialized cells present in the inner portion of theperiosteum, in the endosteum, and in the central canal ofcompact bone
OSTEOBLASTS
Bone forming cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells.They are responsible for secreting the matrixcharacteristic of bone
OSTEOCYTES Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. Once the
osteoblasts surrounded by matrix, they become theosteocytes in bone
OSTEOCLASTS Perform bone resorption, that is, they breakdown bone
and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in the
blood.Important to the growth and repair of bone
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2.2 MAJOR BONES of theSKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON Skull Hyoid bone
Vertebral column( spine )
The Rib cage
APPENDICULARSKELETON Pectoral Girdle andUpper limb
Pelvic Girdle andLower limb
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN ( VC )
Extends from the skull to the pelvis It consists of a series of separate bones,
the VERTEBRAE intervertebral disks (fibrocartilage )
7 CERVICAL ( neck ) V
12 THORACIC ( chest ) V 5 SACRAL V fused to form the
SACRUM
5 LUMBAR ( lower back ) V
3 to 5 COCCYGEAL V fused into onecoccyx
In the fetus, the VC has but one curve concave anteriorly
Protects the spinal cord VERTEBRALCANAL
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THE RIB CAGE ( THORACIC CAGE )
C
omposed of : THORACIC VERTEBRAE( 12 ) RIBS and ASSOCIATEDCARTILAGES ( 12 )
12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in theback
The upper 7 pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum by means
of costal cartilages TRUE RIBS / VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS The next 5 pairs of ribs FALSE RIBS Ribs 8, 9, 10 VERTEBROCHONDRAL RIBS, attach indirectly to
the sternum using the cartilage of rib 7
Ribs 11 ,12 short ribs with no attachment to the sternum FLOATING RIBS
STERNUM ( composed of 3 bones ) :
The manubrium, the body, the xiphoid process
Protects the heart and lung Provides support for the bone of the pectoral girdle
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PECTORAL GIRDLE & UPPER LIMB
PECTORALGIRDLE
( SHOULDERGIRDLE ) Contains 5 bones :
Manubrium sterni Two clavicles
Two scapulae
It supports the arms and
serves as a place ofattachment for musclesthat move the arms
UPPERLIMB :
Humerus ( the bones of
the arm ) Radius & Ulna
( the bones of theforearm )
Carpals, Metacarpals,Phalanges
( the bones of the hand )
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PELVIC GIRDLE & LOWER LIMB
PELVIC GIRDLE Contains :
2 coxal bones( hipbones ) ilium,ischium, pubis
Sacrum & Coccyx
The pelvis also servesas the place ofattachment for thelower limbs
Protects : Urinary bladder
Internal reproductiveorgans
Large intestine
LOWER LIMB
Femur ( the bones of thethigh )
Patella ( the bones of the
kneecap ) Tibia & Fibula ( the
bones of the leg )
Tarsals,
Metatarsals,
Phalanges
( the bones of the foot )
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2.3 JOINT ( ARTICULATION )
There are two systems for classification : According amount of movement they allow
According to their structure ( the convention followed
here )
A joint called : SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
AMPHIARTHROSIS ( SLIGHTMOVEMENT)
DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )
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SYNARTHROSIS ( IMMOVABLE )
Occur where fibrousconnective tissue
joints bone to bone
fibrous joint
Sutures, in thecranial vault and
face; and are
immovable
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AMPHIARTHROSIS( SLIGHTMOVEMENT )
Where bones are joinedby hyalin cartilage or
fibrocartilage
cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable
The pubic symphysis,the joint between thetwo pubic bones
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DIARTHROSIS ( FREELY MOVABLE )
Bone ends do not contacteach other, but are enclosedin a capsule
Generally freely movable
Two bones are separated bya joint cavity is lined by asynovial membrane, whichproduces synovial fluid, alubricant for the joint
Ligament, which arecomposed of dense regularconnective tissue, bind thetwo bones and add evenmore stability
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MOVEMENT PERMITTED BY
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendonsthat cross joint. When a muscle contracts, one
bone moves in elation to another bone
Types of movement :
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
CIRCULAR MOVEMENTSPECIAL MOVEMENT
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
FLEXION Decreases the joint
angle
EXTENTION
Increases the jointangle
ADDUCTION the movement of
body part toward themidline
ABDUCTION The movement of the
body part laterally,away from midline
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CIRCULAR MOVEMENT
CIRCUMDUCTION The movement of the body
part in a wide, makes armcircle
ROTATION The movement of a body part
around its own axis: The arm is twisted toward
the trunk ( MEDIALROTATION
The arm away from the trunk( LATERAL ROTATION )
SUPINATION The rotation of the forearm
the palm in upward
PRONATION Is the opposite, the movement
of the forearm the palm isdownward
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SPECIAL MOVEMENT
INVERSION Turning the foot so that the sole
faces inward
EVERSION
Turning the foot so that the solefaces outward
ELEVATION and
DEPRESSION Refer to the lifting up and down,
respectively, of a body part Shrug shoulder
Move jaw up and down
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