igg4-related kidney disease – an update

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IgG4-related kidney disease – an update Dott. Aris Tsalouchos Medico Specializzando in Nefrologia Università degli studi di Firenze

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Page 1: IgG4-related kidney disease – an update

IgG4-related kidney disease – an update Dott. Aris Tsalouchos

Medico Specializzando in NefrologiaUniversità degli studi di Firenze

Page 2: IgG4-related kidney disease – an update

INTRODUCTIONIgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized systemic inflammatory disorder.

The most important feature is marked IgG4-positive plasma cell (IgG4 + PC) infiltration in affected organs with common histopathological features:Dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates Storiform fibrosis Obliterative phlebitis

Lacrimal and salivary glands, pancreas, kidneys and aorta/retroperitoneum are frequently affected organs. Patients often have multiple organ involvement simultaneously and sometimes metachronously.

Intrinsic renal involvement of IgG4 RD encompasses two distinct entities that together ‑comprise IgG4-related kidney disease: Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) Membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN)

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Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015, 24:193–201

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Pathophysiology: the role of IgG4

IgG4 itself is unlikely to drive the pathogenesis of IgG4 RD‑

The properties of the IgG4 molecule suggest that it would suppress inflammation. Indeed, the IgG4 response has been shown to develop after chronic antigen exposure as part of a tolerogenic response. IgG4 might, therefore, act as a noninflammatory ‘antigen sink’, the purpose of which is to mop up antigen through its monovalent binding in a process that dampens inflammation.

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CD4 T cells are abundant within IgG4-RD lesions, and tissue T cell cytokines–interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-b—are upregulated.

A polarized type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper cell population might act as a critical mediator of fibrosis by secreting cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-c and TGF-b, which recruit and activate fibroblasts.

A separate T follicular helper cell population, producing IL-4 and IL-10, mightpromote class-switching of IgG antibodies to IgG4 and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells.

Finally, regulatory T-cells likely play a central role in IgG4 and TGF-b production in the interstitium, thus promoting interstitial fibrosis.

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Pathophysiology: the role of T cells

Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11, 599–609 (2015)

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CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURESOF IgG4-RELATED KIDNEY DISEASE

Patients with IgG4-RKD present at an average age of 65 years, and 73–87% are men.

Elevated serum IgG level and hypocomplementaemia are characteristic features of IgG4-RKD.

More than 50% of patients having hypocomplementaemia. Both C3 and C4 are extremely low, resembling the active stage of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, complement might become a biomarker to monitor the recurrence of IgG4-TIN.

Hyper IgG-aemia is also prominent in many cases, and serum IgG levels exceeded 3000 mg/dl in 50% of patients. Elevated serum IgG4 levels are the most important serological finding in IgG4-RKD but a normal serum IgG4 level does not exclude diagnosis of IgG4 RD.‑

Increased serum levels of IgE and eosinophilia are other features possibly related to the allergic predisposition of this disease

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Although neither proteinuria nor haematuria is usually detected in IgG4-TIN, many patients with coexistent glomerular lesions have proteinuria or haematuria, or both.

Patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) may show even nephrotic levels of proteinuria.

In contrast to drug-induced acute TIN, IgG4-TIN is usually not accompanied by urinary excretion of many white blood cells (WBCs) or WBC casts. This finding probably mirrors a very mild tubulitis, a histopathological feature of IgG4-TIN.

Serum C-reactive protein levels are usually normal, with this being a useful marker to distinguish IgG4-RD from anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis or Castleman’s disease.

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IMAGING FEATURES OF IgG4-RELATEDKIDNEY DISEASE

A variety of patterns of multiple low-density lesions on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT).

Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows bilateral diffuse patchy involvement Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015, 24:193–201

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Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows multiple parenchymal low-density lesions including mass-like lesions protruding beyond the surface of the kidney (arrow)

Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015, 24:193–201

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Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a rim-like lesion of the kidney.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015, 24:193–201

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Recently, MRI has become a useful imaging method to detect IgG4-RKD from a very early stage. A typical finding of such lesions is hypointensity on T2-weighted images. Moreover, using diffusion-weighted imaging, a study showed that sensitivity was 100% in an analysis of 20 patients with presumptive IgG4-RKD. Therefore, if impaired renal function contraindicates the use of contrast-enhanced CT, MRI might be a promising alternative.

FDG-PET and gallium scintigraphy are other imaging modalities sometimesemployed. They are used mainly for whole body screening to determine the extent of the systemic organ involvement by IgG4-RD.

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OFIgG4-RELATED KIDNEY DISEASE:

TUBULOINTERSTITIAL LESIONS Plasma cell rich TIN with fibrosis and sometimes numerous infiltrating eosinophils are typical

pathological findings of IgG4-RKD.

The specific distribution of renal parenchyma lesions is another distinctive feature of this disease.

First, the margin between affected and unaffected portions is very clearly demarcated, with this finding thought to correspond to the imaging feature of multiple low-density lesions.

Second, lymphoplasmacytic cell infiltration into and beyond the renal capsule is a unique feature of this disease, reflected by the rim-like lesion of the kidney noted on CT

Several situations such as inaccessible regional lesion distribution hamper histologic examination of the kidney. In such cases, histologic findings from other organs could support typical renal imaging findings and clinical features of IgG4-RKD to allow the diagnosis of IgG4-RKD.

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More than 10 infiltrating IgG4 and plasma cells per high-power field or at least 40% of the ratio of IgG4 and plasma cells to IgG and plasma cells are employed as the cutoff values.

An abundance of IgG4 and plasma cells in the renal interstitium is not specific for IgG4-TIN but found in some patients with:

Necrotizing glomerulonephritis Diabetic nephropathy, Lupus nephritis, MGN Idiopathic TIN Neutrophil infiltration is also very rare, so that the presence of these lesions is a usefulclue to rule out IgG4-RKD

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Another important pathological feature is fibrosis

At least some portion of the fibrosis shows a storiform pattern, namely a swirlingfibrosis.

Tubular atrophy with thickened tubular basement membrane (TBM) and disappearance oftubules are prominent in the lesions

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Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate within the renal interstitium, with abundant eosinophils (circled). Strongly evident among the cellular infiltrate are interlacing fibrils of storiform fibrosis (arrows).

High-power view of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis, showing eosinophils (circled) and storiform fibrosis (arrows).

Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11, 599–609 (2015)

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IgG4 immunostaining in a patient with active IgG4 related ‑tubulointerstitial nephritis. Examples of IgG4+ cells are circled.

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OFIgG4-RELATED KIDNEY DISEASE:

GLOMERULAR LESIONS

Although a variety of glomerular diseases have been reported to be associated with IgG4-RD, MGN is the most common (about 7%), having a specific significance

Anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor antibody is usually negative in IgG4-related MGN

Granular deposits of IgG and C3 along the glomerular capillary walls, seen by immunofluorescence microscopy, are a typical feature. Interestingly, in the analyses of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) deposited IgG subclasses, IgG4 is the most dominant subclass in the great majority of patients and is usually accompanied by lower amounts of other IgG subclasses

In contrast to primary MGN, granular C1q deposits are sometimes prominent, and some but not all cases have coexistent TBM deposits

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OFIgG4-RELATED KIDNEY DISEASE:

GLOMERULAR LESIONS

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Retroperitoneal fibrosis and IgG4-RD

Before the recognition of IgG4 RD, most cases of RPF were regarded as idiopathic.‑

In a retrospective assessment of 23 patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic RPF at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 43 histopathological findings led to diagnosis of IgG4 RD in ‑13 patients (57%) on the basis of classic IgG4 RD histology and an IgG4+:IgG+ plasma cell ratio ‑>40%. Extraretroperitoneal manifestations of IgG4 RD were frequently observed in the same ‑ patients, and also helped with diagnosis.

No currently recognized clinical or radiographic features reliably differentiate between IgG4 related RPF and RPF that has no other disease association.‑

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J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Feb;66(2):220-2.

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IgG4-NEGATIVE IgG4-RELATED DISEASE

Recently, two cases of IgG4-negative IgG4-RD were reported. These patients both showed typical clinical, imaging and histopathological features of IgG4-RD, despite the absence of any IgG4 involvement, that is with normal serum IgG4 levels and very few IgG4 and plasma cell infiltrates in the affected organs.

Thus, these cases suggest that a condition that closely mimics IgG4-RD may develop even in the absence of IgG4 and plasma cells.

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TREATMENT OF IgG4-RELATED KIDNEYDISEASE

Steroid is the first-line therapy, and the administration of 0.6 mg/kg/day or 30 or 40 mg/day of prednisolone is recommended as the initial dose to induce remission.

The initial dose is continued for 2–4 weeks, and then tapered gradually (5mg every 1–2 weeks) to a maintenance dose (5–10 mg/day).

If the disease is refractory or frequently recurrent, addition of immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, MMF or Rituximab is recommended.

Although in the vast majority of IgG4-TIN cases prompt recovery of renal function is achievedwithin 1 month of corticosteroid administration, in cases in which the eGFR has already decreased to less than 60 before treatment, only partial recovery of renal function is obtained (mostly in the first month and plateauing thereafter).

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Longitudinal changes of imaging findings during corticosteroid therapy.

Upper: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan before corticosteroid therapy shows multiple low-density lesions in the bilateral kidneys in a patient with IgG4-RKD.

Middle: Two months after starting steroid therapy, contrast-enhanced CT scan shows complete recovery and disappearance of low-density lesions without atrophy in some areas of the kidney (arrow), while atrophic scarring starts to appear in other areas (arrowhead).

Lower: Six years after therapy and still under steroid maintenance therapy, the area that showed early recovery maintains its normal appearance without atrophy (arrow), but the area where atrophic scarring started to appear shows progressive scarring with decreased enhancement (arrowhead) on contrast-enhanced CT scan.

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REFERENCES

1. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015, 24:193–201.2. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 11, 599–609 (2015).3. J Nephrol. 2016 Mar 14. [Epub ahead of print] Review.4. ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY Vol. 67, No. 7, July 2015, pp 1688–1699.5. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016 Feb;66(2):220-2.6. ONCOLOGY LETTERS 11: 3438-3440, 2016.

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THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION.