NGO NGQCAN

' A

350BAITAP I •

1101 IIOC • ' A

CHON WC VA l\IAl\IG CAO • •

WP•o (Taiban tan thti· mu'O'i)

Chinh li, bli' sung tlzeo .wich gitio klwa Hod hl)c 10 nang cao

' _ , ? ; -

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Dl)C VII;:T NAM

    

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LOinOIOAO

De giup cac em hqc sinh kha, gioi co them tai li~u tham khao rffm luy~n ki nang

gilli toan hoa hqc, chung t6i xin tran trqng giai thi~u vai quy bt;m dong nghi~p va cac

em hqc sinh quyt/n "350 bai t~p Hoa hQc chQn IQc va nang cao lop 1 o·. Sach gom

350 bai t~p hoa hqc aU(/C chqn lqc tt:J cac de thi tuytln sinh Ot;Ji hQC qua cac nam va

dUqc trlnh bay dUai dt;Jng cac chU de, bao gom cac bai t~p 0 mtJc a¢ co ban va mtJc

a¢ nang cao theo tt:Jng chuang trong sach giao khoa hoa hqc 10 nang cao. Trong fan

taiban nay, sach auqc c~p nh~t va bo' sung cac phan con thieu theo SGK Hoa hQc 10

nang cao, gom 7 chuang :

ChUang 1 : Nguyen tlt- Gom 6 chU de ve : Xac dfnh phan ti:l kh6i cua hqp cha't

dUqc tt;JO boi cac nguyen t6 c6 cac dong vj khac nhau ; Cac bai t~p lien quan ae'n cac

ht;It tt;Jo thanh nguyen til ; Cac bai t~p ve kfch thUoc nguyen til, ht;Jt nhan, s6 kh61 ; Bai

t~p dl/a vao ca·u hinh electron lap ngoai cung ...

Chuang 2 : Bang tuan hoan va djnh lu~t tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hQc -

Gom 2 chU de ve : Xac dfnh vj trj cac nguyen t6 ; Xac djnh c6ng thtJc hoa hQc khi bie't

vf tri cua n6 trong bang tuan hoan.

ChUang 3: Lien ket hoa hQC - G6m 4 chU de ve: Viet c6ng thtJc ca·u tt;JO cua

phan til ; Xac dfnh lien ket ; Trt;Ing thai lai hoa ; Anh huang cua lien ke't hoa hQC ae'n

a¢ tan va nhi~t a¢ n6ng chiJY,

ChUang 4: Phan ung oxi hoa khlt - Gom 6 chU ve: Xet chieu hUang cua phan

" ung ; Xac c!inh chfit cha"t oxi hoa, chti"t khu ; Phim ung oxi hoa khu c6 h~ s6 Mng cha.

ChUCJng 5: Nh6m Halogen - Gom 6 chU de ve: 86' tuc va can b~ng cac phUCJng trlnh

phan tJng hoa h9c ; Nh~n bi{it va tach cac chat ; Xac dfnh ten halogen ; Tfnh a¢ pH ...

3

ChUang 6: Nh6m oxi - G6m 5 chU de ve: 86 tuc va can bang cac phUong trinh

phan ung hoa hQC ; Nh~n bie't va tacft-.elc chfl't ; Xac djnh ten oxi, IUu huynh; Tinh dQ

pH trong dung djch. ..

ChUdng 7: Toe dQ phan ung va can bang hoa hQC - G6m 4 chu de ve: Anh

hUang cua nang dQ, nhiet dQ, ap sua·t den t6c dQ phan ung va can bang hoa hQC.

0 moi chUdng, sach dU(Jc trinh bay theo cac chU de Jon, trong cac chU de c6 phan

hUang dan If thuye't hay g(Ji y each giili cac bai t~p de cac em v~n d1,mg kie'n thuc m(Jt

each linh hot;Jt trong cac tinh hu6ng khac nhau de lam bai t~p. Ngoai ra, cu6i moi

chuong c6 bai t~p tl/ giai de' hpc sinh rim luyen kT nang lam cac bai t~p va luyen thi

vao cac truong dt;Ji hpc va cao dang.

Chung t6i mong mu6n cu6n sach se giup ich dU(Jc phan nao cho bt;Jn ape ae· hpc

len lop tren, nhiJ't Ia dol voi hpc sinh chua'n bf cho ki thi tuyen sinh dt;Ji hpc va cao

dang. Xin ghi nh~n va cam on mpi y kie'n dong gop, chi ra nhilng chO con thie'u sot de' sach dU(Jc sua chua hoan chlnh hem. MQi y kie'n dong gop xin gui ve Ban bien t~p

Khoa hQc tl/ nhien - NXB Giao dl)c tt;Ji TP.HCM - 231 Nguyen Van Cu 05.

TAC CIA

4

    

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CHUONGI

NGUYEN Ttl

CHU DE 1

Xac djnh phAn tu kh61 cua hQp chat khl blet cac hQp chat dliQc t~o bal cac nguyen t6 co cac dong vj kMc nhau

Ld! DAN: Phan flt kho'i c1ia m¢t hC!P chrit co the' c6 nl1icu gid frf. khi cdc nguyen to cc£u tq.o nen h(_lp cha't c6 nhicu dong ui. Ch o ncn khi xcic dfnh phtm fLt kho'i phdi

chu j de'n so' kh6'i c1ia cdc d6ng t·i tq.o nen ph an ttl.

BAIT~P

1. a) The nao Ia dong vi? Cho vi dt,J minh hoa.

b) C6 cac dong vi: ~6 o : ~7 o ; ~8 o va ~ H ; ; H. Hoi c6 the tl;lo ra bao nhieu phan tu

HOH c6 thanh phan dong vi khac nhau.

GJAI

a) Dong v~ Ia nhffng nguyen tli c6 cung so proton nhung khac nhau v~ so notron (c6 so khoi A khac nhau).

Vi d~t: 35 Cl va 37 Cl· 12 C va 13 C 17 17 , 6 6

b) T~o ra 9 phan tli HOH thanh phan d6ng v~ khac nhau

tHtGotH

tHtG02H 2 H 160 2H

1 H170 1H IH1702H

2H!702H

IH1801H

IH1802H

2Hts0 2H

2. C6 cac dong vi sau: :H; ;H; ~H; ~iCI; ~; Cl . Hoi c6 the tl;lo ra bao nhieu phan tv hidro

clorua c6 thanh phan dong vi khac nhau.

GIAI

D~ tim thanh phdn phan tu hidro clorua co phan tu khoi khac nhau, ta !lin luqt thay cac d6ng vj ciia hidro v6'i cac dong v! cua clo, ta c6 cac lo~i phan tlt HCI: I H35Cl; I H37Cl; 2H35Cl ; 2H37Cl; 3H35Cl; 3H37 Cl .

3. Oxi c6 3 dong vi !6 0; !7 0 va !8 0 , con cacbon co 2 dong vi ben Ia !2C va !3C . Hoi

co the t<;~o thanh bao nhieu phan tv khf cacbonic c6 thanh phan dong vi kh<ic nhau. Tinh phan tv khoi cua chung.

5

GIAI

Phan tii. khi C02 gom 1 nguyen tl't cacbon va 2 ng~;~yen tii oxi, do d6 c6 th~ t~o thanh 12 ioJJi phan tl't khi C02 co so khoi khac nhau. D~ dcm gian ta ki hi~u dong vi 12 C la ·c: con dong vi 13 C la C'; 160 la 0; 17 0 la 0' va 180 la 0". Cac phan tii c6 th~ la:

C02 C'O:l co·:l C'0'2 C0"2 C'O"~ COO' M= 44 45 46 47 48 49 45

COO" C'OO' C'OO" CO'O" C'O'O" M= 46 46 47 47 48

CHU DE 2

Cac d~ng bai toan lien quan d~n cac h~t t~o thanh m~t nguyen tu

LOI D~N: - T6'ng so' ccic hq.t = ccic hq.t proton (P) + ccic hq.t nutron (N ) + cdc hq.t electron (E); P = E ncn:

T6'ng so ccic hq.t = 2P + N - Sii dlj.ng ba't ddng thLZc ella so natron (do'i vai d6ng v~ b~n c6 Z < 83): P 5 N 5

1,5P dif ltj.p 2 bcit ddng thttc tit d6 tim giai hq.n ella P.

BAIT~P

4. Tong so h~t proton, no'tron, electron trong nguyen t& cua m(lt nguyen to Ia 13. a) Xac djnh nguyen tt.l khoi cua nguyen to do.

b) Viet cau hlnh electron nguyen tU cua nguyen to d6.

GIAI

a) Theo d~u bai ta c6: P + E + N = 13

Vl P = E nen 2P + N = 13

Doi vai dong v! b~n c6 Z < 83 thi so n<1tron: P ~ N ~ 1,5P nen ta c6:

{2P + N = 13 ~ 3P 2P + N = 13 :s; 3, 5P

Rut ra: 3,7 s P ~ 4,3. Vl P, E la cac so nguyen, do d6 ta c6 P = 4; E = 4 va N = 5.

Nguyen tu khoi 4 + 5 = 9.

b) Nguyen tu c6 cau hinh electron nhl1 sau: 1s2 2s2.

5. T6ng so h~t proton, notron va electron trong m(lt nguyen tu A Ia 16, trong nguyen tt.l B hi 58. Tim so proton, notron va s6 kh6i cua cac nguyen tt.l A, B. Gia siJ sv chenh l~ch gil/a so kh6i voi nguyen hi kh6i trung blnh Ia khOng qua m~t d<1n vj.

6

GIAI

Xac djnh A: 2Z + N = 16

M~t khac

Z = 8 - N nen Z < 8 2

N - s 1, 5 ~ N s 1,5Z z Thay vao (1): 2Z + 1,5Z ~ 16 ~ Z ~ 4,5 ; 4,5 s Z < 8

so khoi = 16 - z. z

sokhoi

A= !1B ~

5 6

11 10

Ho~c c6 the giai thich each khac:

7

9

Z = 7 ~ N = 2 ~ Ti le N s 3. = 0,28 (loai) . z 7 .

Z = 6 ~ N = 4 ~ Ti le N s ! = 0,6 (loai) . z 6 .

Z = 5 ~ N = 6 ~ Ti 1~ ~ S 1,2 (nh~n)

Xac d~nh B: 2Z + N = 58

M~t khcic:

Z = 29 - N nen Z < 29 2

N z s 1,5 ~ N s 1,5Z

2Z + 1,5Z ~ 58 ~ Z ~ 16,5

16,5 s z < 29

so khoi = 58 - z

(1)

Theo dau bai slf chenh l~ch giua so khoi vdi nguyen tli khoi trung binh la khong qua m¢t d<1n vj nen B la:

39 K . 40 Ar 19 , 18

7

6. a) Nguyen tu cua m¢t nguyen t6 c6 cliu t~o boi 115 h(lt. H;;tt mang di$n nhieu hdn h~t khOng mang di~n Ia 25 h;;tt . Tlm A, N cua nguyen tu va viet cau hlnh electron cua nguyen tu d6.

b) Nguy~n tu cua nguytln t6 X di.IQc cliu tao boi 36 hQt, hQt mang di$n glip do i h~;~t khOng mang d i~n . Tlm A, N cua nguytln tu va viet cliu hinh electron cua nguytln tu nguytln t6 d6.

al - Theo dAu bai ta c6 :

+ J Z + E + N = 115

l Z +E - N= 25

2Z + 2E = 140

Z + E = 70

GIAI

(1 )

Ta da biet Z = E nen bhng 35; thay gia trj Z, E vao (1) giai rata duqc N = 45;

A = Z + N = 35 + 45 = 80

- Cau h i nh electron : 1s~ 2s~ 2p1; 3s~ 3p6 4s~ 3d 111 4p''

Nguyen tti' co 7e lap ngoai cimg, vf!.y nguyen tola phi kim.

b) Cach giai tu<1ng tl;f cau a.

7. a) Tong so hc;tt proton , ndtron va electron m(>t nguyen tu Ia 155. So hc;tt co mang dien nhieu hdn so hGtt khbng mang di(ln Ia 33 h<;1t. Tim so proton. ndtron va so khoi A cua nguyen tll.

b) Tong so h<;1\ proton, ndtron, electron cua nguyen Ill m(>t nguyen to Ia 21 .

(1) Hay xac d!nh ten nguyen to d6.

(2) Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tu cua nguyen to d6.

(3) Tinh tong so obitan nguyen tv cua nguyen to d6.

!Trich d~ thi tuyen s111h T rttiJng D~i hoc Y Dlfr;Jc TPHCM, nd111 J998J

HUONG DAN GIAI

a) Cach gi ai tu<1ng W nhu bai t?p so 6.

b) Ccich gidi 1 : G<;>i Z Ia so proton cung bAng so electron.

( 1) G<;>i N Ia so ne1tron.

2Z + N = 21 (1)

Z = 21 ~ N = 10,5 - ~ n en Z s 10, trong 80 nguyen to c6 h l;lt nhan nguyen tti

ben, nfm ta ap dt,mg:

1 s ~ s 1,5 nen N s 1,5Z thay vao (1)

8

2Z + 1,5Z <! 21 IH~ll z <! 6 6 $ z $ 10 A= 21 - Z

~ I 6 8

15 13

9

12

Vf!.y Z = 7 va A= 14 . Nguyen to d6 Ia N.

(2) 1s~ 2s:~ 2p:1

10

11

<3> C6 tAt ca 5 obitan [ill ltltltl 1s:l 2s:l 2p~

Cdch giii.i 2: N + 2Z = 21 hay N = 21 - 2Z

N 1 $ - $ 1,5 z Ap d1,mg:

21 21 1 $ -- 2 $ 1,5 ~ 3 $ - $ 3 ,5 z z 21 21 - <! Z~-~7 ~ Z ~ 6 3 3,5

Sau do giai nhu ci'ich 1.

8. Co hc;lp chat MX3. Cho biet:

Tong so h~l proton. nolron va electron Ia 196, trong d6 so h~t mang di~n nhieu hem so hc;~l khong mang di~n Ia 60. Nguyen lli khoi cua X ldn hdn M Ia 8. Tong 3 loc;~i hc;tl tren trong ion X nhie.u hdn lrong ion M3

• Ia 16.

Tim Z, A cua nguyen Ill M va X.

GIA1

Trong M c6 2 proton, 2 electron, N neftron

va trong X c6 2' proton, 2' electron, N' n<rtron

Co cac phuctng trinh:

l (2Z + N) + (62' + 3N') = 196

(22 + 62') - (N + 3N') = 60

(2' + N') - (2 + N ) = 8

(2Z' + N' + 1) - (22 + N - 3) = 16

Giai h~ 4 phu<1ng trinh tren ta co:

2 = 13; 2' = 17; N = 14; N' = 18

Dlfa vao nguyen tti khoi cua M va X de xac djnh dong vj

21 M . 3s x 13 ' 17

9

9. M(lt hQp chat c6 c6ng thuc phan tll M2X.

- Tong so cac hc;~t trong hQp chat Ia 116. trong d6 so hc;~t mang di$n nhieu hem so hc;~t kh6ng mang di$n Ia 36.

- Nguyen tU khoi cua X len hon M Ia 9.

- Tong so 3 loc;ti hc;~t trong X2 nhiE~u hon trong M. Ia 17.

Xac d!nh so khoi cua M, X.

Theo dau bai cho cong thuc phan tti' cua hqp chat Ia M~X

2(NM + 22M)+ (Nx + 2Zx) = 116

42~1 + 2Zx - (2N ~·1 + Nx) = 36

(Nx + Zx) - <NM + Z:v1J = 9

(Nx + 2Zx + 2)- (N~1 + 2ZM- 1) = 17

Giiii h~ phtwng trinh tren ta c6: ZM = 11; N M = 12

Zx = 16; Nx = 16

V~y so khoi ct.ia M = 23 ; X = 32.

10. HQp chat N du'Qc tc;~o thanh tU cation x• va anion Y2 . Moi ion deu do 5 nguyen tll cua 2 nguyen to tc;~o nen. Tong so proton trong x· Ia 11 , con tong so electron trong Y2 Ia 50.

Hay xac d!nh c6ng thuc phan tu va gQi ten N, biet rang 2 nguyen to trong Y2 thu(lc cung m(lt nh6m va thu(lc hai chu ki lien tiep.

Gilt!

G9i Z Ia so proton trung binh trong 1 nguyen tii c6 trong ion x•. ta c6: X

Z =.!.! = 2,2; do d6 X pha i chua hidro (H c6 Z = 1) hoac He (c6 Z = 2) nht.tng He Ia X 5 .

khi hiem khong tl;lo muoi thong thubng do d6 trong x• c6 H. G9i A Ia nguyen to thu 2 ta c6 cong thuc cua x• Ia AnHm• vcl'i M phuang trinh:

{n + m = 5

Z".n + l.m = 11

Giai ra t.a cc: n(Z" - 1) = 6, chi co nghi~m duy nhat n = 1 nghia la Z" = 7 la phu hqp va cation do la NH4 ....

G9i Zy la so proton trung binh trong 1 nguyen tii c6 trong yz- ta c6:

Zy = 50

5-

2 = 9,6 do d6 phai co 1 nguyen to c6 Z :.,; 9 nghia la thu(lc chu ki 2 do do

nguyen to thu hai phai (J chu ki 3 va so proton cua chung each nhau 8 dan vj (chu ki 2 va 3 deu la chu ki nhO each nhau 8 nguyen to).

10

G<;>i Z la so proton cua nguyen to thu nhat A thi Z + 8 la so proton cua nguyen to thu hai B. Cong t huc cua Y2

- la AuB/ - thoa man di~u ki~n: I

{a+ P = 5 (1)

Za + (Z + 8)(5- a ) = 48 (2)

Giai phuang trinh (2) ta c6: 5Z - 8a = 8. Phuong trinh chi c6 nghi~m duy nhat la a = 4 va Z = 8 la dung; d6 la nguyen to oxi. Nguyen to t hu hai c6 Z = 8 + 8 = 16 d6 la hru huynh va cong thuc cua y la so4 Z-.

Chat N c6 cong thuc la: (NH4 )~S04 •

11 . a) Cho hon hQp g6m 2 muoi sunfat cua kim lo~i A hoa trj II va sunfat cua kim l o~ i 8 hoa trj Ill. Biet tong so proton, notron va electron cua nguyen tlt A Ia 36, cua nguyen tlt 8 Ia 40. Xac d!nh ten nguyen to A va B.

b) Ba nguyen to X, Y , z c6 tong so di~n tich h~t nhan bAng 16, hi~u di~n tich h~t nhan X va Y Ia 1 . tong so e trong ion [X3 Y] Ia 32.

Tim ten 3 nguyen to X , Y, Z.

GIAI

a ) Ki hi~u so proton laP, so natron la N va electron la E.

T6ng so phan hi cau t~o cua nguyen tli A = P + N + E = 36

T6ng so phan hi cau t~o cua nguyen tli B = P + N + E = 40

Gici Nhom Ct£u tc,ro So' So' So' Nguye11 thie't A 11guye11 proton electro11 11C1fro11 ttl !tho'i

nguyen ttl (PJ IE! IN! to

A a chu 2 (hm\ A 2 4 4 36 - 8 4 + 28 ki 2 tr! 2) 2 = 28 = 32

A a chu 2 2 12 12 36 - 24 12 + 12 ki 3 A 8 = 12 = 24

2 B a chu 3 (hoa 2 13 13 40 - 26 13 + 14

ki 3 tr! 3) B 8 = 14 = 27 3

b) B~t x, y, z lan luqt la di~n tich h~t nhan cua X, Y, Z.

Ta c6: I Z= 16 =? x + y + z = 16 (1)

Zx - Zv = 1 => x - y = 1 (2)

T6ng so e ion [X3 Y r = so e cua 3X + so e cua Y + 1 = 32

(Z = P = E) => 3x + y + 1 = 32 (3)

Tu (1), (2) va (3) gi iii ra X = 8, y = 7 va z = 1.

V~y X la oxi (Z = 8), Y la nita (Z = 7) va Z la hidro (Z = 1).

Ke't lu(m

lo~i

nMn Mg

nh~n

Al

11

12. a) 56 gam sAt ch(Ja bao nhieu h~t proton , bao nhieu h~t notron. bao nhieu h~t electron , birit r~ng m¢t nguylln tv s~t g6m 26 proton. 30 ndtron va 26 electron?

- Trang 1 kg slit c6 bao nhlllu gam electron?

- Bao nhillu kg silt chua 1 kg electron?

b) NguC11 ta ki hi$u 1 nguylln tu da m~t n electron Ia M" ', da nh~n them n electron Ia X" . Viet theo 0 llJQng tu, c~u hlnh electron cua cac ion sau:

- ,,Na•, ,3AI3•, 11CI

- 12Mg2•, ,4Si4•, 80 2

a ) 56 gam sAt Ia 1 mol sAt.

1 mol sAt chua 6 ,02.10~3 phan tu sAt

1 phan tu slit c6 26 proton, 30 ne1tron, 26 electron

V~y 56 gam slit hay 1 mol s:it chua:

So h<;lt proton: 6,02.10~:~ x 26 = 156.52.1 0":1 h<~t

Soh~t ne1tron: 6,02.10:l:l x 30 = 180.6.10:l:l h <;lt

So h<';J.t electron: 6,02 . 10:!:~ x 26 = 156,52.10:!:1 ht:1t

- 1 kg s:it (hay 17,857 mol Fe )

Trong 1 phan tli s:it khoi h.rqng electron chiem mi;>t ti 1 ~ khoi luqng: 1

-- x 26 26 1840 ---'--- = ---

12

56 103040

Trong 1 mol sAt khoi 111<1. ng electron chiem: 56

x 26 = 0 01413g

103040 '

Trong 1 kg s:it (hay 17,857 mol ) khoi luqng e lectron chiem:

17,857 X 0,01413 :::::: 0,25g

- 0,25g electron c6 trong 1 kg sAt

1 kg electron c6 trong x kg s:it

X = 1000 x 1 = 4000 k . 0,25 g

b) - Neu la ion du<1ng: viet cau hinh electron cua nguyen tti da mat so electron.

- Neu la ion am: viet cau hinh electron cua nguyen tu da nh~n so electron.

    

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CHU DE 3

Cac bai toan ve dQ rong cua nguyen tu, cua v(lt chat va khoi lu'Qng rieng h~t nhan nguyen tu khi biet kich thuac nguyen tu, h~t nhan va so khoi

LOI DAN:

Kllii.i lu·c;ng 111 Kho'i lli(Jng ricng ctia lll(il chci't : D = =-

Th (;· tich V

Th e' tich nguvcn tti: V =:.!. ;c r :j; r li1 bcin llinh ctia n <'ll rcn tti. - :3 b -

Lien h¢ giila D t•a V ta c6 cdng !lute: D = 4

m · -x3 14r3

3 '

BAITAP

13. a) Tinh ban kinh nguyen hi gan dung cua Fe d 20°C biet a nhi$t d¢ d6 khoi ILJQ'ng rieng cua Fe Ia 7,87g/cm3 voi gia thiet hong tinh the cac nguyen tv Fe Ia nhung hinh cau chiem 75% the tich tinh the, phan con l~i Ia khe rong giua cac qua cau. Cho nguyen tv khoi cua Fe Ia 55,85.

b) Tinh ban kinh nguyen tv gan dung cua Au a 20°C. Biet ding a nhi$t d¢ d6 D Au = 19,32g/cm3

. Gia thiet trong tinh the cac nguyen tv Au Ia nhung hinh cau chiem 75% the tich tinh the. Biet nguyen tv khoi cua vang Ia 196,97.

GIAI

a) Th~ tich 1 mol Fe = 55

· 85

= 7,097 cm:1

7,87

The tich 1 nguyen tti Fe= 7,097 x 75

x 1

23 = 8,8.10-:!1 cm3

100 6 023.10

Do d6 ba n kinh nguyen t li cua Fe tinh t heo cong thuc:

V~·" = ~ nr~ ~ r F•· = ~3VFe = 1,28. 10-Hcm. 3 e 4n

b) The tich 1 mol Au: V/\u = 196

• 97

= 10, 195 cm:1

19,32

The tich cua 1 nguyen tu Au:

75 1 ~1 ;) 10,195 x - x 23

= 12,7 .10 em 100 6,023.10

Ban kinh eLi a Au = 1,44 .10-8 em .

13

14. a) Chung minh d¢ di,ic cua m<)ng tinh the h,Jc phudng Ia 74%.

Tinh ban kinh gan dung cua nguyen tl.t Mg o 20°C biet o nhi~t d¢ d6 Mg c6 khoi luQng rieng 1. 7 4g/cm 3 Biet r~ng Mg c6 m<)ng tinh the lvc phudng. gia thiet nguyen Ill c6 d<)ng hinh cau va xep khit ben nhau.

b) Ban kinh cua nguyen tll hidro xap xi b~ng 0,053nm. Con ban kinh cua proton b~ng 1,5.1 0 15m. Cho ding ca nguyen tlt hidro va he) I nhan deu c6 d<,lng hinh cau . Tinh ti I$ the tich cua loan nguyen tl.t hidro voi the tich cua h<)t nhan.

GI.itl

a) Xet m<)t don vj m!;lng tinh th~ ll,1c phuong, m~t day h;~c giac c~nh bAng a.

The tfch m~ng tinh the:

V - S h - 3a z J3 2a J6 - 3 a lr.2 II - cl - X - a V L.

2 3

Moi dinh luc giac c6 ..!:. nguyen tti, tai tam luc giac day c6 ..!:. nguyen tli, trong . 6 . . 2

khoi h;~c phuong gili'a hai day c6 3 nguyen tli kim lo!;!i. T6ng so nguyen tti kim lo~i

trong m<)t don vi tinh the t~,~c phuong Ia: ( ~ x 6 + ~) x 2 + 3 = 6 nguyen tti.

14

1 Cac nguyen tti a day xep sat nhau thL:o luc giac deu do d6 co ban kinh: r = - a.

2

The tich choan cho cua 6 nguyen tti kim lo!;!i trong tinh the Ia: 4 a 3

Vkl: 6 X -1t- = rra3

3 8

D<) d?c ci.ia m~ng tinh the Ia: v kl rra3

D,1 = - = ~ = 0,74 hay 741/r . vll a 3v2

- Tinh ban kinh gan dung cua nguyen tti Mg:

Mll-tg Th~ tich 1 mol tinh the kim lo~i Mg Ia: Vu =

D

The tich 1 mol nguyen tli Mg trong tinh the:

MM X Dtl 4 . Th~ tic~ 1 nguyen tti Mg: Vnl = g = - rrr3

D X 6,02.1023 3

Ban kinh nguyen tti gan dung Ia :

3 x MM xDd r = 3 g

4rr x D x 6, 02.1023

3 X 24 X 0, 74 = 3 ---------:::=-

4rr X 1, 74 X 6,02.1023

- H o = 1,59.10 em hay 1,59 A .

M D 1\!g cl

D

b) rn:.,'Uyi·n tlr H = 0,053nm = 0,53.10 11em

J:l Tproton = 1,5.10 e111

v,WU\'i•n hi I I = i IT( 0, 53.10 - B em )3 n - 3

4 13 3 V prnwn = - rrll, 5. 10 em )

3

~lguyenw = [ 0· 53 · 1~~: )3

= 0 ,044.101:; = 44.101;! bin.

h~ t nhnn 1,5.10

15. a) Neu thua nh~n rling nguyen tli Ca. Cu deu c6 d<;ing hinh cau . s~p xep di;ic khit ben c<;inh nhau thi th~ Hch chiem bbi cac nguyen tli kim l o<;~i chi bang 74% so voi toan th~ khoi tinh

0

th~. Hay Hnh ban kinh nguyen tli Ca , Cu (theo ddn v! A) biet khoi lu<;lng rieng o dktc cua chung deu C1 th~ rim tudng ling Ia 1 ,55g/cm3 , 8,9g/cm3 va nguyen tli khoi Ca Ia 40,08, Cu Ia

63 ,546.

b) Coi nguyen ttl flo ( ~9 F) Ia m¢1 hinh cau c6 ban kinh Ia 1 o 10m va h<;~t nhan cung Ia m¢t

hinh cau c6 ban kinh 10 14m.

(1 ) Khoi luQng cua 1 nguyen ttl ~9 F Hnh bang gam Ia bao nhieu?

(2) Khoi llJQng rieng cua h<;tt nhan nguyen tli flo?

(3) Tinh tl so th~ tich cua toan nguyen tli flo so voi th~ tich cua hc;~t nhan nguyen tli. Tt-.~

tich khoi cau dlJQC tinh theo c6ng thuc V = i rrr3

3

GIA.l

a) Tinh ban kinh nguyen tli Ca va Cu

40,08 3 VI m nl ,-~olX i = -- = 25,86 em

. 1,55

Vno~ cAt n~~oyi•n hi t roo ng I m ul can xi = 25' 86

X 7 4

cm'l 100

V,,~ I n~o>toyi•n lll r~nxo : 25

' 86

X ;; : i 1tT3

6,02.10 3

.,{3V = 3

3 x 25,86 x 74 em \J4; 6,02.1025 x 4rr

H9C s inh ti_i giai tiep .

15

V 63,546 7 14 :1 - = Clll I mol nguyi•n lll Cu -8

, 9

•

3 x 7, 14 x74 r n~"'"i•n toi < ·u = 3 23 CITI

· 6 , 02.10 x l00 x4rr

H<;>c sinh tl! giai tie'p.

b) (1) 1 dvC = 1,66.10-24 gam

Khoi luqng 1 nguye n tU' flo : 19 dvC

Khoi lugng tuy~t doi cua 1 nguyen tU' fl o tinh ra gam:

19 x 1,66.10-21 gam= 3,154.10 ~:1 gam

(2) v cua h l:lt nhan nguyen tti flo:

4 3 4 - '4 'I 'I V= -nr = - x 3,14 x (10 · )' m· 3 3

V = 4 ,186.10-42 m3

D = 3, 154.10-23 = 7,535.10'H g/m:, 4, 186.10-42

hay 7 ,535.1012g/cm:J = 7535000000 kg/cm:1 = 7535000 tan/cm:J.

(3) V ~ .. (10- 'om )a. V ~ .. (10- '1m)3 n~o'llyi•n t.J (> =

3 " , h~t nhan F =

3 "

V . F Ti l ~ the tich: n guyen llt

VhatnhiutF

± 7r x 10-3o m3 3 = 10 1 ~ bin. 4 10-42 3 -lt X 01 3

16. a) Nguyen tv kem c6 ban kinh r = 1,35. 1 o 10m. c6 khoi IVQng bang 65dvC.

(1) Tfnh khoi IVQng rieng cua nguyen tu kem.

(2) Thl/c ~~~ hau nhv toan b(> khoi IVQng nguyen tv t~p trung vao h;;tt nhan voi ban kinh r = 2.10 15m. Tinh khoi IVqng rieng cua h~t nhan nguyen IV kem.

b) Tfnh ban kinh gan dung cua nguyen tv Cu. biet khoi ll1Qng riemg cua dong Ia 8,93 g/cm3 va nguyen tu khoi cua Cu = 63,546. M~t khac, the tich th ~t chiem boi cac nguyen tu chi bang 74% cua tinh the, con l;;ti Ia cac khe trong.

16

GIAI

a) ( 1) The tich cua m(>t nguyen tt1 kem

v = ±rrr3 mar= 1,35.10-1'1m = 1,35. 10-11cm.

3

Nen V = ± x 3,14 x (1,35.10-xi1 = 10,30.10-24cm:1

3

Mc?t nguyen til kem c6 khoi lugng 65 dvC.

V~y khoi h..cgng ciia 1cm3 kem co khoi lugng: 10, 30.10"24 cm 3

65dvC

Ma 1 dvC = 1,66.10-~1g

• · _ 65 X 1, 66.10-24 V~y 1cm'1 kern n(mg

24 = 10,475g/cm3

. 10,30.10-

. V~y khoi lugng rieng cua nguyen tli kern D = 10,475g/cm:1.

Ghi chu: Vl giua cac nguyen tli c6 khoiing each , nen trong thl,l'c t e tinh th~ kern cac nguyen tlt chi chiem han 70% th~ tich, phan con ll;li la rong, nen thl,l'c te khoi lugng rieng ciia k ern se nho han 10,475g/cm3

.

(2) The tich cua hl;lt nhan nguyen tli kern la:

r = 2.10- 1 ~m = 2.10-13cm

V = ~ nr3 = ~ x 3,14 x (2.10-13 )3 = 33,50.10-39cm3

3 3

Thlfc te·, khoi lugng nguyen ttl t~p trung vao hl;lt nhan, nen lcm3 h?t nhan nguyen ttl kern c6 khoi lugng la:

65 .1, 66.10-24 ::o:: 32210tr. I 3 h 322109 •"nJ a ----3-9- , . gem ay , . ta em . 33,50.10-

63,546 3 b ) V(rnul Cul = 8 9 = 7,14 cm:J-+ 7,14 X 74% = 5,28 em

'

v ((:u ) = 5• 28

= 0,88 .10-23 cm:J. 6,02.1023

V~y ban kinh nguyen ttl:

-?3 3 3(0, 88.1o - ) = v2• 10_10-24 ""

4 X 3, 14

-8 0 1,28 .10 em= 1,28 A .

0

17. Nguyen hi nhom c6 ban kinh 1.43 A va c6 nguyen tl.t khoi Ia 27. a) Tinh kh6i lliqng rieng cua nguyen tl.t AI.

b) Trong thl,!c te the tich th~t Chiem boi cac nguyen tl.t chi bAng 74% cua tinh the, con li;li 4

Ia cac khe trong. E>inh khoi luqng rieng dung cua AI. Biet the lich cua hinh cau : V = 3 nr3 .

GIAI

a) r nguyen tLi AI = 1,43.10-8cm

V"b"'Y"" tLi AI = ~ x 3 ,14 x (1,43.10-8cm)3 = 12,243 .10"21cm3

3

2. 350 BTHH • L10 17

Jlln;:<J\ o' \ l l LI i\J = 27 X 1.66.10 ~ ·lg 27 X 1, 66 .10-Z-1 g

D n;..:l/\•·11 ttt :\I = ·) ·~ 3 12.243.10- em

:s = 3 ,66 g/cm .

b) Thl,(e te V~~~~IY• 'II [\( chiem 74Cit the' tieh tinh the. V~y D thl,(c te cua nh6m.

3. 66 X 7 4 2 ~ I :l - - - -= ,t gem. 100

18. 6an kinh gan dung cua h<;~t ncJtron Ia 1 ,5.1 0 15m, con khoi luQng cua notron bang 1 ,675.1 0 27kg. Tinh khoi lu'Qng rieng cua notron .

GIAI

4 x 3.14 (1,5.10-1

:1cm)'1 = 14,13.10-:19cm:s

3

1, 675.10-27 kg = 0 , 118.10 1 ~kg/cm:s

14, 13.10-39 cm3

= 118 . 10~ kg/cm:1•

CHU DE 4

DC,Jng bai toan tim so khoi, phan tram dong v! va

nguyen tu khoi trung blnh

Ld! IJ/i.N: Hau lu:!t c.:cic nguyen 16' Hod h9c dcu Ia him hqp ctia nhicu dong ui, nen nguyen fli' ldzo'i ctia cue nguyen t6' d 6 La nguyen tel: kh6'i trung bi.nli ctia hem hqp cdc d ong v?.

Vtli i: I, 2, 3, ... , n

x,: st/ ng uyen t t!

M,: nguyen It{ hh o'i

- ":eM M = _L._ , _ _!_

Z:x,

19. a) Trong nude, hidro chu yeu ton t1;1i hai dong v! ~H va ; H . Hoi c6 bao nhieu nguyen

tu cua dong v! ;H trong 1 ml nu·oc? Biet nguyen tu khoi trung binh cua hidro trong H20 nguyen

chat Ia 1 ,008.

18

b) Hay cho biet cac dong vi sau day . dong vi nao phu hQ'p vdi tilE~ :

so proton 13

so ndtron 15 54M . SSM . 56 M 26 ' 26 . 26

s7 M ss 26 ; 26M ·

(if,\]

a) G<;>i X Ia ti I~ ph:in tr:)m ve so nguyen tti' cua dong vi: H:

1 > X + 2( l(l() - X) = 1.008

100

Giai ra ta duqc x = 99.2' ;.

Thanh ph an eua dong vj ~ H Ia 0 ,89( .

lml mtde = 1 gam mfri'c = _..!.._ mol nude 18

Trong 1 mol mtdc co 6,02 x l0-.::: phan tti' nude.

" ' 1

602 10-.::; 2 °· 8 53510"'1

V av - X , X ' X - = , . '" 18 100

Trong J ml mt6'e co 5.:15.10-.:" nguyen tt.i' cua dong vj ~ J-1.

b T.

1. prot·on tp) l:J h _ 26

l 1 e: - - oae­· notron!n ) 15 · 30

A = p + n = 56 ; Z = 26. Vf).y ~~M dung.

20 . a) Nguyen tli khoi cua bo Ia 10.81. Bo gom 2 dong vi ~0 8 va ~ 1 8 c6 bao nhieu phan

tram dong vj ~ 1 B trong axil boric H3B03?

b) X va Y Ia 2 dong vi cua nguyen to A (c6 so tht.l tlj 17) co tong so khoi Ia 72. Hi$u so so

notron cua X. Y bang 1/8 so h<;~t mang di$n dl.leing cua B (c6 so tht.l tlj Ia 16). Ti l$ so nguyen

ILl cua X va Y Ia 32.75: 98.25.

Tinh so khoi cua 2 dong vi tren . Suy ra khoi IL1<;1ng mol trung binh cua A.

I /ilO,w; n. \_\· (;t..\1

a > J>htt<Jng phrip gia i nhu bai tf\p so 19.

b ) L)p h (• phttang trinh : !Z,\ + Nx) + !ZA + Nyl = 72 (1)

Giai ra:

ZB Nx - Nv =- (2)

8

Nx = 20 ==:- Ax = 37

Ny = 18 ::.::- Av = 35

Vdi ti I~ s<') nguyen tt!: X: Y = 32 .75 : 98.25

, . . X 32,75 _. _ . y ~o nguyen t u = -- so nguyen t tf .

98,25

(32, 75 '< 37) + (98, 25 X 35) Kh6i htqng mol trung binh cua A: = 35,5g.

(:32. 75 + 98, 25)

19

21. Tinh thanh phan phan tram cua cac dong Vi cua Cu trong tl,f nhi{m va ti 1¢ khoi luqng

cua 63Cu trong CuCI2. Biet dong trong 11,1 nhien gom hai dong vj ~~ Cu va ~~ Cu va nguyen Ill

khoi trung blnh Ia 63,54.

G!Al

GQi X Ia thanh phan % cua dong v! 65Cu~ 65 X X + ~~~0 - X)

63 = 63,54

Giai ra ta dugc x = 27% 65Cu va 73% 63Cu

M CuCI2 = 134,54

Thanh phan phan tram cua hai d&ng v! Cu trong CuCl~: 63

•54 = 0 47 = 47°k

134,54 ,

73 X

63 X 100% = 34 18%.

134,54 X 100 '

22. Cho m gam kim loc;~i X tac d1,mg vua du voi 7,81 gam khi clo thu duQc 14,05943 gam muoi clorua voi hi¢u sua! 95%. Kim loc;~i X c6 2 dong vi A va 8 c6 d~c diem:

- Tong so phan Ill trong 2 nguyen tu A va B bAng 186.

- Hi¢u so he;~! kh6ng mang di¢n cua Ava 8 bAng 2.

- Mqt hon hQp c6 3600 nguyen tu A va B. Neu ta them vao hon hQp nay 400 nguyen tu A thi ham luQng phan tram cua nguyen tuB trong hon hQp sau it hon trong hon hQp dau Ia 7,3%.

20

a) Xac djnh khoi luQng m gam va nguyen Ill khoi cua kim loc;~i X.

b) Xac dinh so khoi cua A, B va so proton.

c) Xac djnh so nguyen Ill A c6 trong khoi ILJQng muoi n6i tren .

G/Al

a) - So gam muoi clorua theo li thuyet: 14,05943 x 100 = 14,7994 gam 95

-So gam kim lo~i X trong muoi: 14,7994 - 7,81 = 6,9894 gam

- Kim lo~i X c6 hoa tr! x . Muoi clorua c6 ding thuc XCI •.

... 7, 81 0 22 nc1 trong muo1: - - = , 35,5

•.. 0,22 nx trong muo1: - ­

x ( 1 mol X co x mol Cl J nxmol X c6 0 ,22 mol Cl

0,22 nx= --

x 6, 9894

Mx = ----7--....,.....,.-0, 22

X

6,9894 ---'--- x X

0,22 = 31,77x