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1864 1864 Grant's 1864 " " "" 78 " " " " 1863 10 % - 1864 1863 15 1864 1864 31 1865 " " " " < ref> 1850 " " 1860 " " 1861 2008 1861 " " - 1862 1862 1862 1864 1869 1861 James Buchanan 1861 3% 800 20700 1862 1862 John Pope " " Minnesota 303 Santee Dakota 39 Grant Lee "Lincoln" New England 17 James Madison 50 1863 Noah Haynes Swayne 1862 Samuel Freeman Miller 1862 David Davis 1862 Stephen Johnson Field 1863 Salmon Portland Chase 1864 " " 32 27 20 1863 31 1864 1864 11 1865 - - " " 14 1013 < ref> 10 70 110 26 - - 1000 3 Capitol Rotunda 19 21 " " < ref> 1862 " " 1948 1948 1962 1982 1982 1996 1996 - 1996 2008 2009 1900 1920 1922 the new dealera 1970 1960 1968 2009 " " 5 < ref> Barry Schwartz " " " " Franklin D Roosevelt " " " " Adams Charles When in the Course of Human Events Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc 2000 ISBN 0-8476-9722-3 https wwwyoutubecom watch?v4fMHBkDHl24 16 357021 81751602 < ref> 1806 16 1990 1957 1993 1999 < ref> Germany 100 260 962 1806 843 2 962 95 1517 1530 1618-1648 < ref> 30 1648 < ref> 1740 1806 962 1512 1806 < ref> 1814 1871 1806 1804 80 - - 1814 41 33 1866 - - - 1848 1848 1849 1862 1864 - 1866 1871-1918 1870-1871 18 1871 1884 1884 28 1914 1914 1918 1918 9 1918 11 1919 11 1918 1919 - - 1919-1933 11 1919 28 1914 14 1930 SPD 1933 < ref> 1933-1945 27 1933 1935 1936 1938 1939 1939 1940 1940 1941 1943 8 1945 1945-1990 15 23 1949 7 1949 DDR 1919 8 1955 1957 1 1957 23 1961 1989 2 23 11 + 12 1990 3 1990 1990 - 10 1994 1999 2005 2005-2009 27 2009 47 55 5 16 357021 137847 349223 134836 7798 3011 2962 9718 354 116 < ref> 30 30 86 < ref> - 33% 31% 15% 2010 600 2007 400 1964 20 1949 1990 16 1949 1949 1983 16 22 2009 403 301 102 2011 13 2012 183000 17000 170000 15000 2011 2011 6900 4900 1150 300 2011 20 1 2011 2001 17500 BGB 1949 229 190 2011 20 8 OECD G8 G20 IMF BMZ 1970 1999 1948 88 66 2010 82 65 70 2060 65 100000 70 200000 100000 91% 9% 73 30% 5 2009 20% 1945 2008 25 776000 687000 5% 10 191 50 5 3 2010 23 100 80 90 18% 67% 27% 52116 63% 2007 323% 31% 2007 43 5% 200000 90000 75000 50000 244 296% 45% 55% 25 17% 2004 200000 30000 250000 50% 2005 47% 25% 25% 2010 708 36 323 25 6 4850000 220 300 2002 5129 2050 2006 357% 239% 228% 13% 126% 37% 220 220 120 160 30 45 1333 2006 70% 291% 09% 37 500 10 EON BASF Edeka SAP BMW 2019 80 2005 15 2008 75% 2009 2007 90% 10% 12 11 "" 383 103 176 2 947000 48% 500 102 Wilhem Conrad Rntgen 1901 x-ray Wernher von Braun NASA Saturn V Apollo Johannes Gutenberg Konrad Zuse Karl Benz 11188 2001 150 230 50% 15% Berlin Bonn Dresden Dortmund Dsseldorf Garmisch Hamburg Heidelberg Kiel Ludwigshafen Mainz Mnchen Mnster Nrnberg 2000 37 700 700 500 10% 1200 350 Berlinale 2006 Die Brcke 1911 Brcke-Museum brucke 1918 George Grosz Raoul Hausmann Hannah Hch Berlin-Mitte Friedrichshain Prenzlauer Berg mitte art supermarket 6250 Staedel Deutsches Architektur Museum 1979 Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung 5000 Museum fuer Moderne Kunst Lachenmann 20th 21 Alphaville Ostrock Keimzeit rzte Beatsteaks Tocotronic Blumfeld Fantastischen Deichkind Tomcraft Kalkbrenner Gotik Treffen M'era 30000 Wacken 1970 Semperoper Komische 34 90 ZDF ARD AG ProSiebenSat1 700 80000 60000 500 Skladanowsky Wiene 1926 1927 1912 1930 1970 80 ! 2003 Gegen 2004 Untergang 2004 KOMPLEX 2008 Blechtrommel 1979 2002 Anderen 2007 Schygulla 1951 EFA 27 12 Deutscher Fuball-Bund 63 2014195419741990 1972 19801996 1974 2006 1988 Franz Beckenbauer Gerd Mller Lothar Matthus Jrgen Klinsmann Oliver Kahn Michael Ballack 1 1946 7 BMW Mercedes-Benz 14 1936 1972 1936 400 120 45 5 Kassel 1955 100 1985 < ref> 1500 3% < ref> 116 < ref> 18 14 < ref> 2006 20 22 56% 18% 2001 10% 58 2005 1 9 12 1 20 31 3 25 26 6 - 10 - - 15 31 1 - - - 17 100000 < ref> "" "" " " " " < ref> " " Momem 1987 p176"Islam" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online< ref> " " Esposito 2002b pp7476Esposito 2004 p22Griffith 2006 p248< ref> < ref> "" "" "" """ " 2001 "" < ref> " " < ref> < ref> " " Esposito 2002b pp2628< ref> " " " " < ref> 610 8 632See< ref> < ref>William Montgomery Watt in The Cambridge History of Islam p32Richard Bell William Montgomery Watt Introduction to the Qur'an p51F E Peters 1991 pp35 "Few have failed to be convinced that the Quran is the words of Muhammad perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation"< ref> 114 6236 "Islam" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online"Qur'an" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online< ref> " " "" "" Teece 2003 pp1213C Turner 2006 p42"Quran" Encyclopaedia of Islam Online The word Quran was invented and first used in the Qur'an itself There are two different theories about this term and its formation< ref> < ref> Momem 1987 p176< ref> Esposito 1998 p12Esposito 2002b pp45F E Peters 2003 p9"Muhammad" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online< ref> < ref> < ref> " " "Resurrection" The New Encyclopedia of Islam 2003"Avicenna" Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Ibn Sn Ab Al al-usayn b Abd Allh b Sn is known in the West as "Avicenna"L Gardet "Qiyama" Encyclopaedia of Islam Online< ref> - - - - Farah 2003 pp119122Patton 1900 p130< ref> < ref> Momem 1987 p178"Pillars of Islam" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online< ref> 1 " " Farah 1994 p135Momen 1987 p178"Islam" Encyclopedia of Religious Rites Rituals and Festivals2004'< ref>2 < ref> Esposito 2002b pp1819Hedyetullah 2006 pp5355Kobeisy 2004 pp2234Momen 1987 p178< ref>3 Qur'an 2177Esposito 2004 p90Momen 1987 p179"Zakat" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online"Zakat" Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online< ref>4 Esposito 2004 pp9091"Islam" Encyclopaedia Britannica OnlineCompendium of Muslim Texts USC-MSA Retrieved 2007-04-18< ref>5 Farah 1994 pp145147Goldschmidt 2005 p48< ref> < ref> Firestone 1999 p17"Djihad" Encyclopedia of Islam Online< ref> " " " " " " " " " "< ref> - - Curtis 2005 p164Esposito 2002b p111Ghamidi 2001Ghamidi 2001Ghamidi 2001Ersilia Francesca "Slaughter" Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online< ref> " " < ref> - - < ref> " " " " < ref> " " Menski 2006 p290< ref> " " 1 2 3 4 5 6 ; " " "" < ref> " " " " "" " " " "; " " " " " " ; 767 150 820 204 " " "" " " ; 780 164 12 855 241 ; 702 80 765 148 ; 80 122 707 88 774 157 " " " " Holt 1977a p57Lapidus 2002 pp 031 and 32< ref> 4 " " " " 1516 408 " " 610632 "" " " " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " " " 80 " " " " 17 624 17 70 70 " " 31 627 Rodinson 2002 pp 209211;Watt 1964 p 169< ref> 8 632 12 11 632661 " "Holt 1977a p57Hourani 2003 p22Lapidus 2002 p32Madelung 1996 p43Tabatabaei 1979 p3050< ref> Holt 1977a p57Hourani 2003 p22Lapidus 2002 p32Esposito1998 p36Madelung 1996 p43< ref> 8 634 23 100000 1 644 24 23 7 " " 4050 17 656 18 35 Hamidullah Muhammad 1988 The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession University of California ISBN 969-8016-22-8 p 126< ref> 36 Madelung 1997 p 147 and 148Lewis 1991 p 214Tabatabae 1979 p 191< ref> 24 661 17 40 21 40 64 661750 670 7 56 1- 3 13 6 267 7 11 10 60 11 5382- 2 2533- 6 234 8 22< ref> 10 61 12 680 < ref> 705 711 732 7501258 12611517 747 749 Holt 1977a pp8092105Holt 1977b pp661663Lapidus 2002 p56Lewis 1993 p84< ref> Lapidus 2002 p160Waines 2003 p126127< ref> Esposito 2004 pp4445Lapidus 2002 pp9094< ref> Rosanna Gorini 2003 "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience First Steps in the Science of Vision" International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine Institute of Neurosciences Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology Rome Italy< ref> " " ; 819 "" 868 905 909 932 945 969 < ref> Lapidus 2002 p103143< ref> 1055 1071 " " 1144 1175 1250 1250Lapidus 2002 p292< ref> 1260 1517-1923 1453 Holt 1977a p263Lapidus 2002 p250< ref> 1516 13 1517 17 1683 Lapidus 2002 p572Watt 1973 p18 Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi who opposed Ali at Nahrawan< ref> 1869 1914 1924 < ref> 1918 1969 < ref> Esposito 2004 pp118119179Lapidus 2002 pp823830< ref> 2009 23% 16 87% 90% 50 20% < ref> 14% 176 44 6% < ref> Esposito 2004 pp243< ref> 42 11% < ref> 7 < ref> "" "" "" " "< ref> Hk v< ref> < ref> Waines 2003 pp 9396The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2003 p339Esposito 1998 p 79< ref> 4 " " 29530588 30 29 "" "" "" "" "" " " " " "" < ref> " " "" "" "" " "< ref> "" "" "" < ref> " " " " 11 "" 10% 13% < ref> Lapidus 2002 p46< ref> "" "" Ahmed 1999 pp4445Nasr 1994 p466< ref> "" Kramer 1987< ref> " " < ref> "" < ref>Esposito 2003 p302Malik 2006 p3B S Turner 1998 p145< ref> "" " " "" Ibadi Islam An IntroductionJ A Williams 1994 p173< ref>< ref> "" < big> Internet inter "" " " net "" " " " " " " " " Internet inter International "" inter international "" " " FTP USENET " " " " 1969 1983 NCP " " "" "" "" "" violawww hypercard 1993 10 1994 1996 100 1996 1997 isp 1995 GNU OpenOfficeorg Zeitgeist IRC google calendar IRC VoIP RDF 13 25 1- 2- 3- 1319 2007 2009 2011 RSS FTPHTTP Instant messaging Internet fax IANAICANN Ringmar Erik London Anthem Press 2007< big> < big> < ref> 100 927 51 84% 1 1707 1800 1922 1927 "" Englaland " " "" 897 1538 "" "" "Albiones" "" "" Lloegr Homo antecessor 780000 500000 10000 2500 "" 410 "" 597 977 < ref> 1042 1066 1348 1453 1487 < ref> 15351542 < ref> 1642 1653 1688 1825 1970 1707 529 < ref> 2005 194 357% 2009 23 10 9 9 < ref> 2009 1981 1995 42% 1995 2006 80000 1660 1834 } 1994 2011 1974 < ref> 354 " " 300 978 32 -261 10 1982 < ref> 22907 GBP 2009 20% 37400 40% 500 100 1694 1946 1970 60% 2% A1 1825 1994 5 1948 1946 < ref> 51 84% 395 75 95% < ref> 1086 90% 25% %730 1991 2001 80% - 01% 2007 800000 72% 1070 1950 31% 7% 146% 5 1948 1946 " " 2008 2009 986 775 817 < ref> 19 5 11 11 16 72% 18 90 1668 404 1066 1930 < ref> 2009 2008 < ref> "" < ref> " " " " " "" " " " " < ref> 150 75 < ref> ] < ref> 1882 2009 7 2005 74 1975 1979 1983 1999 31 2003 1991 2015< ref> 1190 " " 1198 1340 2002 '' "" "" "" 1648195 2 636372 75 < ref> 2800 625 < ref> 651 Grousset Rene The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press 1991 161164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran" "It is to be noted that the Seljuks those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so On the contrary it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace"< ref>Ross E Dunn "The adventures of Ibn Battuta a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century" University of California Press 1986 pg 144 "Indeed under Ilkhanid sovereignty the high culutre of eastern and central Anatolia became more Persianized than ever before"< ref> 1501 1906 1953 1 1979 1979 < ref> "" 2000 55 1648195 2 24 40 44 64 380 179 < ref> 35 992 909 936 499 1458 5610 < ref> Shomal Kavir 29C 842F< ref> 680 268 1700 669 200 79 38C 1004F 135 355 53 140 20< ref> '' 75 < ref> < ref> 110 98 89 9 < ref> 250000 32000 19th 20th < ref> 800 0400< ref> 21 31 4 5 30 11 1979 2 1 20 Kashafrud 8000 C14 4395 Zayandeh < ref> 550 5 334 333 2 224 700 652-1501 7 Gundeshapur 10 11TH 10 Shuubiyah 1219-1221 Khwarezmian " 10-15000000 20 " 1256 Ilkhanate 1370 156 1387 70000 1501-1979 1500 1600 1700 1722 1729 1738-1739 1750 1779 1794 1795 15 20-25 1870-1871< ref> 1800 " " 1872 1905 1906 1908 1911 1911 1921 1921 1941 1946 1951 1953 18 1964 1970 1979- 1978 < ref> 1979 8 1979 < ref> 1979 1979 4 1979 < ref> 1981 22 1980 1982 1988 123220-160000 KIA 60711 MIA 11000-16000 1997 2005 2009 6263 3375 2009-2010 15 2013 1979 4 545000 350000 900000 90000 11 GlobalSecurityorg " " < ref> -3 MIRV 31 ostn ostndr 1950 2002 27 60 2006 07 1385 AP 7705036 2410800 15 20 < ref> 1583609 3430353 1378935 1960s 1377450 20 1214808 9th 6th 70 43 1979 2007 178152 111000 66 2008 100 1000 < ref> 11106 6942 < ref> Torkeman 1995 1962 < ref> 1980 1979 100 2005 4 < ref> 640000 M3 2005 1974 2005 2004 < ref> 33000 75 18 7 2004 2009 8 53000 2010 2011 11 16% 157% 171% 500 1990-1995 8800 227 1995 10 20 5525 1989 107 1995 13 600 74 800 122 169 89-1995 32% 19% 134 1989 434 1995 28 111 < ref> 40% 146% 24 37 62 2010 205 5000 8500 1999 '' 2009 1395471 OICA 95 " " 1660 " " " " " !! 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" " " " " " 68 21 1981 " " " " " " " " 1254 1324 100 7 < ref> < ref> < ref> 63 37 < ref> " " " " < ref> 382 336 44 272 337 323 < ref> < ref> < ref> 3 23 35 40 5 200 17 1762 5 1764 23 1801 13 1881 17 1918 3 2 1881 80 19 1881 6 1901 8 14 1901 " " < ref> 28 1914 M16 27 1942 4 1942 < ref> 1976 < ref> 1929 1978 7 1978< ref> 12333 < ref> 1972 234 11 5 1919 1969 15 1969 1919 1995 1918 1975 13 1975 1931 1975 11 1975 6 1938 1976 13 1976 1938 1977 18 1977 1919 1989 28 1989 587- 592 1544 1706 1880 1933 8 1933 15 1975 1909 1978 28 1978 17 1988 - 1632 1994 1942 2002 28 2002 14 2003 1982 1995 16 1995 4 12 10 5 < ref> 1954 2005 3 2005 14 2005 < ref> 73 1999 2004 Chin Hui-ti 259 307 8 307 < ref> 5 1605 5 < ref> 2003 20 1940 12 1949 21 1965 4 1968 1956 1987 4 1987 1946 1992 8 1992 1929 1994 10 1994 22 2004 3 2 2004 12 2005 " " CNN 4 2002 1976 12333 '' PDF '' 12 200 150 4000 1700 71% 4000 7 2000 < ref> 36626 " " 36526 234 "" 453 41 38 200 456 4567200006 454 " " 10% O3 750 580 " " < ref> 535 < ref> 40 3 40 100000 10000 < ref> 10% 11 40% 35 10 PPM C4 900 70 500 < ref> 5 250 150000000 12742 40000 TT 1 10000000 < ref> 584 017% 022% < ref> 598 321% 301% 151% 139% 29% 18% 15% 14% 12% " " " " 888% 58% 45% 1% < ref> " " 47% 1% 16729 9922% < ref> 50 - - 6 30 50 " " " " 410 660 20% 80% " " "" 200 4030 < ref> 50 55 75 < ref> 708% 292% < ref> 1331% 471% 2005 -418 8848 840 < ref> " " 2000 " " -109114 135 1 4400 36182 27 < ref> 35% 101325 85 27 "" " " < ref> " " 100 < ref> 700000 13 " " < ref> 86400 < ref> 84 1623-2005 1962-2005'' 5 15' 150 3652564 1 12 24 30 108000 12600 384000 < ref> 2732 2953 235 5 < ref> 15 1500000 < ref> 28000 20 < ref> 6 21 21 20 23 < ref> 186 25800 14 " " 14 < ref> 3 4 " " 69% < ref> 38 - 23 - < ref> 400 400 "" < ref> 35 < ref> < ref> < ref> < ref> 1993 1993 2481250 6 500 < ref> 2008 6740 2013 7 2050 92 14% < ref> 82 28 90 2014 206 12 1961 < ref> "Earth" "erda" "eorthe" "erthe" "" 444 < ref> 5+1 - 24 2013 20 2014 1 2015 2 2015 5+1 19 6104 5060 TRR " "< ref> 30 339 1375 1422 < ref> 339 < ref> 1814 1829 < ref> < ref> < ref> < ref> 64 73 22 339 317 318 < ref> 317 < ref> 339 < ref> 363 363 413 413 < ref> 990 990 1351 1857 1974 951 21 1980 6000 1100 1932 " " 2004 200-300 < ref> < ref> < ref> 29 " " " " 1565 "" 1585< ref> "" 1520 1566 1 1922 24 1923 29 < ref> " " " " " " " Osmanl" "" " " Osmanl mparatorluu " " " " "" 1229 12991453 " " "" "" 1281 "" " " 1291 " " " " " " "" "" "" 1337 " " 1357 1360 " " 1362 12 1385 19 791 "" "" 1393 25 1396 21 798 1403 " " 53 14531683 1566 1683 14531566 "" "" "" < ref> 26 1512 10 918 " " 22 1520 9 926 "" "" 1521 1523 26 1526 " " 1532 " " 1533 1538 " " 15661683 1569 " " 12 1574 27 982 1579 1590 19 1595 8 1003 1596 1663 17 1683 16831827 8 1687 2 1099 " " "" "" < ref> " " 18281908 1830 < ref> 15 1839 " " < ref> 1854 1856 3 " " 4000 " " 19081922 " " " " 1876 "" 19141918 28 1914 " " 10 1914 " " 1916 19191922 " " " " 17 1922 27 1341 1924 600 1974 " " 1994 " " " " " " 1992 2002 " " " " < ref> Halil nalck Studies in the economic history of the Middle East from the rise of Islam to the present day edited by M A CookLondon University Press Oxford UP 1970 p 209 ISBN 0-19-713561-7< ref> Halil nalck Studies in the economic history of the Middle East from the rise of Islam to the present day edited by M A CookLondon University Press Oxford UP 1970 p 217 ISBN 0-19-713561-7< ref> " " "" " " "" "" "" " " " " "" "" "" "" " " "" " " "" "" "" "" " " "" " " " " "" "" < ref> " " " "< ref> "" " " " " " " "" 1908 "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " " " " " " "" "" 1808 1856 " " " " " " " " 23 1876 6 1293 14 1878 11 1295 1908 18 1920 26 1338 11 "" 1859 1878 1898 " " 1848 1908 1866 1874 1908 23 " " 1908 " " " " " " "