IFISE Project

Second MeetingMilan, 1st and 2nd February 2001

Presentation based on

ITALIAN LITERATURE SURVEY

POTENTIAL ENTREPRENEURS’ CONCENTRATIONS

Patrizia Gattoni

UNIVERSITÀ di PAVIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• ITALY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

• THE ITALIAN INNOVATION SYSTEM

• HIGH-TECH SECTORS IN ITALY

• METHODOLOGY

• MAIN RESULTS

• MAPS

• FINAL SCHEME

• PROPOSED SECTORS AND AREAS

Creation of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, R&D statistics, OECD (1998).Data of 1998 for DK, D, F, I, FIN, UK, US, JP and of 1997 for all other countries,

with except of Austria for which the most recent data is of 1993.

1. Government R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP

0,970,9 0,9

0,83 0,82

0,72 0,72 0,7

0,580,53

0,44 0,420,36

0,32

0,22

0,78

0,59

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

S F FIN NL D DK A EU UK I P B E IRL GR US JP

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

2. Business R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP

2,77

2,06

1,531,38 1,31 1,26 1,21 1,2

1,11 1,030,83

0,55 0,49

0,14 0,13

2,042,18

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

S FIN D F B DK UK EU NL IRL A I E P EL USA JP

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Creation of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, R&D statistics, OECD (1998).No data available for Luxembourg. Data of 1998 for DK, D, F, I, FIN, UK,

US, JP and of 1997 for all other countries, with except of Austria for which the most recent data is of 1993.

3. Total innovation expenditures as a percentage of total turnover in manufacturing

7

4,8

4,3 4,13,9 3,8 3,7

3,5 3,3 3,2

2,6

2,11,8 1,7

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

S DK FIN D F NL EU A IRL UK I B E P

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Transmission and application of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, Community Innovation Survey (1994-1996). No data are available for Greece, Luxembourg, the US and Japan.

4. Percent of manufacturing SMEs that innovate in-house

62,259,1 59 58,7

51

44,8 44,4 44

36 35,8

29,4 27,424,5

21,8

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

IRL A DK D NL S I EU F UK B FIN L P

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Transmission and application of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, Community Innovation Survey (1994-1996). No data are available for Luxembourg, Spain, the US and Japan.

5. Percentage of manufacturing SMEs involved in innovation cooperation

37,4

27,5

23,219,9

15,7 14,7 14,612,9 12 11,2

9,6 8,9

4,7 4,6 4,5

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

50,0

DK S IRL FIN UK D NL A F EU L B I E P

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Transmission and application of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, Community Innovation Survey (1994-1996). No data are available for Greece, the US and Japan.

6. Patent applications in high-tech classes per million population

69,6

41,7

26,823,9

19,316,3 15 14,9 12,5

9,14,2 1,9 1,7 0,9 0,3 0

19,7

9,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

FIN S NL D DK F UK EU B A I L E IRL GR P US JP

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Creation of new knowledge

Source: EUROSTAT, R&D statistics, based on EPO data (1998).

7. Percent of total employment in med-high and high-tech manufacturing

11

8,67,8 7,7 7,5 7,4 7,2 7,2 7 6,8 6,5

5,54,9

3,5

2,41,6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

D S UK EU I IRL B FIN F DK A E NL P GR L

High (Over 20% of EU mean)

Average

Low (Below 20% of EU mean)

Italy

Human resources

Source: EUROSTAT, R&D statistics, based on Labour Force Survey data (1998).Data for the US and Japan are not available.

1The medium-high and high-tech sectors include chemicals (NACE 24), office equipment (NACE 30), electrical equipment(NACE 31), telecom equipment (NACE 32), precision instruments (NACE 33), automobiles (NACE 34), and aerospace andother transport (NACE 35). The total workforce includes all manufacturing and service sectors.

ITALIAN INNOVATION SYSTEM

2 Subsystems:

high-tech system:

•Large population of SMEs operating in traditional sectors, mechanics and equipment supplier industries.

•Innovation is incremental and originates from informal learning by doing, by using, by interacting.

small firms system:

•Few small firms, a low number of oligopolistic players.

•R&D expenses are low (both on firm basis and as % of GDP).

•The national demand is not innovative.

•Networking mechanisms among firms, university, research centres are still not well developed.

COMMUNITY INNOVATION SURVEY

•The most important technological sources are perceived to be innovation related investments and R&D expenses.

•Technological change is mostly incremental.

•Large firms in manufacturing industry show higher % of innovative firms and better performace with regard to innovation intensity.

•The sectors with higher % of innovative firms are the ones with high-tech opportunities:

CIS 1 (1990-92) CIS 2 (1994-96)

•office machines 64.6% 67.6%

•consumption electronics (ICT) 59.8% 59.2%

•precision and optical instruments 50.3% 63%

•machinery 48.9% 62.7%

•chemicals 48.1% 61.8%

•The most relevant barriers are related to financial factors.

20,1%

14,7%10,9%

10,8%

8,8%

6,2%5,8% 4,0%

15,2%

2,6% 0,9%

Fine chemicals

Electro-medical apparatus

Consumption electronics

Precision instruments

Optical instruments

Electronic components

Pharmaceuticals

Industrial automation

Office machines

Plastics

Airspace

PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION UNITS PER HIGH-TECH SECTOR

Total 19,266, 3.3% of total production units in manufacturing

Istat, census, 1996

Source: University of Pavia, elaboration on ISTAT data.

PERCENTAGE OF EMPLOYEES PER HIGH-TECH SECTOR

Total 365.365, 7.5% of total employees in manufacturing

Istat, census, 1996

20,1%

16,3%

12,3%9,4%9,3%

8,3%

6,3%

5,8%5,6%

4,4% 2,2%

Pharmaceuticals

Consumption electronics

Fine chemicals

Airspace

Electronic components

Precision instruments

Plastic

Electro-medical apparatus

Office machines

Industrial automation

Optical instruments

Source: University of Pavia, elaboration on ISTAT data.

METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVE: identification of inventors’ concentrations in high-tech sectors

HIGH-TECH SECTORS CLASSIFICATION: ENEA-CESPRI-Politecnico di Milano

SOURCE OF DATA: EPO Espace Bulletin

GEOGRAPHIC DIMENSION: Local Labour System

SELECTED INFORMATION: Sector - Name - Address - LLS - #Patents

Years 1995-2000

SECTORS

% ITALIAN PATENTS

/TOTAL EPO PATENTS

Consumption Electronics 399 14,2% 29.544 24,6% 1,4%

Pharmaceuticals 384 13,7% 13.814 11,5% 2,8%

Precision Instruments 372 13,2% 14.523 12,1% 2,6%

Office Machines 349 12,4% 16.575 13,8% 2,1%

Electronic Components 322 11,5% 12.062 10,1% 2,7%

Fine Chemicals 223 7,9% 10.361 8,6% 2,2%

Industrial Automation 222 7,9% 3.989 3,3% 5,6%

Plastics 203 7,2% 5.653 4,7% 3,6%

Optical Instruments and Materials 136 4,8% 5.144 4,3% 2,6%

Electro-Medical Apparatus 134 4,8% 5.938 4,9% 2,3%

New Materials 48 1,7% 1.607 1,3% 3,0%

Airspace 17 0,6% 808 0,7% 2,1%

TOTAL 2.410 85,8% 90.474 75,4% 2,3%

ITALIAN PATENT APPLICATIONS

TOTAL EPO PATENT APPLICATIONS

NUMBER OF PATENT APPLICATIONS PER HIGH-TECH SECTOR

(1995-2000)

LOCAL LABOUR SYSTEM REGION

1 MILANO LOMBARDIA 826 23,2%

2 ROMA LAZIO 229 6,4%

3 TORINO PIEMONTE 175 4,9%

4 BOLOGNA EMILIA-ROMAGNA 128 3,6%

5 GENOVA LIGURIA 84 2,4%

6 BERGAMO LOMBARDIA 77 2,2%

7 FIRENZE TOSCANA 67 1,9%

8 PADOVA VENETO 64 1,8%

9 CAIRO MONTENOTTE LIGURIA 62 1,7%

10 FERRARA EMILIA-ROMAGNA 59 1,7%

11 PAVIA LOMBARDIA 56 1,6%

12 DESIO LOMBARDIA 55 1,5%

13 NOVARA PIEMONTE 54 1,5%

14 CATANIA SICILIA 49 1,4%

15 BUSTO ARSIZIO LOMBARDIA 48 1,3%

16 VERONA VENETO 44 1,2%

17 LECCO LOMBARDIA 44 1,2%

18 COMO LOMBARDIA 41 1,2%

19 VARESE LOMBARDIA 39 1,1%

20 SESTO CALENDE LOMBARDIA 38 1,1%

INVENTORS

RANKING OF THE FIRST 20 LOCAL LABOUR SYSTEMS WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF INVENTORS (1995-2000)

TOTAL NUMBER OF INVENTORS: 3556

Source: University of Pavia, elaboration on EPO data.

18,5%

15,1%

14,6%9,2%8,8%

8,8%

7,0%

6,2%4,6% 4,3% 2,3% 0,6%

Pharmaceuticals

Consumption electronics

Precision instruments

Electronic components

Office machines

Fine chemicals

Plastics

Industrial automation

Electro-medical apparatus

Optical instruments

New materials

Airspace

PERCENTAGE OF INVENTORS PER HIGH-TECH SECTOR

years 1995-2000

Total 3,807

Source: University of Pavia, elaboration on EPO data.

14,2%

13,3%

12,8%

12,8%11,7%

8,3%

7,8%

7,0%5,0% 4,7% 1,7%0,6%

Consumption electronics

Precision instruments

Pharmaceuticals

Office machines

Electronic components

Industrial automation

Fine chemicals

Plastics

Optical instruments

Electro-medical apparatus

New materials

Airspace

PERCENTAGE OF PATENTS PER HIGH-TECH SECTOR

years 1995-2000

Total 2,621

Source: University of Pavia, elaboration on EPO data.

#

ROMA

#

MILANO

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp1 - 34 - 78 - 1516 - 2728 - 8586 - 224

Number of inventors

Total inventors in pharmaceuticals (years 1995-2000): 705

Inventors in pharmaceuticals per Local Labour System

k

MILANO

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp0.14 - 1.241.24 - 3.593.59 - 7.57.5 - 18.318.3 - 58.1358.13 - 107.67

Number of patents

Total patents in pharmaceuticals (years 1995-2000): 335

Patents in pharmaceuticals per Local Labour System

PHARMACEUTICALS

k

MILANO

k

TORINO

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp1 - 23 - 56 - 1011 - 1617 - 6263 - 145

Number of inventors

Total inventors in consumption electronics (years 1995-2000): 573

Inventors in consumption electronics per Local Labour System

k

MILANO

k

TORINO

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp0.17 - 0.870.87 - 2.22.2 - 5.425.42 - 11.1211.12 - 35.4235.42 - 103.6

Number of patents

Total patents in consumption electronics (years 1995-2000): 371

Patents in consumption electronics per Local Labour System

CONSUMPTION ELECTRONICS

k

SESTO CALENDE

k

MILANO

k

TORINO k

GENOVA

k

BOLOGNA

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp12 - 34 - 78 - 1314 - 3839 - 121

Number of inventors

Total inventors in precision instruments (years 1995-2000): 557

Inventors in precision instruments per Local Labour System

k

SESTO CALENDE

k

MILANO

k

TORINO k

GENOVA

k

BOLOGNA

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp0.17 - 1.121.12 - 2.52.5 - 4.54.5 - 7.77.7 - 20.320.3 - 65.2

Number of patents

Total patents in precision instruments (years 1995-2000): 349

Patents in precision instruments per Local Labour System

PRECISION INSTRUMENTS

# CATANIA

#

MILANO

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp1 - 23 - 45 - 67 - 1213 - 2829 - 124

Number of inventors

Total inventors in electronic components (years 1995-2000): 349

Inventors in electronic components per Local Labour System

# CATANIA

#

MILANO

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp0.2 - 1.531.53 - 3.533.53 - 7.037.03 - 15.0515.05 - 44.2144.21 - 117.68

Number of patents

Total patents in electronic components (years 1995-2000): 307

Patents in electronic components per Local Labour System

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

k

ROMA

k

MILANO

k

BOLOGNA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp1 - 23 - 67 - 1112 - 21

Number of inventors

o

Total inventors in electro-medical apparatus (years 1995-2000): 176

Inventors in electro-medical apparatus per Local Labour System

k

MILANO

k

BOLOGNA

k

ROMA

Sll91.shp

Sll91.shp0.17 - 0.810.81 - 2.752.75 - 5.755.75 - 13.72

Number of patents

Total patents in electro-medical apparatus (years 1995-2000): 123

Patents in electro-medical apparatus per Local Labour System

ELECTRO-MEDICAL APPARATUS

Sectors Region Local Labour System

Inventors per LLS and % on total investors of the sector. years 1995-992

Patents per LLS and % on total patents of the sector. years 1995-992

Production units per LLS and % on total production units of the sector.

Employees per LLS and % on total employees of the sector.

Pharmaceuticals Lombardia Milano 224 (31.8%)

108 (32.2%)

281 (30.1%)

27,420 (40,9%)

Lazio Roma 85 (12.1%)

58 (17.3%)

125 (13.4%)

6,864 (10.2%)

Total in the sector

705 (100%)

335 (100%)

933 (100%)

67,032 (100%)

Electronic Components

Lombardia Milano 124 (35,5%)

118 (38,4%)

166 (12,6%)

6,512 (21,0%)

Sicilia Catania 28 44 4 1,919

surroundings 6 13 1 3

Total 34 (9.7%)

57 (18.6%)

5 (0.4%)

1,922 (6,2%)

Total in the sector

349 (100%)

307 (100%)

1,314 (100%)

31,059 (100%)

Electro-medical Apparatus

Lombardia Milano 21 (11,9%)

14 (11,4%)

281 (12,3%)

3,447 (17,7%)

Emilia- Romagna

Bologna 11 9 99 1,443

surroundings 9 5 117 2,811

Total 20 (11.4%)

14 (11.4%)

216 (9,5%)

4,254 (21,9%)

Lazio Roma 17 (9,7%)

11 (8,9%)

180 (7,9%)

1,038 (5,3%)

Total in the sector

176 (100%)

123 (100%)

2,278 (100%)

19,443 (100%)

PROPOSED SECTORS and AREAS

for the FIELD SURVEY

PHARMACEUTICALS MILANO

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS CATANIA

ELECTRO-MEDICAL APPARATUS BOLOGNA