i.e.s llanes sevilla departamento de biologÍa y geologÍa...

I.E.S LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA

THE SIMPLEST LIVING BEINGS THE SIMPLEST LIVING BEINGS UNIT 11 UNIT 11

PROTOCTIST KINGDOMPROTOCTIST KINGDOM

The protoctist kingdom includes unicellular and multicellular living beings. They are all eukaryotes and have not got tissues.Protozoa and algae are found in this kingdom.

ProtozoaProtozoa

The main characteristics of protozoa are: • Protozoa are unicellular: A single cell carries out all the vital functions.• They are heterothrophs. They feed on bacteria, organics remains and other microscopic

organisms.• Protozoa live in both salt water and fresh water. Some protozoa float on water, zooplankton, and

are food for aquatic animals.• Some protozoa are parasites and cause illnesses.

ClassificationClassification

There are four groups of protozoa. They are classified according to the way they move.

FlagellatesFlagellates:• They move using a flagellum or tail.• Some of them are parasites.• Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness.

Ciliates:Ciliates:• They move using cilia (hair-like organelles).• Some of them are parasites.• Paramecium is shaped like a slipper. It has got two nuclei.

Rhizopods:Rhizopods:• They move using pseudopods (projections of cell cytoplasm).• Some of them are parasites.• Entamoeba histolytica causes dysentery.

Sporozoa:Sporozoa:• They do not move.• All of them are parasites.• Plasmodium causes malaria.

1


(Vocabulary: to carry out: desempeñar, llevar a cabo / to feed on: alimentarse de / remains: restos / to float: flotar / food: comida, alimento / illness: enfermedad / according to: de acuerdo con, en relación con, segun / sleeping sickness: enfermedad del sueño/ shaped: con forma de / slipper: zapatilla / dysentery: disentería)

Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right

1. Parasites A They don’t move2. Ciliates B They move using pseudopods3. Paramecium C It causes sleeping sickness4. Flagellates D They are living beings which cause illnesses to anothers5. Rhizopods E It is shaped like a slipper6. Sporozoa F They move using hair-like organelles called cilia7. Trypanosoma G They move using a flagellum or tail

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. 7 ...............

Fill the gaps with the following words from the list

sleeping sickness slipper fresh water two parasites heterothrophs multicellular move flagellum zooplankton tissues unicellular carries out pseudopods organics remains cilia malaria

The protoctist kingdom includes unicellular and ....................................... living beings. They are all eukaryotes and have not got ..................................

All protozoa are ............................................., it means that a single cell .................................. all the vital functions.They are .................................... They feed on bacteria, ...................................... and other microscopic organisms.

Protozoa live in both salt water and ............................... Some protozoa like .................................. float on water, and are food for aquatic animals.

Flagellates move using a ..................................... or tail. Some of them are parasites, such as Trypanosoma which causes ..........................................

Ciliates move using a hair-like organelles called .......................... Paramecium is shaped like a ........................ and has got ..................... nuclei.

Rhizopods move using ...................................................., which are projections of cell cytoplasm.Sporozoa don’t ..................................... at all. All of them are ....................................... such as Plasmodium, which causes ................................

Answer the following questions

1. What is the name of the kingdom formed by eukaryotic organisms, unicellular, and multicellular with no tissue?..............................................................................................................................................................

2. What kind of food does protozoa eat?..............................................................................................................

3. Which kind of environments can protozoa live in?............................................................................................

4. What is the name of protozoa which floats in water?........................................................................................

5. Do all protozoa cause illnesses?.......................................................................................................................

6. How do flagellates move?.................................................................................................................................

7. How is Paramecium shaped?...........................................................................................................................

8. What is a pseudopod?......................................................................................................................................

9. What is the name of protozoa which cannot move?.........................................................................................

2


10. What is the name of the protozoa which causes dysentery? ...........................................................................

AlgaeAlgae

The main characteristics of algae (the scientific name for seaweed) are: • Algae are unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular algae sometimes form colonies. In colonies

each cell can carry out the vital functions. • All the cells of multicellular algae look the same and have the same functions. For this reason,

algae have not got true tissues or organs.• Algae are autotrophs: They contain chlorophyll and other pigments which capture sunlight for

photosynthesis. They can be classified by their pigment: green, brown or red.• Some algae live in salt and fresh water, but others live on tree trunks or rocks. Some unicellular

algae, like diatomea, float on water forming phytoplankton, and are food for aquatic animals.Algae provide food for humans too, for example, ice cream is made from algae. Industrial uses include medicines and fertilizers.

ClassificationClassification

Green algaeGreen algaeColour: Mainly green.Habitat: On the surface of salt water or fresh water.Example: Euglena (unicellular), Ulva (multicellular).

Brown algaeBrown algaeColour: Green, yellowish pigment.Habitat: Salt water, on rocky coasts, and on the surface of water.Example: Diatomeas (unicellular), Sargazos (multicellular).

Red algaeRed algaeColour: Green and red.Habitat: Deep in warm, still ocean water.Example: Coralina (multicellular).

(Vocabulary: colony: colonia / fresh water: agua dulce / tree trunks: troncos de árboles / phytoplankton: fitoplanton / to provide: suministrar, producir / fertilizers: fertilizantes / surface: superficie / yellowish: amarillento / rocky: rocoso / deep: profundo / warm: cálido / still: tranquilo, calmado)


1. Colonies A It is water with little or not salt2. Chlorophyll B They are algae which float on water3. Phytoplankton C It is a multicellular green algae4. Ice cream D It is a pigment which capture sunlight for photosynthesis5. Ulva E They are multicellular algae which float on ocean surface6. Fresh water F It is a food for humans that can be made from algae7. Sargazos G Unicellular algae sometimes form it

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. 7 ...............

3



medicines fresh water food phytoplankton multicellular tissues chlorophyll colonies carry out sunlight tree trunks

Unicellular algae sometimes form ............................. in which each cell can ................................... the vital functions.

All the cells of ................................................. algae look the same and have the same functions. For this reason algae have not got true ................................... or organs.

Algae contain ..................................... and other pigments which capture ............................... for photosynthesis.

Some algae live in salt and ..................................., but others live on ................................... or rocks.

Some unicellular algae float on water forming ......................................., and are food for aquatic animals.

Algae provide ........................... for humans too; ice cream is made from algae. Industrial uses include .............................. and fertilizers.


1. What kind of cells have algae got? ..................................................................................................................

2. What is the name of the groups that sometimes form unicellular algae? ........................................................

3. Are different the cells of a multicellular algae? ................................................................................................

4. What is the difference between a multcellular algae and a plant? ...................................................................

5. How can algae get their own food? ..................................................................................................................

6. Is the chlorophyll the only pigment that algae have got? ..................................................................................

7. Do all algae live in water? ................................................................................................................................

8. What is the name of unicellular algae which live floating on ocean water? ....................................................

9. Write down an example of food for humans made from algae. ........................................................................

10. What is the environment in which Coralina lives?.............................................................................................

4


MONERA KINGDOMMONERA KINGDOM

• Monera kingdom is formed by microscopic, unicellular, and prokaryotic organisms• Bacteria belong to the Monera kingdom. They are unicellular microorganisms which can exist

either as independent organisms or as parasites (they depend on other organism to live).• Bacteria can live in all places on Earth. We can find bacteria in the air, soil, water, on you, and

inside you. • Some bacteria are pathogenic. They cause disease in humans and in other living beings, but the

majority of them are beneficial for humans.• Bacteria can live various degrees minus zero or in temperatures which reach 100º C. Bacteria can

live in very hot temperatures (above the boiling point) and in terribly cold temperatures.• Bacteria usually live isolated but sometimes they group together forming colonies, but each

individual cell remains independent.• Bacteria were some of the first living beings that existed on Earth more than 3,500 million years

ago.

(Vocabulary: soil: suelo / pathogenic: patógena / disease: enfermedad / degrees: grados / to reach: alcanzar / boiling point: punto de ebullición / isolated: aislado / colony: colonia / to remain: mantenerse, permanecer)


1 Unicellular A Living beings that only can be seen with a microscope2 Parasites B It is when temperatures reach 100º C 3 Prokaryotic cell C Living beings that depend on other organism to live 4 Microscopic D It is when unicellular organisms group together5 Boiling point E Cells that have not got nucleus6 Colony F Living beings that are made up of one single cell

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 .............


parasites disease microscopic colonies soil boiling point prokaryotic isolated beneficial pathogenic unicellular minus zero

Bacteria belongs to Moneras kingdom which is formed by, .................................... unicellular, and .......................................... organisms Bacteria are .................................... microorganisms which can exist either as independent organisms or as ............................................... (they depend on other organism to live).We can find bacteria in the air, ..............................., water, on you, and inside you. Some are .................................., they cause ................................. in humans and in other living beings, but the majority of them are .................................... for humans.Bacteria can live various degrees ................. or in temperatures which reach 100º C. They can live in temperatures above the ..........................................., and in terribly cold temperatures.Bacteria usually live ......................................... but sometimes they group together forming .............................


1. What is the name of the kingdom formed by microscopic, unicellular, and prokaryotic organisms?......................

.......................................................................................................................................................................................

2. What is the meaning of parasite?............................................................................................................................

3. In which places on Earth can bacteria live?............................................................................................................

5

I.E.S LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍA4. What is a pathogenic bacterium?............................................................................................................................

5. Are the majority of bacteria pathogenic or beneficial for humans?..........................................................................

6. What is the name of the point when temperature reaches 100º C?........................................................................

7. Can bacteria live in cold temperatures?..................................................................................................................

8. What is the name when bacteria live together?.......................................................................................................

Bacteria structureBacteria structure

Bacteria are very simple. They have not got a nucleus and they have not got many of the cell organelles found in the eukaryotic cell. Genetic material, or DNA, is not enclosed in a cell compartment called the nucleus.

•• Cell membraneCell membraneIt is similar to the eukaryotic cell and controls the in and out movement of substances in the cell.

•• Bacterial cell wallBacterial cell wallIt is a rigid cover that surrounds the cellular membrane. It shapes and protects the bacteria. It is responsible for the cell form

•• Bacterial capsuleBacterial capsuleIt surrounds the cell wall. It is useful to protect the bacteria that are responsible for illness.

•• CytoplasmCytoplasmIt is inside the cell. The necessary substances for the bacterial vital functions are inside the cytoplasm.

•• Genetic materialGenetic materialIt is a single chromosome scattered in the cytoplasm. It is not surrounded by a membrane.

•• FlagellumFlagellumIt is made of a single filament. Bacteria use it for movement

(Vocabulary: to enclose: encerrar / the in and out: la entrada y salida / to surround: rodear / to shape: dar forma / illness: enfermedad / to scatter: dispersar)

Label the picture with the appropriate word

6



1 Genetic material A It is responsible for illness2 Bacterial cell wall B Bacteria use it for movement3 Cytoplasm C It controls the in and out movement of substances in the cell4 Bacterial capsule D It is a single chromosome scattered in the cytoplasm5 Flagellum E It contains the substances for the bacterial vital functions6 Cell membrane F It is responsible for the cellular form

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 .............


cell wall nucleus filament organelles capsule chromosome movement shapes surrounds illness enclosed eukaryotic DNA

Bacteria have not got ................................ and they have not got many of the cellular ............................ found in the eukaryotic cell. Genetic material, or ............................, is not ................................. in a cell compartment called the nucleus.The cell membrane is similar to the ............................... cell and controls the in and out of substances in the cell.Bacterial ............................... is a rigid cover that ..................................... the cell membrane. It ............................ and protects the bacteria.Bacterial ....................................... surrounds the cell wall. It is useful to protect the bacteria that are responsible for ....................................The genetic material is a single .............................. scattered in the cytoplasm. It is not surrounded by a membrane. The flagellum is made of a single ................................., and the bacterium uses it for ............................................


1. Why are bacteria not eukaryotic living beings?.........................................................................................................2. What is the job of the cell membrane?.....................................................................................................................

3. Why have bacteria got different forms?...................................................................................................................

4. What part of the bacterium is responsible for illness?..............................................................................................

5. What is the difference between a eukaryotic cytoplasm and a bacterial cytoplasm?...........................................

6. How is the genetic material in the bacterial cytoplasm?.........................................................................................

7. What is made of a single filament, and the bacterium use it for movement?...........................................................

8. What is the difference between a bacterian cell wall and a bacterian capsule?......................................................

Bacteria nutrition Bacteria nutrition

Type of bacteriaType of bacteria Live offLive off WhereWhere EffectsEffectsSaprophytic bacteriaSaprophytic bacteria Decaying organic

material or matterGroundFoodWater

Fermentation Alcoholic drinks Vinegar Some cheeses

Decomposition of organic wastes

In septic tanks In sewage disposal

plants

7


In agriculture for soil enrichment

Parasitic bacteriaParasitic bacteria Living beingsThey are pathogens (their growth harms the host organism and they often cause illnesses or diseases)

PlantsAnimals

Diseases• In plants Leaf spot• In animals Tuberculosis Syphilis Typhoide fever Tetanus

Symbiotic bacteriaSymbiotic bacteria Organic materialThey form the intestinal flora and help to break down foods that contain fibre and help with digestion.

Inside animals and persons They can be found in the digestive system of many mammalsThe cohabitation is often beneficial.

Mutual benefitThey help each other In humans:Bacteria get the food they need and produce vitamins.The human body protects the bacteria.

(Vocabulary: to live off: vivir de / to decay: descomponerse / decaying: en descomposición / manufacture: fabricación / vinegar: vinagre / septic tanks sewage: tanque séptico de aguas residuales / disposal plants wastes: planta depuradora / to harm: dañar / host organism: organismo hospedador / leaf spot: hoja manchada / in exchange: a cambio / to break down: descomponer / chemosynthesis: quimiosíntesis)


1 Saprophytic bacteria A They help to break down foods that contain fibre2 Pathogens B They harm the host organism and can cause illnesses or diseases3 Alcoholic drinks C It is a disease of animals4 Symbiotic bacteria D It is a disease of plants5 Leaf spot E They are bacteria that harm other living beings6 Tuberculosis F They live off decaying organic material or matter7 Parasitic bacteria G Saprophytic bacteria make it by fermentation

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. 7 ...............


harm agriculture meningitis vitamins decaying septic tanks organisms decomposition food vinegar diseases mutually intestinal flora(2) break down

Saprophytic bacteria live off .................................... organic material on the ground, in ........................... or in water.They can do it for fermentation as in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks, ......................., and certain cheeses, or for ......................................... of organic wastes, such as in ............................................, in some sewage disposal plants, and in ................................... for soil enrichment and toxic wastes.Parasitic bacteria ..................................... the host organism and often cause .......................... such as ............................................... or tuberculosisSymbiotic bacteria form the ............................................. and help to ..................................... foods that contain fibre. The co-habitation of the bacteria with the human body is ................................. beneficial. The bacteria that make up the ........................................................ in humans get the food that they need and produce ............................................ In exchange the human body protects the bacteria.


1. What do saprophytic bacteria live off?.....................................................................................................................

2. How do we get alcoholic drinks?..............................................................................................................................

3. What is the name of the process in which organic wastes are eliminated?.............................................................

4. Write down the name of three human diseases.......................................................................................................

8


5. What is another name for parasitic bacteria?..........................................................................................................

6. Are there bacteria that attack plants?......................................................................................................................

7. What is the difference between saprophytic and parasitic bacteria?.......................................................................

8. How do symbiotic bacteria help humans?................................................................................................................

9. What do humans give bacteria in exchange?.........................................................................................................

10. What do saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic bacteria have in common?..............................................................

Bacteria reproductionBacteria reproduction

They reproduce by an asexual reproduction called binary fission. The cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell grows, and then divides again.

This is the process:1. In one bacterium the single circular chromosome duplicates.2. The two chromosomes attach to the inside of the cell membrane.3. The cell gets longer and separates in two parts.4. There are two new cells with a single circular chromosome each.5. The new cells can grow and divide again.

Self-ProtectionSelf-Protection

Bacteria sometimes form protective spores to help to survive for a long time (weeks or years). The spores cover the cell when living conditions are difficult.When the conditions are favourable again, the bacterium “comes back to life” and transforms from a spore back to a cell.

(Vocabulary: binary fission: bipartición / daughter: hija / single: sencillo / to attach: unirse, pegarse / to grow: crecer / spores: esporas / to survive: sobrevivir / living conditions: condiciones vitales / to come back to life: volver a la vida)


1 The fourth stage of reproduction process A Cells divide and create identical daughter cells2 The first stage of reproduction process B It is when the cell gets longer and splits in two parts3 The third stage of reproduction process C There are new cells with a chromosome each4 Binary fission D They cover the cell when living conditions are difficult5 The second stage of reproduction process E The new cells can grow and divide again6 The fifth stage of reproduction process F The single circular chromosome duplicates7 Spores G The two chromosomes attach to the inside of the cellular membrane

Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. 7 ...............


Survive separates duplicates chromosome grow binary fission attach daughter living conditions comes back to life

Bacteria reproduce by an asexual reproduction called ............................................ The cell divides and produces two identical ............................................ cells.At first in one bacterium the single circular chromosome ....................................., then the two chromosomes ............................................. to the inside of the cellular membrane

9

I.E.S LLANES SEVILLA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA Y GEOLOGÍAAfterwards the cell gets longer and ........................................... in two parts, and now there are new cells with a ................................................. each.Finally the new cells can ........................................... and divide again.

Bacteria sometimes form protective spores to help to ..................................... for a long time (weeks or years). The spores cover the cell when ............................................................... are difficult.

When the conditions are favourable again, the bacterium ................................................................ and transforms from a spore back to a cell.


1. What is the name of bacterial reproduction?.........................................................................................................

2. What are cells formed by bacterial reproduction like?............................................................................................

3. What is the bacterial chromosome?........................................................................................................................

4. Where does the bacterial chromosome attach to?.................................................................................................

5. How many parts does the bacterial chromosome duplicate?.................................................................................

6. How many chromosomes has each new bacterium got?........................................................................................

7. What happens with the new bacterium?..................................................................................................................

8. What do bacteria form to survive for a long time?...................................................................................................

9. What happens when the conditions are favourable again?.....................................................................................

Types of bacteria according to their shapeTypes of bacteria according to their shape

1. CoccusCoccus:: They have spheric shapeIn pairs. Diplococcus In clusters. Staphylococcus In chains. Streptococcus

2. BacilliBacilli. They are elongated and they have a rod-shaped cylindrical shape.

3. Spirillum.Spirillum. They have got curved walls that form a spiral or a coil spring shape

4. Vibrios.Vibrios. They have got a comma-like shape. (they look like a comma)

(Vocabulary: spheric: esférico / cluster: racimo / chain: cadena / elongated: alargada / rod-shaped: forma de bastón / coil spring: muelle / comma-like: como una coma)

10



1 Coccus A They have curved walls that form a spiral or a coil spring form2 Bacilli B They are grouped together In clusters3 Diplococcus C They have got a comma-like form (they look like a comma)4 Spirillum D They are grouped together In chains5 Staphylococcus E They are grouped together In pairs6 Streptococcus F They have got a rod-shaped cylindrical form.7 Vibrios G They all have got spheric formAnswers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 ............. 7 ...............


Vibrios elongated clusters Coccus Diplococcus Spirillum rod-shaped Streptococcus coil spring

When bacteria have got spheric shape they are called ............................... If they are grouped together in pairs they are called ................................................. They are called Staphylococcus if they are grouped together in .................................. and ....................................................... if they are in chains.

Bacilli are ........................................... bacteria and they have got a ....................................................... cylindrical shape.

When bacteria have got curved walls that form a spiral or a .............................................. shape they are called ......................................... and when they have got a comma-like shape they are called ...........................................


1. What is the name of bacteria that have got spheric shape?....................................................................................

2. What are Diplococcus?............................................................................................................................................

3. What kind of bacteria are grouped together in chains?...........................................................................................

4. How are Staphilococcus grouped together?............................................................................................................

5. What is the shape of a Bacillus?............................................................................................................................

6. What is the shape of Spirillum?...............................................................................................................................

7. What is the cause of Spirillum’s shape?.................................................................................................................

8. What does the shape of Vibrios look like?...............................................................................................................

11


Identify the types of bacteria in the picture

Complete the table with the shape and the picture of bacteria

Name Shape PictureVibrio

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

12

i.e.s llanes sevilla departamento de biologÍa y geologÍa...

Documents