iee」 serial tutorial
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Th■ ollmal●I the`nstittlt_oflna_・●Eltltroniヽ Engh"6 ofLpan Vo141 No 5(2012)
IEE」 serial Tutorial
Expeeted Hunlan Resoutce Devclopment rOI Sinndaittation
Ac● vities as an internatonal Standal a■ 7atiOll StF■ 蛯y(o
Bnianced Standardiza■ on
Ken KRECiIMER
Thc Un、oも to'Color do Boo l●■CO uSA
くSuntm,,> ]o modomゞ oc o“s fomalslaぬ di′ al on s onc oKans to
hep b■ ,にo lhe oo昴:mcti,1お sim for p∞
`t with薔o publc dosI● or
open sぬ nd,同 ヾいo"do● 、ヾヽould a q,ndII」 iz● lo,●●mmitt● b,1● 、cc t● o
mp。■,nce cf Ⅲ、腋●誹mわ nd、 ,1●
“
暉 ■,餌 oi n● "w,ndimPI●ved wih tho:nPo●
`ncc F (ゃ口,ヾ●nd'm｀ loで、plnd m`去 ●l、 and
Oo■ oo●In hに J通 00S10 tttuc exに nsbns● This P,Pcr prcso● ぉ ,blond
燎ヽoloa viぃ と。1、mio,饉 iコ ::oヽ ,lK:“so子いも ]、いヽ d]trett s,c●●SS:OnS
oF stan薇樋s hivo lκ m blantt in qo,to `1■ rヽcnt ways A t、 卜●i“ :
,ppoκh to b,1,1,∝ oompuibilil● 、ほnd,a薇 :。n n. stundt薇 ヽi、
:d.A● J`“ a]ong wi],wooα shicxmplo、 o,its implementalioI
l Standalds are Fundamenial
・■lc adoption of、tandardl mats an inゃ onant stagc in the
ptsstge fFOm u SCicntinc tlovelty to a coinimeに ial product‐1'
T∝hnical smdardizatlon has b・・m succesi‖ y nccomplished in
eve,y technic,: anぃ 1● o]uding: 響●● possible n、 osutneni lyp● .
SCttW t卜 に,ds interluces to public telephone ne● 、1■ks, Intmet
protocols andぃヽ″are intor僣 ces
Econolnics iden■ ■、 that , standala creat゛ both privス に and
ptl1lic cnccts a A sp∝ incal:。n eg intel x86 mic● con■ puに ,
interFaces a1lows a commecial o嘔 aniZation to completely colに ol
lhe specincatiOn A pub:,o stalidal● su響試s ll at conimtrcia]
σ,niZttiOns do not compleclv control the standald As example
lhc m。けe tnglhヽ conlFoned,30Vemmenls｀ But mo■ and
more widely used、 tandarふ .esいblished in pllblic standora、 ation
eomm■tces, arc conlollod by palents held by commcrcial
O摯●:Zatbns.〕 ') And palents tt not u、e Onty wγ that
commc“ i31 organi7ations oxcn co ltr。1 。ver standal● レation
いOCCSSes and the pub:1で ζ●ndmts cに,にd
Bal,ncing:卜 o int∝ est oFlhc ptlblc wi口 ,lhe in[は sts o'privaに
dNelopes when developing and deinil18,stan● rd is incttasi“
01菫culi because sianda“ s 1lave gЮ atcl iinPad aS iC uso of
tethnology lnttastt Therem mOた 、厳keholdm pttlpate in
the standa lli2otion pЮ css and mo■ int口℃ゞ ts n∝ d lo Oc
acconl1lodatd This Paper飩 3●s 、vith a 1lstolc81 Ⅲ spective on
sta ldalds and idcntifles how dimm)i classcs(suCCOSions)Of
stmdlldゞ have dittrent needsお ,pubhc,ccessibli,(openness)
and κ9ire dircttnt approachcsto ba〕 a■ce commooi81 gain FЮm
this● anuge ne■●appЮacts to btlttce current ttd“ ture clsscs
。lstanda“sat pK ptゝ d
This paper is an apansion and uldating oF a pieviousty
published pape■｀
2 The Succe∬ ions or standaras
Sincc hulllall、 cl■に、ed fottr dilTclcnt a8cs ofhuman eiviliation
h拇o been idcnti■ ed: huntertttheres agtaHan industri21 and
infOF nthOn`)In eath agc the tahllologies necesttry b sustain it
w、 c discovecd or involled The tem,,rra∬'o″
″`′
●"あ`
renI、 tO the standaFt S thtt ac IIst appli“ in each tectЮ :ow age
(Cg、 a“Cuhure manui‐ tl● ng andinfoma6on,stemSη )in t卜 iS
mBmer the succession oF sは ndards for an symbolゞ cn gs,|｀｀
then the Nccession or standards rOr a‖ measuκ ments emttes;
then tre、 uccession oF stallda7ds lor similan,eme■ eS;etc in the
fol]o″ ing ages, the now on`oing standaldi′ ation of the sane
sutcession continaes to pFOVide n∝ o、き0血 dards natis new
mcowtmeni stol〕 OoTus erneBc in t卜 e industha]age The iimpact of
、8ch st,ndaFdS ミlCcession is inost appaК nt and contentious
during its introductoO age ARcr tho introductorv age the basic
concep“ a～ mOre wide, acCel ted and the on going
standardization inヽ mfe wccessions is icss contentiOus
Table l `dds to lhe Four ages ot civiliz● tion a nnh, the post
i1lfo nlation ago in cacli succ、 sba of stand“ the st]「
祀1llfoК ing mechanisms wllich can creat increased ∝onomic
retums a℃ addilive:,neasuremen standtts cvidence coordination
erO.、, similarity standardS evidenc● botll coOrdination and
scaliny[mmis ctcis compalbn:, まandards ‐ :dt・nce
coordln“on●31ing4mming and nいЮR encts,eに nereftre
slandams in c301l succeeding standtts stlccession have greater
econolnlc lmpact
・ K Kズ、卜m`■ 'he Fnt“ P●■●uT anu Standaos :ntoo,lo,:●
Slandadiァ`t:on,s a Sttale3 c Tooi Con mended Pa"、
・ ol thC IEC
Ctutma(y Chnlo,ざ 200` pp 143-154 Goヽ、こ Swi12● ,lmd:
[niemmio、,lEに otro燎 h面ol Commls,o■
nc,mma oFthe lls● lllに ofimage El∝ tЮnts Ettites of,o"n Vo141 No5(2012)
Ъ u。 l shnlatts,К oossi。■,
I H● oに,G,lhor● ● |
|(b・おre,000 BC)|―――――― ― ― ― ― | ■
E●o,om c
Ar
Agml:o, [ndustna;
(1750-1,50)
1■●・ c,、 o、 ot●m001
PЮduct("、 ●●oc
:nヽrmal:on
(1950-2000)
Com● 6b‖ :,
れ duots und‐ Ⅳics
Four ucnds a,c idenltneu aoЮ、s the stand,も sllcc゛ SiOns that
,ppenrin Table ll
Row I&2-inCrasins complcxi″ ortechical stalldalds
Row,一■nctasing comp〕 txiッ oF puuic acccssibni,
(Openncs、 )
Row 4 1hc expanSon ol"vme gah slpp● Iにd"n酬s●■durds sutcessions
Ro、v5-■ ncHttsin8“o:、 Omic inipact of standards dte to the
ndditive nature oF駿 11■●ntoleing em∝ ts
These fotlr trends idmti,w,l has b∝ ome mOE фttelllito
611d a balancc bc● ″ccn thc P■ vate ttin and public good a s● ndaFrl
"ollld cn,b〕
e This p,per Ⅸ,mines the sianda“ 1,ation,Ю cesC'
in each age and ident:Aes lo″ thぶ e trends have developed and
what is′ Oan bo dono lo imlJЮ vc tho b唸:ance or curreni
stalldaldi2a● 011 and ttal dards
3 Hunter‐ Catherer Age
The nN succcssion o(slallaams,wmも olゞ 8ndards,emetted as
humans dNeloped ule cOmmon symbols oFan磯 !ty lalguage An
CaFly fOrm ofりmbol stanあ rds was ciay:Okols to rc"smi
dittEnt colnmOdiies ased in the Near Cast at a● ine when the
Sr.l plants wolc ,lanttd for fooO end ,nin,ls were bein8
dometticated(10000 BC)St:ch t,にns■ o陀 found in the gmves oF
b」 綱 oas hdlea● 嘔 the m,onance OFtllese symbЫ Ыmdards
ヽヽtにn numb∝ s,possibly the■ ぶtl‐chnical ltandards enlo鳴
“
in
U=じ k(3000 BC)in MeSOpolamiaめ
Today the,mbols compnsing lhe Hind l Anbic ntl■ beヽ (l,2,
3.etc)a祀 口lC mosl conlmonly utt lttl n caI● tandaFl in thc
worid Ever・ thcagh och cultuЮ llat Ⅳolved ind"endent!y
cКated ils owa numba wslm.the de● re to tは de cventu3!,lCd tO
a common numblT wstenl acЮ ss the wolld ヽ :s“mo■sれにs
how al∝onomic“]f reinfor.ing● 随ct(t財 din3)。VCr a voッ long
periodせ onsolid=ted the mmy direrent働 rly digit symbols lllto one
wolldい、11o number wゞ cm
Palmi ownesh',
Sc1ling and loaming Noさ、o,k
4 AgraⅢan Age
Mtasurement standards, the second sКcession of standalds
we〔℃ a signittcant Fantor in the dNelopnicnt of agranan
civi:izations ・Nommic hlbes hae no need for iand
mcawi帥ぃts Divisi。 ■0,the lands。 ,a plmitive Pcollle dOCS not
bcconle a nec● sitt ulltil SOCic, haS rcachcd the icvel oi settled
a『 iCl1ltt ral dNelopincnt ''
Meattronel・ l sta ldards provi“ llle ttthlS md me3suts used
R】 planting, ●llltiviion and co[1“ ting iaxes, lhus,ssisiing in the
nse oF Babメ Or ald E理, By 3001 BC the deini● otl,of
measuremenl s● ndardN wcc kept w an allい 。●1ン sllCh asを
Phattch
『
temple〕°' In economic tom、 widely util,zed
measu、 ment stand,にs create co¨ in,6ng efrccも wh:.h se,c tO
Tnake tra、 ∝tions e3S‐ By 2250 BC cuntncェ another economic
illcasuR■men、 cnablod lllo`℃ COmplox tは nぬctions and ilthα
expandcd hade l'
Sdlers evenJu゛ =vendOr orpЮ duce,have lol g tcOgnレ ed th■
Ineasumat sland8rds re“ ce thur ad■ anlar by hcreasi鴨
"cecompctition t2' lИ casu“ ment standalム orci valuc to ゛e pllblic
hetter knonledge of what iliey atc puκ hasitt but little value to
1le senc, VヽithOllt value o lle sener Or manuraciut■ ll c
dePlolttnt 。
'COlnmon measuttment stalldanls has lleen a s!o″pЮccss Over a veゥ 10ng Pcrlod thc coo“ination ttcts of
comn,on mensurement standalds assistd rade causing :oca]
mcasur●・m●・nt sta`lda ds io melge inlo region,l standa ds ar d
eventua“ y into ll e lnternationat Systen cf units(sI)mぬ suren ent
WSiCmF〕
Symbd and measttmo■ stallda,dlな●on tts accomp"Sedけ
localicades or 8oVemmenis B,■ aftel the Frencl,and Amel can
溜 oし■ons a chmr in hoW sttn“●sw¨ devdoped ald
mainiained eneted At the bcginning oFthc indu工 Halぉ vo:u●on
aヾnd,おlzalcl beg,■ lo be accon・Plもhed llot,goWemmenヽ btt
by salldar● 7a10n Commi■ ∝ sin EDgland and Fttnce
ln Engit,d the Rolュ I Sociely bttn meelng ln 1660 King
■t,ollmか oF lhe in■ mに ofimage El∝●ollles E"intu、 of力Pn Vo141 N。 5(2012)
Charles lll gmnted nlo Rwal S∝ :o● t ehalに rin 1663 Asa ts,li
of thc er●lts of tle Royol Socit!ゝ hヽe“ ie ltiflc(faCtめascol
dcscription tn` pDblication oF、 ″hnt had pretio違 sty t、on cttFl
enterged口 'Tle Royi Sotitl,S ptlbhcttions on measu記 :nent
instrunlolも dcttned lhe then‐ cuncnt meamren釧 t ККlnology S｀
勁 e struttlre of thc Rovai S∝ toy e“ablished a powerlul
conceprtllat a bulanco belween public inictss (the Kingも
ChnCう md pllttle inに retts(ofthe membe・ s)coullゞ tnぬ ldlな
tochnologメ.' Wit卜
the auNent Of mmsutment instruments
■goous mcЖwcmo「tt st田 〕dardS becalne pmc● cal A
“
mコ肛
。中 niZation lo the Royal Socicty 麒、s establishcd in France in
1666 By 17''(oOCrふ e Fttnch revolutio■ )the tllen mttcd
l lnsti鳳 i nationai des scia、 ccs゛ dcs a“ s established ibe t∝ hnicュ〕
|=sヽ of tlЮ mchnc syst●nt a■ ct‐based shlldard mca、
『
ement
WSiCmけ '
5 1ndustrlal Age
SI Sinilar"w sttunrds‐Tl,c nse of the lmachine industr■ WhiCll wc as、citte with the
lndu●●ltt RNolullon(176018301, waS n,de posSuc
technically.by the cxislencc oF a vasi nunlber Or stand,"s “)
Si】 nit証i● standa“ s,the thim succcssion of毀 舗Oa7as,devじ loped
during lhe lndusllini tvolution io“ 輌nc thcにstllts or tpetilive
manutttunng proccsses Slllliari,Standa・ ds hdudi“ pЮcc.,
stanф●s,゛re,slamams and qua‖ ″ doAn■ions ●ettne he
minimtlnl admissible ■●bu、 Wh‖e the
“
te measure】 nt・I■
standad dclnes the uni、 to incasuК the volume oF a bottlc,
SmH面● 雨alldards deine how silllilar in● 2t・,“ape or lnaterials
onc boι Oc is to the nⅨ t(IS0 905め Simn¨ ty standards lke
measurement s● ndms inelea“ prce c(滉mpetition potentially
rdllcing PIivate gain(prOttis)l10″ evet sinna■ :y standards also
or‐I ndvantagos oF scate md leming which can inllrove
c価oienり in manufactullng,distr bt!ion and use
The intPoll=nce ofsimnar patt was l`tidenlned for the n,id
repalr of guns uFler a bRItlo Thunas'olに 、on paid a visil to llo
Fttncll 夕、inith Le Blanc in 1785 and reporにd on the value or
similar 8un pans tO thc US CongIぉsi■ef l',p 437]in thC eaJy
180も sinlilar,創"s weに
possible onty anong he guns iom the
samc manlll■ cl“I M8intain1lg sinna pans,ve tle b ller a
stⅨ例,8“asOn tO maお お‖o、″っn purchases lloln tte onginat
manllfattご cι ヽcrtby lmillng scconderv comp゛ ■ion and
Poterlally increasing tl e enは ,祀ncur｀ Pro薇、 Exalnp〕 es of
,Oprlettt products in thヽ 中 od that preduded second甲
COlllpetiloni guns、 :織 in tack enugeS 2°)5re hydmnt aanges.2)and
nuじ and"lls[、11' p 433]Thc impo■ anco io thc public of
intercmngeabin,ぃ PecuヽOr to COmpanbniO)amOn3 mul● Pie
rn"uractwts prodt ets was cventuany ttК ogni2ed for an thcte
pЮducts
Many● mes the aun,。■les slepped in to require sim3ari0
sぬnd3 ds as cxa・ lple for t‐ain tratk gatlges in Engl鋤 d ttd
Amerlet び J、o USA Wn,]ndtlstrics Board dllr ng Wo■ ld Wちr]
WhiCh dFana10ally leduced the variation among s mila,consmer
goodsな 'Witl1 8ovemment diκ dion,InanuFacヽ rers foctlsed on● e
adlarttges of∝
“
hgncammg e瞳 、 enhanted,“ml●,st田ldaras The manuFactuた,could gain in pЮ ducloll(、 calng)
oFlcicncics the distnbution cllain coJd 3ain in handling al週
pЮmol:on tsCa[n3)OF ICiencics,the end usos coじ ld gain in
opelation and mailltcnmcc(ltanling)。 地Ciencies,and tle pubhて
as。 蓼hed by ●c hcrcastd hkdmood OF compaiIOn
ManulК●た、 and
“
velopers Lve lealntd to rcco● :2e lhC
advantages oF s,milar ty standards, but ll ey still want to control
th6r m8 kes and inclcasc thcir pЮ nヽ
The malkd cont ol that the fnanじもd鳳=げ
nay lo蒻 by pubhc
stal daltiz8tion my“ comDensated with patent ioyaltv ts A
p・ltenls valuc to l卜 e mnuⅢ lurer●蒟vユ te Fi● mw bca Юyahy
fee ri unit sold by liccnsccs The va!ue to the public(pubiヽ C good)
。1 lhe coardination and scaling′ :carnitig ecol,om,c
…cts
associated、4th siniltt prodtcts includes the lower pЮ d,niOn
dist,ibutiol,and use cosis per unit in the simpleS cant・ as long as
the Юya,fcc、 た、s then the reduc● ω ヽproduclon,``け lbuion
and use csヽ the publに goodヽ sα、cd by palen、 coI IЮ lllng
"miler producヽ This explalis how similantl standaだ s wnh
patents as inccntives lo ll● mmu●ctuti provide a tttt“ balance
o,pnvaに 摯 in and puЫ おgood than meぉ ulemmtsland田 に、
5 2 011ell st8mdardLat:on
When■ m‖ a■tyゞm`,Idi21:onヽ ,ccolnplshed,pllЫ i
commi"ees mlher than by goveinmmも ,new VequiRmm、 お,
劇nh“ rdi2威 ion ar ncttd llle aulhorヽ as pttvヽ ously idtntincd l o
●q¨tnlmヽ for open stan山dization''The Fo‖ o″ i鴨 輌ve祀 late
to ll・ e stand,rdi7alion pЮ cess
l)Openness―‐l stakфolde、 may pintipをte in the
stendaldi78tiOn process
2)Consensus― all inκretts att di“ ussed and agttment
FOund,no donlination
3)Due pocess― balloing nl d al appmls pЮ tess m,be u、d
tO nnd i∝Olut:on
4)0,en Ch8ng― an changes to all oistlng slandald are
ptposed ,DO
…
d in the sbnda“ization o嘔aniZation
■li、 ‐le ts nurly :“ たКなe ofopm murte a雰 o∝■s
and is tlle inost signiicant dirtrcncc bch″ ∝n oPcn
stalldalds and open stylllce
5)いn doα ment―口1 :nay accoss standardi7a10n
comnlittee“ cumenヽ dmヽ and compieted standads
Thc ●棗i tllee Fu]eS are witlely “
oⅢed by Slande dization
comminees T le tatlerヽ .o■ les att not widely accepted
570
The lotlmal oFthe instunc Oflmar Electronis EnginteFS OfJapan Vo1 41 No 5(2012)
6 infOrlnation Age
Co】凛paibniけ shndards, 1卜 o otlrlh succcston oF sundards
einette when lwo indepel・ dcllt、imlari,Stmdms are no:on・ er
t●chttcany su鋼 deni to d“ nc an hier島∝ A plug and a socket
o“ h derlned by dimttent silllll姉 ty ttmatts mγ or may not“
COm"1:ble T卜e re:at,onshiP between tlで phg and Юcket.、vヽ ct卜ci
COⅢ8Hb!C Or incoⅢ811ble is dcrlned by an interace stan● Id
which identin、 卜ow ttch plug and socka sim13● ,Standa“
ェ1掟 es to lllc o● en A compatbuⅢ y stand釦烙
“
輌ncs a colllpahЫe
inte face
`l Sinmin●and cOmp耐 bil:●
The relationship bc■ ″ecI: si:nilaltv and comp“ bili″ needs
some clarintat on Sitn■ rdi2■ lion oF simibrltv(。 g similュ ■
olothing sizcs l,m腱 ! 蓼 des、 tlme 20neS Or bnに, vo"電c)
r●・duces vanation ana theに lom redtces ,otenlial i:inovat ol、
HO″eVeF ule Smndaldi28■ot oF compnHbi:i● incКaStt VTiaion
and innovation 2.' As eXむ mplo compatibni● ・tandards and
specincatiOns include: WiFi, lhc cellut証 ar intrF4te thc
Un vesal seritl Bus(uSB 20),and WindovJM ApFli・ ations
Pro中m lnttrfaces(APIsヽ in Cach ea唸 , talge ncw ina kets
(Wireless LAN.smart phOn∝ ,inemo,cardS,PC sonwa祀 )haVe
emasd Aom thc mation of these comp漱 ibililv sla■ daras′
SPCCtiCations
CornPatibllッ s●ndardizFion der13鰺 in"rtacs and pЮ ocols
、″hich increasc innovation and invention Similariν
standardizaton deino sptiSc rrop“ eS oF a lltodu● t oi ser■ce
wh“hS熱 ‖mnα"10h.btlt uccrca,the co、
“
prod∝lon,
operaton ■nd m・.htenance While simila■ ty al d compatibility
slmOardiation have complcお ly Oirerent efrec“ ,simla■ッ ind
compaibint.ar funelbnaly l● ly intem″ ined in al cases.
、vhen d,e sinlil,riッ or each OF●″o inicmatcd Ontitits(og、 n tCll
phone and bК s愴|●n)ヽ standattized a compatЫ 。祀lalon“
"b“″oon the two standa・ diフ
“
o面 ticsヽ a],dttn“ (og、 lhe
sttnc PЮ tocO｀ COnn∝ t bolh)r｀
62 1ntnces
A defned inlo慟cc s andald is nccttn,fOr pυ blic conncction
lo t teleP卜 one nemork a t(■ n"ler opentlng sド leln tl e hile net
or 3 .elluIRi nctwolk Deaning , 0。,plα interf.nce rtquilcs
deining the p,st■ 3nd m● 1:Hayered proto∞ l intertaces The
OPcn Systelll Licrconn∝ t(OSI)Standald iS0 7498“ sOr bes
seven possible 18yぃ of technical standBrdζ For al・ interlace The
dennitiOns or,ll● eiり麻 requima n■ 8ゅecittc intcrfacc art the
COmP'|lintv、 tand・ Tds oFthatintettce
Colllbatiblc intα iaces Te n∝ ossa, fOr a oommunicalons
llalketto de.ctop beyond a nl臨 じ魚clurerヽ inilat cuslolmer base 2`)
Con● albinυ is oF unに ●aluc unlぃs thett at a uso■ able
nШmber of pЮ d“is or stwiccs to be compatibt with As t
nelworkヽ numbtr Or co■ nections(interFaces)incRase the value oF
a ttwon to a ser inclcascs ln economic tems this is temed a
lヽCA″Ork e■ ct Tle ne●Ⅳork dmェ l identllles that uie valuc。 ,cach
neヽvork comection gЮ ws ●゙ o 3m me n、 mber of
tonneciions=')N●い0,kずおcts d,m as¨ tO ll e larger nctwork
and aw3y ton smalbr canpe● ng ne●lorks cventual,ct讚 ng
!o●●in Lock in a winne● late an etFect givべ the manuFacturer
or dtveloPcr who comtols an intcrfa.c control of the market(s)
t卜at inte fate cnabls 2｀ ' Tlle posい bility of achieving !ocrin
motlvtts manuttctuFerS and developes to patcnt illteFfaK eS oi bc
う、t10 the markct in the hope or contЮ ‖1=the rnarket that an
intel hce deines Vヽhぼe a single manuttdtrer or dtvcloper cannol
contЮ l an interFace mark‐ t,a consonium OFthem mγ attenlytto
dcvo!op pronott and conllol inmces that aぉ poten● auy
valuablo")
The 、●luc of Patenヽ ot compalible intrtBc、 fol Ⅲ
(Xヨ niZation● et contF01S Such patents nay be much 3tater than
the vaue OF patm、 col trolling sinilari, Lock h erabl、 the
manunc●に、 and dcvo!ope、 who pЮ nt FOn ∞ ltroned
in●JNes:oた ,p8鯰 ater twards Ю'Micoso金 (PC SOharinlorraces)and lntO(X86 micЮ prtccsЮ rinterら ces)ac cXampl●
oFthe enoonous valuc c,cated when m intcifacc locle in 3 1arge
mt凛ct
Controlung hte fatesで田 greotly increa“ pr vate gain bui m,y
d∝Icasc PmbliC 800こ [n ttsponm to atlempts tO control impOnani
interlac、 dinlent interlac‐ onen enler8e: US FetleFal
Communica6ons Commisston Pa 1 68 rul厖 (19“ )ocatcd no″
p●blic hterfeces to S&Tヽ cOntrOlled telephone nemOrk Elhemet
(IEEE 8の 3)was an allemative to IBMヽ paimttd tokcn■ ng
networks(IEEE 802 5)the Chinese have daeloped TD‐ SCDMAcdlじ lar ttthi。 103y to cOmpete with, patented 3G ocl]ular
technolos i″Ъ:le exal"tes in thc three p evioと s successions of
standerds sugsst that a single standai for a sing:o たqui“ment
heneiヽ the pubhc b.tadnぬ hng trade,these exampに 、 Of
compatible intc】 Facos st 8gesi that `ttcnlptt tO FCquit a singlc
conhlled interFact even if食 ■ゝnally stalldaldized may αmplicale
tttde ■,ヽ ゃPttrs to be caused by the wi:lne■ i`ke‐all aspect oF
compalbniけ sla ldi,ds
Onc indicm:on Ofthe winnc■ take‐ all aspect is a・ standm● wa■‐
As ⅨanPIヽ cmsida the video diま い at war(a colnlDanbnitv
Wa,:Blu、 Ray oi HDOVD D This Ыandams wa,。 ccuttd when
COmPelng implementer● with direttnt lechnical solu● ons to thc
■ntorraco be。だ。cn the disk and the ditt p],ycr r.・ ●Ica to agec on
me technical solulon to be holuded 1l a nxed cOmpalbl,
"an03 d This delaycd●lc inass na・ Ka For、 idco disk playc、
A shndamsヾar represmts a sl.ndadiztion prOc“s breakdown
The,oumal oflhc hstintc Oflmagc EIcctЮ ntcs Engin∝ rs o',allan Vo1 4:N。 5(2012)
asド機ndardiヵ tion shonld be a balmced,Ю ccs Stal dards wa、
occui becausc tic∝ o■omic"akes areャ ●″ |:gh The mor usc、
口io at comp:ヽ ble with one fomat, 1lc moκ desittblo(and
pro■1“ r)lllal fOmmt becolll● fOF SpeCnc mmuFact瞳`and
developes
Thet ac also polltlcal o、 amples o suppOtt multinlc stand“ s
fol the sRmo価 ncJo■ ticimCd mu■i nOdc oPcm10n):The ch ncsc
governmo ltヽ ,osh For theil o″ n connlunica● ons technologv in
Cllincse cominu:ticalions systelms・)As oilc OXRmp]c Chin,did
nol pa面dpate in thc Ocvdollment Of 2G ccllular stmdard、
lhctお■I Chincso com"niCS ad ‖10o :mo口 octual ofopeny
rctating lo the nat gぃ Qntion 3G cellul■ sねndaOs Tt・ addぉ ss
this eco lomic pЮ blclη、 China cho■ e to standardizc an additiol、 al
3GてompatibiEty sttn“
“
(■flSCDMA)al d suppo嗽 thc usc of
t卜is icchn。 1。 3y in Cl,il、e''' Then eЮ ss ticensi:lg of t卜 c TD―
SCDMA uhnology with technoio3y nom Otht・ l com"lliCS,1lows
the Chinese companics to minimi2e rOytiッ p●口lCniS tO oller
eompanics for uゞ c ofthc 3f● p8ten`
The d:salvantige is til,t catll mu1ltm、 ode cclt phoilo system has
one moた cellul■ にchnolo● (8ndヽ SoCiateu developnlent cも )ヽ
When col]plioncs wcre noi p“ gr,mmabに rtquinng another
standero would:lave bem meal impossibic And aけ`de w,,with
China could havo result“ No、t win pЮ gramlmabに ccu p卜 ones,
m additionai smndald secns a less disiuptive、 vay to r● olve mch
a PIOb tt W｀ ｀ mull modc,C cuヽ 1■ 、nd ndaplヽ o■ u∝ s
sh(、″ho″ muni node opettnon can mi●
“
te IPR issues
The privat gain Possiblo 、vllci, patents ょ、 apP cd l●
compatibi",・ tandard,ぉり be tOO much The combination of
ooordination sc,lins ne卜 だo■ md i terface ctols is too mticing
to manulacture、 al d dtveloper.:thi、 、eems o be the Юol oFtlle
intratlsBcnCy of compet:、 companis in inte race standaldiフ ation
discussions(eg Jヽ e mndards..ai be● ″een lhe Dlo‐ my Disk ald
HD DVD vidco Oisk fo,ぃ :s)Fo tunalelン ho evolu● on of
にchnolosy ptsentヽ neW wuyto Кso,ve lhis
C3 0pen sundards
Comll,lbility siandardiフttion Кqui,cs flltthcr rqRircments to
create olDen Standaraゞ (di範祀nt than"en slandardi7a● on)Th。
fo:lowing FOui rtquilen ents,It inlp。 ■ant ror the public しenc●、
ht have yello be requiled bv mo■ 山 ndaluizaio l。零mizパ lons
,Olle WO!d Same aゞndard fo, tho sarne function
woJdwidt・ Given the tser 3dvanmg゛ omttd bv ne,。 rl
erttts,wolld Wide compa● blly beco】 、cs mot impo■`nt
7)Ol.el IPR¬ ow tt nc c職ド lo :PR necessaly t。
imploincni tl e bttic con patibility stanф Fd IPR on
interttces increases the"tent el Fo,lock‐ in which is anti‐
oompetilivo
8)Opel acce、 s―o●ediVe contormance mechansms tOr
lnPleme`1ュ tion icsling and user eva]oュ tiOi、 Compatibility
conおmmce tqRIre、 mort co〔 mplox tcsting than sim‖ ar ty
col,fort1lance
')0■80ing stppoll― standatOs are suppOlted until `er
intetst ctascs it is `lctr impossib:t io change 、cry !age
communicutlons ne● ″orks at once Ю once imerfaccs a祀
standadiスed backwald compatib‖ i● nlui be maintaincd
for<″ long rHodg
, Solullons ror the POst lnfOrnla● on Age
IF the equipmentlso薇 waに pttv ding an ntcrface is
progttinmabお and changeable such as celulな pLones,lableヽ o,
p∝Ы】ュl cOmpol● 、,then mu“ipに d:frcRnt sofl■ at ve、 ions may
“
suppolled on the sa:ne cquipmcnt(C g Mozilla and Micrysofl
lntemet ExPkYer brow,s on the sanic coAl,じ lω U∝ rS COuld
solcct k■wcon the direrent sOnware Or use a convcdtr when they
kno″ whatto chanざ io achieve comp81ibility Wヽ cn usc、 att not
a″at of whattoお to Thieve compatibuiy which is most onen
:he cate an tttomatic llcans to scicct almong inult,plo dintttnt
ぃヽ″由F plotocolゞ or interttcも ヽneeded Such a meansヽ にTed
adapt,い■,The post lnfollnatio■ 電e is betinling to use adaptable wstems
Adaptablc systems occur whcll mtonolnous clcincnts ofa netwo■
call dem fv negothに md sdect,■面 g dttmt,Ⅲ a,c
ca"bil■ icゞ to ilnp10mert the mosi desitl バ‖ thte lunctions
idmtilc,tion ne301atiotl md se!ection nlu“ exist For a system to
bc adaplablo Vヽ卜en systens― いctuding their lltt・ nce_I佗
inicto p=ocessor bas“ with lo″ costま独dい ■ヽにnemtlry they can
bt adapt,olc if adaptability siandalds arc“ incd DinヽIctt fotms
ol tdapm● 1,mndard、 ォlКauv α tヽ and are quite succesnL
T le lnost widoly used adaptable systems cur"ntw att baSed On
etiqu"es'う An etiquette is a co〔 nmunic毬じons protocol lllェ
oonnctts beO″ ocn :lodes io implcment applicalicr、 κci輌。
,daptable sysl‐m● Much l,ke ar etlq ette between humans
ctiquctte protocols onlγ addressいow to oommunicate Examples
include:The lntemalonal tlecommunic8tlons Union(I]」 )■30
(an。lqucti● has mainia[n“ comp・ [blity bcl"ccn GЮ u, 3
●csimite rn3chin、 For about thiny yea、 ;ITU Di=:● I Sublc■ be,
Linc(DSL)、tand`rds which usc C 994 1(an t・ liquctt● to Support
lontard al d backward compa● bli,an10ng the direrenl,pes of
DSL tansccives:in 1lc intemet En,Dttnng Ъゞ FoEc RFC
3261,Ses■ on llllh■ ■on PblotO](m elqocttc)iS used to ne8otitte
mu]timtl:a connmunicatiOns incloding νbicc over lllternet FЮ tocol
(V●IP,
Ot卜cr appro chc, incltlde ineta 〕anguagく s such as SiandarKl
Ceneran2ed Markap Languar (SGML IS0 8879)and iS
dtllvalives in●luding E■ msiblo Markup Lan3n ago(XML)Such
mela lanwarヽ Cuttntけ ,roVide onty a mmns to iden■ ,
T卜o Jouina〕 ol the instinlc oFImage Elett onに s Engin∝ ●oF,alyan～Ъ14:No5(2012)
に ,■ onshiド にav118 netot■ |。■md撻lo■ion to゛he,precsses
Rlco1 3 je,anCSC icsintile machi:、 e manu厳●lttet ont` an
味ampl● o,tho bょ 1毬nco PoS'iblo beo″ een PubliC good al〕 d P■v,to
gnin using ndゅ Lblo proは ols S● ning in ■● 1980、、 Ricoh
oitered over ■me dittκ nt prOp●c:aψ hig:.l d■ a late C3
以csinRc capRЫ hties to i゛ corporate custom“,Each hiJtt dab
‐lc ねcsimilo onhallctnlent was pro l ietav and avai],ble only
be● cen Ricoh acsimil●・ machmes scvoial y船 、an絣 ∝ch Rlcoh
P Opnuaw hi♪ 。,Sp tu podllo was htloduc“ ah日でr sPC“
enllancenle ltヽ illlila to whal Ricoh o時 ed w玉"mdamized in C3
icsiinilc at 、vllich Point Ric。 11 、″。uld inlЮ dl ce an even higi、 cr
d`ta mに ■hc n30 ctiqι lcttc aゞndard deflned fol G3 Facslnlile
rnachl)os suppo,ted eompetibni,wnh bOl、 RicOh ploPIIcta,
taltrcs and the G3 st●n lBIls This abilit.b suppoll deslmble
propricta。 おatuts whit n,intaining con palb■ ly with the C3
icsimne standard con● buted to Ricollヽ Posilon 3s tle l油 嘔est
COつ OmteねCsimne mpplier a)inany yCaK By ic waゝ 口lis is
authoヽ pasonal knowledge 肝om llan cip,ttng in C3 facsirnile
standamiヵ tiOl
PЮpneta, fullCtionゞ are idendtled acR,ss publc adゅ 籠blt
interr8os using a loglly caltronablc identinei lc g、 a tmdemark)
that is tthstrred betw● en lhe communicating ends Only when
ea● ●nd presents lhe speci6o iOcntitter is the prop● cta,inCti01｀
supponed in this man■ c a commacial compmy ぐould oFer
Dllblc sonvar hlericos to neい ″ork 鉛Ⅳcs and "、 onal
o(mpultr applicaHons yct ofFer propiary opettttion of spccinc
capabilili゛ that the commeri,1 でompany 、″isiles to control
similar`tlo R・ cch exolmple
Thc use of adaptabi:ity standards ailolts d 、clopcls lo ch,■ c
お, thelr prOphemry tthnolo3y us“ via publlo standardi2ed
in(errnccs IF ll e prOp,icterv Ⅲ h■ ology is、,luablo implome!ite、
or ustt wit have ttnsol to Pay Cor is u、 Many differtnt
med、anisins att possiblo (o cont,cnS8:e ll,c entre,κnclri cha■ c
おl dowlllonds per irnple nentation fees. u、 88o おS pe■ odic
mai:1,cn8、 c″側pporl ftes. o, sitmply the sales advantages oF
ofFell“ imPЮved poお m`nce
The last(oFthe 10)req■ ittmettts may be thc mostimpOnani 10r
opeaness:
10)Open itterfa∝― suppon mtyη ti。。 (backWard
Com"ibniy) and Rllow plop● etn, advantage b・ lt
aゞnd調レed h,olrlocs lre nd“ dden O,c"“Hcl oen
interilces ale aduptl1 le
8 Adalltab洒 ャSiandalds OfFeF a Nelv Bahnce
The dcvelopmo■ of adapttb:lity standalds、 dcttn“ in public
stm`“ iza●on committeP,, i、 necess,, tt ore,te open interfate
まandatts Thct is also a nem to lcview 、nt aゞl,dardization
policies T ie slandattization colnlni態 沿s reasonable and non―
diT■ minaloTy(RAND)intellectual Ⅲ peny polcics have worked
Nvtll for sim 18:● 紋and8撻 s bul a t not sumcient For comp4tibi‖ ly
sほnd,記s Poしlic sね ndtmiな tiOn committ∝ s nc“ to tquire
adャtおinty stttd8 ds fol new com"jble inoites(eg LTE
“
0, WiFi、 Vヽ,Max)Any cOntЮ‖ed tchnolos in pubic
compaibln,sttndarus shOuld bc adaptabic unless■ c co口詢 1led
lechndoy dc,■ yots,c“ er puЫ に,od umn"vJt gahAKl,ptabili,shndurds allow●
=ntalktt to lnd ie balancc whcrc
thc Pl blio good is ati傲 st cqtlal to thc Privato 3ain
As tcchnolo8ics dcvclop no″ waves of hullan ci、 1lization
Cmette ln cach wave of civilization thc balance bet、 veen thc
Pr vate 3● inご a tw and the nee“ ol so(lⅢ l、 achiCVed
dittc ltlメ ¬ e inlonmalon ar iS btl‖ t on the technologics that
びcate infomatioll systems Thc expallding slandattitttion orthese
mhnologics is t ha〕 1lma■ or the infonnation a● 11。 WCVer
propneね Iy contol of infonma● on technolo, 血 ndardS iS
●mgng the balar ce Oelw●●T pr、 ale gai,and ptlblc good PoЫ
infonnatiol asc ドta〕:dalds oRr ncw w,s o κhiete commetial
aONantige yet mppon Open゛ anda lls
Rtrerences
l)j E Holmま lt n:R‐●o測sand tsenК hヽ ,Engin∝ ,:ng end indusitぬ 1
,icnce Scto,`oditon Londo● :Chapnlan altt Hatl p 65(1"7)
2)C PK:■ d〔d"ヽド=:Simd,`Sas pubic coll●ol:vc,。
`pn、
atc g。 。|、
Kッk!os V● : 36 No 3 pp ,77-396(t983)
3)Mctに Co■●ont:o■ (■ d) R.l■ c、
“
rt●口 1■lPち 、ヽ、、ゝ bipr frler
●onvontionl
4)A Upu‐ goヽc: Th● Es、mtia Cu:“ to St,ndtt Chapter 4
lnt:に ot●ュ: Prll e" RightN And Sinndlm Sdi:n3 1,ttp lll ww
∞ n、o■いmhftl(ップヽ ●nl“ sttdintdに m“ Ⅲp
5)'Sim∞o M Ryman:Meawl■ the p。 あ manec ol読,ndais
sollng Org,niations rig [ Thc inoК ,sc in toml :PR d:,1。 叡r● s
l:、 len,otiaぃ : Sianda,dimtion aS a Stmttit r● o]Iec α ol...。
Cha:l● ngo P ,|(2006)
o AЪ n。■■ .■ :・dW● oヽ Now YNrkt Bttntm Bo改 s(り 80)
つ PA D,viO:Smt new stundar3s f・ Im● ∝。lomに ,ol stunttdレ aron
in thc int,mょJoo`ざ P Do、 goⅢ` P S ncman(Eds, Econoinio
Poli, ond rc● ln。 1、:eat ■iRIm●■ce Chmllrias Engiandi
Ca、brid● Universilv PTes(1,87)
')]Iluはo R Omsleini neハ ょ。,,lers Gin Newヽ 武:L“わOPuin,m
Pp 29-45(l,,7)
9)AV● R chもo●:Eng:“ ■,■o Mα ●ヽ」og tO 1800 C帥 lⅢdge MA:
羽,c Soいcly fol tho Hヽ tコッol■ ,hnoloα'nd The MIT Pに
s, p l
(1966,
'0)'C Skinno「M∞、o■、■■|ヽ●♪ヽ C Si■ 8cL E J Hol畔 aro A R
Ho'(E3sI∧ HiSl● r ol■ oヽ oologμ もヽ: ]「 ,7● Lo面 o:0、 odUnive、 1,Pド (1%4)
]l)A E Bo′ rヽ n,o :lsto● oal Mdro[ogN Lold● ,:, M D●ot■ So,、
Lld p lo2(1953)
12)C Shapu● 1l R Van,,1,fO al● ●Ruに,Boゞoo MA,H`、 ard
Bosit)‐ s So!,ool P,も s p 231(,99)
13) ,EC S12ono(2006)Rct,iovod■ o, htiPプ ム諄,、■:"ctVЮヽ|、i′
14)A R J R ●||loid● no 3oい oninさ 。f Ⅲc Changc hm CmiMystり to sctn∝ os,B,sis tor T∝ ino og》 фaplc,23 Hi蛍o,olTtclinot電 )Vbl iv LondNn:0、 ford U“ ve“ 1)R、s(1958)
“
c,mmtt ofthel■ Ыittlt_oFinar Electroni、 Engh蒻、JO"on Vo141 No 5(2012)
1●
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lm,Wi〕'g。
,卜は,mlK,,o″ にd・.● Lo,do● (16/● 7)
R Fr“el:A Cult● に o'ltnl,love● ぃ,1 ■、1ヽnolos und the Wぶlem
MO● |● i●mC。 ■br d,MA:Thc MIT Prss,3● 7(2007)
H A Kl● nt『 hcヽ″o=哺 o,Mcow、InCntS Ncw Ycr t Simon and
Schusto■ p lo8-11,(19741
indoヽ ltt St,■ ф
“
i7,Ion NowヽЪはlN,lo,ia indust,鼈 ]Cotlreに 1、。。
Bo●rd(19● 9)
K R Citben:Moch no■ (瑚、 1,C Singo■ E : H。lmyard(Els)A
["豆oγ o,Tc hl、ol"yヽもlo:ne iV:Thc indtl、 16ol R.・ |●lution(1,50-
1850)Noヾ York1 0xt■ Ooi、 c、 ly pres■ 958)
D P,fe■: TInok,鰤∬ Conincnヽ P,t卜 、Thmugh H sヽ ■ Tho
Unive¨ ity o,Chi“go p本、s(200,)
R C Cocヽぃne,M曖 uゞreN f● I PЮ♂腱ss 恥`
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inJon DC:Nttion,1
Bo●ェЦo'Sl,■ d祠 s US Depn■ Inool ol(bmmelte m 8■ 86( 16rl)
D Homonway lndus"ソ だ:lo V luntav P10фoi Stindatts
QmbnⅢ MA■ B“httI PoЫ i● h3,2(1,S)
K KtthmeA・ Open Si,nd`“ ゞ AC厠 l rot Aolo■ b■ (d Pallo,a
tho l、 trrU K`iciよ、,oPc Conl● ●■●o G`mo、 QS、コИコland M`y12
(2008)and wb〕 h`● d in ]EEE αttnunic,lo■、M,winc bヽ1 4?
No 5(2091
K KTooヽ incr Tho E::lr● DItぅ o●, ●nd Stand,Id、 lo(●●,■lonal
,帥よrlレ,lon ts,S楠お
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●Todt Commmdct Pape、 loη ぬcにC
Contcnaげ Cllal●n● 200` pp ]43-154(2006)ヽ :`s pap。=“蒟nos
sinna● ly an`oαmp,1[Ы I(y st,nd鍍
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succesionS
K ttκ hmo■ 7ho Maiho■ 、
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Cotr`tt● ,c,Goooマ u SwiヱoHmO(● 005)
M L K,2 C Shopilo,Ne13oR ex:● mmlにs 。。mp● Iion a面
compat b‖i,The Am“ om ion●nt Rcい ぃ、ヽ 175 No 3o'8"
B 81“oo A Odyオ∝ 3 ■1ly:・ Mcにalfeヽ |,w is wrong iFEE
Sドぼum NA ll●1 43 No 7 pp 34-3'(2006)Rctr:ev● d fom
hti,ノu、、●sp醸泄mtは oM,OFy4]"Ⅵヽ B A“hur Soi「 総inおrch3 moo卜
'雨Sn,、 n ccono n:cs lo R W
Ando、 on K , A● o、■D P')os(EOs)Tho EI● ●omy as An Evolving
Co,oO:o Systom senta Fc 11,stim:o sludi“ io (he scio● oc of
comploxit卜 Pl ,3: ヽ ,Oing MA:Addil● n‐We● ey,ublishing c。
(1'88)
A UPao3mve c。ぃ∝la nnd the Юに o「 the goNemmcntin standa ds
蒻tti:,.● [` 0 ゆ hin ' Abb te (Eds) St,ndalds Poloy おr
i、lonn,Im inl,structu“,ambr■ ,MA:Tヽo MIT Pに 、 (り ,5)
S M Bonsen , F,ntll Chosing hぃ ″to com`痙に:stn cgio,and
l cticS in st,m●
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R Qm C P。 11。yt The nぃ● st“
`ま卜|●●ビ lEEE Specin川、 NA
V● 1 42 No :2 ,, 49-52(2005)AⅣ=:“
に試 卜tlp:″ ,^聟■■に。tmm
teo orgldooい ′23`,
, Stぃ、an X Shen C Ws= : C● 卜am: FΠ,o3G m4C:象 andard,
=nd the dぃolop肛ol of mobile bЮ,dbo,d in Chinご Tccl■o:ogy
Analysi、 と Stntegio M釧 88cmeli Vb1 23 :s、 口o7 pp 773-788
(201:)
K Kた oh¨o 知 К rtLndammlュ]mt瞭 o「 stttd■d,: たohnical
pa、p∝tive IEEE Commu1lo,lio■ sM%`z ne V01 '8 No ` pp
70■ 0(2000ヽ A]、oo唸 uoble at htp″ w、‐os、体 。0ゴfumt∝ htm:
Ken KItI CIMERKol, KRECHl● IER (hκ hm●・rt..,、 ム .●I)is a
l.ttuぉ r,tthc Univmity ofColomdo Bo●lder a)
uSA Hc mtht a tiて ビ oκ d:i uni 3nduato
engioee,ing e。 ・se on the thcor of st● da,も H●
やヽ Pr emln chttr o『 tho Stanこrd、 証
`[,oovationin ]Jもm江lon T..l●。1●gy (Sl:T)oonftrencc in
2001(B。 ●:de,C02 2003(DelR Nethcnatts,and
・ 007(Ql摯]Car`da)● nd t●■og口 nl Cヽ■ o,
SI:T 200, (T● kyo Ja,n) ma 2011 (BttH:。
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