identifying some pest and beneficial insects on your ... › ces › ipm › ipm › documents ›...
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Identifying Some Pest and Beneficial Insects on Your Sticky
Cards
Leanne Pundt UConn Extension
http://ipm.uconn.edu/pa_greenhouse/
“An Equal Opportunity Employer and Program Provider”
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Sticky Cards
• Blue sticky cards may be more attractive to thrips and shore flies
• However, yellow cards are best for general monitoring.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Scouting • Use yellow sticky cards
to trap adult whiteflies, fungus gnats, winged aphids, leafminers, & shore flies
L. Pundt, UConn
L. Pundt, UConn
L. Pundt, UConn
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Use in Retail Greenhouses
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Pest Infested Indicator Plants
L. Pundt, UConn
Poinsettia plant tagged as pest infested indicator plant.There are immature whiteflies on the tagged leaf.
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Pest Infested Indictor Plants
L. Pundt, UConn
Can be used to track whitefly development, monitor effectiveness of biological or chemical controls.
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Random plant inspections
Needed to find spider mites, broad mites, mealybugs, scale insects,immature stages of aphids, whiteflies, thrips.
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Random Plant Inspections
Inspect roots to see if they are white and healthy.
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Magnification Needed
Use a 10x-20x hand lens to see identifying characteristics of insects on sticky cards.
L. Pundt, UConn
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A hands free Optivisor™ helps you see the entire card
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Vertical Placement
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Horizontal Placement
More effective to catch fungus gnat adults.
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Pest Insects Trapped on Sticky Cards
• Aphids
• Fungus Gnats
• Shore Flies (nuisance pests)
• Leafminers
• Leafhoppers
• Thrips
• Whiteflies
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Winged Aphids • Aphids have pear shaped bodies with two
cornicles or “tailpipes” at their rear.
• Legs & antennae are long and thin.
• Trapped aphids may give birth to several nymphs before they die.
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Winged Aphids
• Wings tend to be spread on either side of their body on the sticky cards.
• Wings are longer than their body.
• Look for two parallel veins close to the edge with a darkened area.
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Winged Adult Aphid
Thrips
Thrips L. Pundt, UConn
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Aphids vs. Midges vs. Fungus Gnats
Aphid
Fungus gnat
Midges
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Adult Fungus Gnats
• Small, dark mosquito-like flies with grayish wings.
• Have long, slender legs and antennae.
• Look for distinct Y-shaped vein at the tip of the single pair of wings.
• Bodies may be hump-backed (depends upon species).
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Adult Fungus Gnats
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Adult Fungus Gnat
Look for distinct Y-shaped vein at the tip of the single pair of wings.
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Fungus Gnat Larvae
Potato slices or chunks can be used to monitor for larvae.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Shore Flies
• Look for:
– three to five pale spots on their grayish wings.
– short bristle-like antennae.
– moderately long legs.
• Have robust, stout body compared to fungus gnats.
• About the size of fruit flies.
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Fungus Gnats vs. Shore Flies
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Shore Flies
Often found near algae, their food source.
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Adult Shore fly
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Adult Leafminers
• Small, robust flies with noticeable yellow patch on their body.
• Have short antennae and two transparent wings.
• Have a large cannon-shaped structure at the end of the abdomen that is used to puncture leaves and lay eggs.
• Often confused with shore flies (look for yellow on their body) plus plant damage.
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Leaf miner adults & egg-laying punctures
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Adult Shore Flies vs. Leafminer Adults
Adult leafminers
Adult shore fly
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L. Pundt, UConn
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Shore flies vs. Leafminers
Mines from leafminer larvae Fecal droppings from shore flies
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Leafhoppers
• Slender insects with short bristle like antennae.
• Wings are held roof like over the abdomen.
• Wedge shaped, tapering to the rear.
• No antennae visible.
• Color vary depending upon species.
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Adult Leafhopper
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Adult Leafhopper
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Thrips
• Generally, the smallest insects you will see on the cards.
• Narrow and cigar shaped.
• Look for red eyes, short antennae
fringed wings with hairs on end
to distinguish from grains of peat moss.
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Thrips
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Thrips
Thrips
Grain of peat moss
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Whiteflies
• Look for whitish bloom which tends to disappear after a few days.
• Whiteflies becomes orange in color as they blend into the sticky material on the trap.
• Slightly larger than thrips.
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Whiteflies
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Adult Whitefly
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Banded Winged Whiteflies
• Similar to greenhouse whiteflies.
• Look for two grayish bands that form a zigzag pattern across each front wing.
• Entering greenhouses from outdoor weeds (especially pigweed & ragweed) in the fall.
• Not a pest of poinsettias, do not include in whitefly card counts.
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Banded Winged Whitefly
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Greenhouse Whitefly Pupae
Dried, discolored pupae infected with Beauveria bassiana on underside of greenhouse tomato leaf.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Greenhouse Whitefly Pupae
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White pupae with straight elevated sides and a fringe of wax filaments around the edge. Red eyes indicate adults are ready to emerge.
Greenhouse Whitefly Pupae
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Sweet potato whitefly pupae
Bright yellow without fringe of wax filaments around its edge.
Red eyes indicate adults are ready to emerge.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Some Beneficial Insects Trapped on Cards
• Parasitic Wasps (many different types)
– Often attracted to yellow sticky cards
• Hunter flies, syrphid flies (or hover flies) and other beneficial flies
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Parasitic Wasps
• Often Hymenoptera species.
• May be stout or slender.
• In comparison with flies, often have longer, elbowed antennae and bodies may be more pointed toward the rear.
• Many have clear wings with only one distinct, angular vein along the front of each forewing.
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Parasitic Wasps
L. Pundt, UConn
Winged Aphids
Parasitic Wasps
Fungus
Gnat
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Aphidius colemani is a commercially available parasitic wasp.
R. McGaughey
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Encarsia formosa
• Commercially available parasitic wasps used to control whiteflies (especially greenhouse whiteflies).
• Small, parasitic wasp with black head and thorax and yellow abdomen.
• May look like tiny black dots on yellow card.
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Encarsia formosa
Note: This card was used for quality control of a shipment and NOT found in a greenhouse.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Encarsia formosa
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Eretmocerus sp.
• Commercially available parasitic wasp used against whiteflies (especially sweet potato whiteflies).
• Yellow or straw colored.
• With elbowed antennae.
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Eretmocerus sp.
Note: This was part of quality control by the grower and sticky card was not found in the greenhouse.
L. Pundt, UConn
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Encarsia
Eretmocerus
Encarsia
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Eretmocerus compared to thrips
Thrips
Eretmocerus
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Shore Fly Parasitoid
Hexacola sp. is a parasitic wasp that lays it eggs into shore fly larvae.
From: Fungus Gnats and Shore flies in Greenhouse Crops
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/14-003.htm
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Synacra pauperi
• Naturally occurring parasite of fungus gnats.
• Adults are about the same size as fungus gnats.
• Look for narrowing between the head and thorax & between thorax & abdomen.
• Abdomen tapers to a sharp tip.
• Antennae are beaded & elbowed.
• May be seen in unsprayed greenhouses.
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Fungus Gnat Parasitoid –Synacra pauperi
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Hunter Flies
• Same family as house flies but are smaller.
• Males are a lighter gray than females.
• Wings are uniformly clear (unlike shore flies).
(Shore flies are about ½ the size of hunter flies)
• Hunter flies prey on fungus gnats, shore flies, leafmining flies.
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Hunter Flies
L. Pundt, UConn
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Note: Shiny wings without spots
Hunter Fly
L. Pundt, UConn
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This shows the size comparison between a shore fly on the left and hunter fly on the right. From: Fungus Gnats and Shore flies in Greenhouse Crops
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/14-003.htm
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Syrphid Flies
• Also known as flower flies or hover flies
• Have clear yellow and black markings.
• Only a single pair of wings.
• Have short antennae.
• Adults feed on pollen and nectar.
• Larvae feed on aphids and other soft-bodied insects.
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Syrphid fly
L. Pundt, UConn
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Syrphid fly larvae
L. Pundt, UConn
L. Pundt, UConn
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Some Miscellaneous Insects Observed on Cards
• Midges (not a plant pest).
• Moth flies (not a plant pest).
• Springtails (not a plant pest).
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Midges
• Small, delicate insects resembling mosquitoes.
• Narrow, elongate body may be confused with fungus gnats.
• Males have very feathery, plumose type antennae.
• Not a plant pest, seen in areas with poor drainage where fungus gnats and shore flies occur.
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Fungus gnat
Midge
L. Pundt, UConn
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Midge Adult
L. Pundt, UConn
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Moth or Drain flies
• Adult drain flies are small (1/6 to 1/5 inch long), fuzzy, dark colored insects with the body and wings densely covered with hairs.
• Their wings are held roof-like over the body when at rest, giving them a moth-like appearance.
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Moth Flies
• Small, gray insect with a single pair of very large broad wings.
• Wings have a fringed, hair like appearance similar to moth wings.
• Antennae are beaded.
• Not a plant pest, seen in areas with poor drainage where fungus gnats and shore flies occur.
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Moth Flies
L. Pundt, UConn
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Adult Moth Fly
L. Pundt, UConn
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Springtails
• Very small, (~1/16 inch in length), primitive insects without wings.
• Many have a specialized fork like structure known as a “furcula” so they can jump or hop, which you may see after watering.
• Feed upon fungi, algae and organic matter in the growing media.
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Springtails
Springtails
Winged Aphids
L. Pundt, UConn
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Springtails
L. Pundt, UConn
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References
• Ball Identification Guide to Greenhouse Pests and Beneficials
• Greenhouse IPM with an Emphasis on Biocontrols PA IPM Program
• Sticky Trap Monitoring of Insect Pests
– Univ. of California Publication 21572