identifying dialect regions specific features vs. overall measures using the romanian online dialect...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Identifying Dialect Regions
Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas
and Multidimensional Scaling
![Page 2: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Background– Romanian – RODA – MDS
• Dialects: England, Finland and Romania
• What makes a dialect?
![Page 3: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Romanian
![Page 4: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Romanian and Romance
![Page 5: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RODA: Romanian Online Dialect Atlas
http://www.yorku.ca/vpaweb/romanian/
or temporarily at
http://ericwheeler.ca under research
![Page 6: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
RODA: Technology
![Page 7: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MDS: multi-dimensional scaling
![Page 8: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
England (CLAE)
![Page 9: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Finland
![Page 10: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Geography ~ Linguistics
• In both the English and the Finnish cases, “geography” closely maps to “dialect distance”:– Geographically-distant regions are dialect-distant
– Geographically-compact areas are dialect-compact
– Overall arrangement of areas is (mostly) the same in both cases
No Surprise: geography is a factor in dialectology and the exceptions have explanations
![Page 11: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
North-West Romania
• In North-west Romania, this is not the case.– There are two areas in the south that are suitably
separate– The rest overlay one another in ways that do not
match geography– Areas that we expect to be separate are not, e.g.:
• Oaş divides into two areas
• Both are mixed in with other dialect areas.
![Page 12: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
North West Romania
![Page 13: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
North West Romania (part)
![Page 14: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Oaş (non-palatalized dentals)
Oaş
![Page 15: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Oaş (1)
![Page 16: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Oaş (2)
![Page 17: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Oaş (3)
![Page 18: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What makes a dialect area?
• Selected features show Oaş as a separate dialect area
• MDS on “all data” shows Oaş as two areas, intermixed with the surrounding areas
![Page 19: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is a Dialect?
![Page 20: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Different features- Different maps
![Page 21: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Overlay
• Technically, we can overlay several patterns on one map
• So, where are the dialect regions?
![Page 22: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(I) Distinct dialect regions
• Each dialect region is defined by a unique set of features
• Even though some of the features are shared from region to region
![Page 23: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
(II) Overlapping dialect regions
• Or, do we keep only 3 overlapping dialect regions?
![Page 24: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Multiple patterns
The question arises over and over because:• Every feature has its own pattern• Many patterns coincide in some locations
and not in others• Features that are quantitative have
potentially infinite possibilitiesHow do we put these patterns together
consistently?
![Page 25: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Proposal: Dialect Structure
![Page 26: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hierarchy of dialect patterns
![Page 27: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dialect Structure
We propose to speak of the dialect structure• Multiple levels • Dialect region exists at one (or more) level(s)• At different levels, there are different patterns
of dialect regionsIt is the total “dialect structure” that is
essential, rather than any one level or view of it.
![Page 28: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Quantity
![Page 29: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Quantitative Measures: Raised, word-final /e/ vs schwa
Data from:•407 maps•Field 1
Raised /e/ (horizontal)
Raised schwa (vertical)
Raised schwa is also wide-spread but does not always coincide with raised /e/(cf. 158, 159)
![Page 30: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Quantitative MeasuresExamples:
• Is there vowel raising? (Answer can cover many degrees of raising)
• How many occurrences of syllabic /u/ vs. non-syllabic /u/ (Answers range from 0 to 400+)
![Page 31: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Quantity in Dialect Structure
At any level of dialect structure, the distinction between regions can be variable because of the quantitative nature of what is being measured and where we choose to set the threshold.
This threshold is part of the “dialect structure” too.
![Page 32: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dialect Structure
• Hierarchy of levels– Ground level, intermediate levels, top level
• Thresholds for variable measures• Views of the whole structure
– View = dialect map at a given level and threshold
MDS can provide one top-level view, where every measured features has equal weight
![Page 33: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
North West Romania
![Page 34: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Reality of the Dialect Structure
Does the multi-level, quantitatively variable structure correspond to something real?
Or, are the patterns just the artifacts of waves of change moving through the speech community, overlaid by new patterns through time
![Page 35: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reality: England, Finland
Distinctions seem to be:
• Clear cut
• Persistent
• Explained by geography (mostly)
So perhaps the dialect structure is “real”
![Page 36: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Reality: Romania
• In Daco-Romanian, most distinguishing features are phonetic or lexical
• Fewer morphological or syntactic distinctions
• If the dialect areas are “real”, will they eventually also show more differences including differences in morphology and syntax?
![Page 37: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Summary
• RODA is up and working – We have used it to investigate interesting
problems in Romance and Romanian
• Our investigations have forced us to ask “what is a dialect?”
• Our proposal: A “dialect structure” with multiple levels and quantitative thresholds– Open Question: is it real?
![Page 38: Identifying Dialect Regions Specific features vs. overall measures using the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas and Multidimensional Scaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649f385503460f94c55027/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RODA: Romanian Online Dialect Atlas
http://www.yorku.ca/vpaweb/romanian/
or temporarily at
http://ericwheeler.ca under research