identify 3 early sources of law. hammurabi’s code, the 12 tables from rome, the 10 commandments
TRANSCRIPT
Identify 3 early sources of law.
Hammurabi’s Code, The 12 Tables from Rome, the 10
Commandments
Who was the Father of Greek Philosophy? What method
did he use to find truth?
Socrates, question and question to find truth
How did Aristotle believe you could find the best
government?
Evaluating existing governments
Who took Greek ideas and spread them throughout the
Middle East and Northern Africa?
Alexander the Great
What two things allowed for a dramatic change in
population growth between 1000-1300.
more peaceful conditions (less war) and better
agriculture
What was the purpose of the Crusades? Who usually went
on them?
Retake the Holy Land from the “infidel”, noblemen &
knights looking for glory and salvation
Middle Age universities were dedicated to what school of
thought?
scholasticism
What two things did peasants get in exchange for giving up their freedom to the lord of
the manor?
Protection and the use of land
Identify at least three of the “obligations” placed on
peasants.
Pay a portion of crop to lord, rent pastureland, tithes to
the church, portion of catch to the lord
Identify three ways the lords exercised control over their
peasants.
Permission to leave, permission to marry, lords
run local courts, lords control crafts and trades for
their peasants
What two areas did scholasticism attempt to
reconcile?
Faith (xianity) and reason (Aristotle)
Who was the most well known scholastic? What was
his most famous work?
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica
Name two examples of church corruption during the Middle
Ages.
simony, legal exemptions, tax exemptions, clerical infidelity,
misuse of church funds
Name 2 of the main ways that the Black Death impacted
Europe.
decreased supply of labor, increased power of poor,
decreased demand for land, decreased power of nobility
Identify the four basic levels of the church hierarchy.
Pope - Cardinal - Bishop - Priest
What was a vassal expected to give loyally in exchange for his
fief?
military service
Name two benefits the serf received in the manorial system.
protection from outside threat, food during shortages, legal
protection
How did France ultimately benefit from the 100 Years War?
regained much lost territory
Who was the local legal authority in the feudal system?
the lord (vassal)
Name Michelangelo’s most famous painting & sculpture.
Sistene Chapel & David
Who wrote “The Prince” and hoped that a strong Italian ruler would come from the Medicis?
What quality did he value?
Machiavelli, virtú
How did Renaissance Art differ from art from the Middle Ages?
realism, accurate anatomy, secular patronage
What economic developments allowed for secular patronage of
the arts?
increased trade & banking
Who was the father of Humanism? What kind of activity did he inspire?
Petrarch, Examination of the classics, and writing related
to them
List two reasons the church feared the humanists.
Self-reliance, outside interpretations, authorities
other than God
What invention caused literacy to boom and made it much easier for thinkers to
spread their ideas? Roughly when was it invented?
printing press, late 1400’s
Name the work and author that describe an ideal society that
will never exist.
Utopia, Thomas More
Identify the two major northern humanists.
More & Erasmus
What was Erasmus’ philosophy a combination of?
Christian and classical beliefs
Identify two classical features that were prominent in Ren.
Architecture.
Domes, columns, roman arches, ornamentation,
integrated supports
How was the subject matter of the Northern Ren. a departure
from the High Ren?
Gothic, supernatural
How did members of the Schmalkaldic League and Henry VIII benefit from the Reformation Economically?
Took over Church lands & property
Who said: “We are all equal in the eyes of God, members of
the Priesthood of all Believers”?
Luther
What conclusion pushed Luther to write the 95
Theses?
That man is saved through Faith and not works or
indulgences
Which theologian believed people were predestined for
salvation?
Calvin
What tool did Calvin use to create his “New Jerusalem”?
Strict moral code (spread through sermons and
Catechism)
List three components of Calvin’s moral code.
No drinking, no dancing, no plays, religious music & psalm
reading in taverns
What was the main reason Henry VIII started the English
Reformation?
Wanted an annulment from Catharine, desired control over church structure &
resources
How was the Anglican Church that Henry VIII created different from Roman
Catholicism?
It was different organizationally because the
king was in charge, it was not different theologically
Under which monarch did England become truly
Protestant (theologically)?
Edward VI
Which English monarch attempted to reinstate Roman
Catholicism? Was she successful?
Mary I, no she was not
What three religious groups did Elizabeth I face when she came
to the throne? What did she recognize as the official
religion of England?
RCs, Anglicans, & Puritans; Anglicanism (Church of
England)
Identify two key components of the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation.
Founding new orders (like the Jesuits), the Inquisition,
emphasis on discipline, the Index of Forbidden Books
What type of art reflected the spirit of the Counter
Reformation? What did the RC church hope it would do?
Baroque, bring people back to the faith
What is Baroque Art designed to do?
Get an emotional response/reaction
What two groups were fighting each other in the French Religious conflict?
The Huguenots and the Catholic League
How did Henry of Navarre bring a close to conflict in
France?
converting to RC & issuing the Edict of Nantes which protected the Huguenots
Why did Phillip II of Spain want to keep control of the
Netherlands?
He wanted to keep them Catholic and he needed the
tax $$$
Which protestant group wanted to rid the Anglican
Church of all Catholic practices and structures?
Puritans
Who wanted Mary Queen of Scots to be Queen of
England? Why was she executed?
Phillip II and other RCs, Plotting to kill Elizabeth I
What was the impact of the Thirty Years War on
Germany?
Total devastation, kills 1/3 of population
What is the main goal of mercantilism?
strengthen your nation’s economy at the expense of
another nation
What kinds of practices do mercantilist nations use?
tariffs, colonies, sea trade, support for industry,
shipping regulations, full employment, large
population
What two classical thinkers were most of the early
scientific beliefs based on?
Aristotle & Ptolemy
What were the two key components of Copernicus’ theory about the universe?
The sun is in the middle, the planets travel in circular
orbits around it
Who was Brahe’s assistant that drew pro-Copernican conclusions from Brahe’s
charts?
Johannes Kepler
How did the church respond to Galileo’s use of the
telescope?
They condemned it, “God would have made us able
to see it”
Who was the father of modern philosophy and the
deductive method?
Descartes (“I Think therefore I am”)
Who was the champion of the empirical method? What
does this method encourage?
Bacon, observations based on lots of data
Who was the first scientist to maintain that
mathematical relationships explain everything?
Galileo
What major events were the two of the main influences
on Hobbes & Locke?
English Civil War, Louis XIV & Glorious Revolution
List two of Locke’s major beliefs.
blank slate, overthrow bad gov’t, natural state is
freedom, natural rights: life, liberty & property
Who believed that people must turn over their rights to a strong ruler his rule would prevent anarchy?
Hobbes
How did Hobbes’ absolute ruler control his people?
Manipulating their fear of pain and desire for
pleasure
Who are the three most prominent Enlightenment
philosophes?
Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Rousseau
Why would you associate Voltaire with our First
amendment?
he advocated basic freedoms (speech, press,
petition, etc.)
Name the author that advocated Laissez Faire
Economics. What economic system was he responding
to?
Adam Smith, mercantilism
In what role did the Deists place God?
“divine watchmaker”, created world and stood back, men control own
actions
What did Montesquieu argue was the best form of
gov’t?
Three branch, separation of powers
Name three major beliefs of Rousseau.
Importance of society over individual, bend to will,
glorified motherhood, Men & Women in separate spheres
Why was the first encyclopedia such a major
undertaking? Who edited it?
first time any group tried to compile “all” knowledge,
Diderot
If you had to sum up the enlightenment in one word,
what would it be?
Reason
What two sides clashed in the English Civil War?
The Anglican Monarchists and the Puritan Parliamentarians
What was the key outcome of the Glorious Revolution in
England?
William III and Mary accepted the English Bill of Rights and the terms of a constitutional
monarchy
Who was the absolute monarch? Identify two
characteristics of his reign.
Louis XIV, army, propaganda, Versailles, bureaucracy
Name one factor that may have led to the population
boom that started in the mid-1700’s.
End of the plague, less warfare, improved health
What were Jethro Tull’s two main contributions to the Ag.
Rev.?
iron plow and seed drill
Name the two crops that were introduced from the
New World. How did these help?
potatoes & corn, more variety in diet and helped replenish
the soil
Why did landlords want to enclose their lands?
higher bread prices, wanted to force the use of new
methods to increase productivity
What happened to many peasants as a result of
enclosure?
cut loose from the land, forced to look for other
employment
In which industry did the Industrial Revolution start?
Why?
textiles, the larger population needed to be clothed
What did the flying shuttle create a demand for? What invention helped solve this?
thread/yarn, spinning jenny
Name two reasons the Industrial Revolution started
in Great Britain.
coal & iron, individual liberties, roads & waterways,
relatively mobile social structure
Name 2 benefits of the steam engine.
Move factories away from rivers, constant source of
power, leads to development of cities
What did many “new” cities lack that would have helped
them handle the influx of people?
infrastructure (roads, sewers, housing, etc.)
In what kinds of places did the “new cities” spring up?
waterways, road hubs, sea ports
Why did the Bourgeoisie resent the nobility?
inherited legal rights & privileges
What system was replaced by the factory system?
cottage or “putting-out”
How did GB try to address the massive war debt they were
left with after the 7 Years War? What was the response
to this?
Taxing their colonists, the colonists hated it
Name three causes of the French Rev..
Food shortages & prices, heavy taxation of poor, little taxation of nobles & clergy,
bourgeoisie vs. nobles, nobles vs. monarchy
What group did the 3rd Estate form when they left the Estates General? What
did they promise in the Tennis Court Oath?
National Assembly, keep meeting until they wrote a
constitution
What did Louis XVI do to cause the poor to storm the
Bastille?
muster troops around Paris which made them think he
was going to stop the revolution
How did French nobles react to the Great Fear?
renounced their rights, cleared the way for a
Constitution
Identify a way in which Louis XVI demonstrated his anti-revolutionary sentiment.
muster troops, stall on Dec. of Rights, flee to Varennes,
refractory clergy
Why did the women of Paris march on Versailles?
food, make Louis agree to Dec. of Rights
Despite their active participation in the
revolution, which two groups were consistently left out of
the benefits?
poor (esp. urban) & women
What kind of reaction did the invasion by Austria & Prussia
produce?
panic, fear, “invasion mentality”
What tool did the Convention use to mobilize France for
war? name two components of this tool.
levee en masse; conscription of all males, price ceilings,
war production
What two places did the Dec. of Rights of Man and Citizen
get its ideas from?
Declaration of Independence & Enlightenment
What radical member of the third estate led the Reign of
Terror? What eventually happened to him?
Robespierre, he was guillotined
Name two parts of the Napoleonic Code.
civic equality, no guilds, promotion based on merit,
end to social hierarchy, religious tolerance
What two groups supported Napoleon’s rise to power?
bourgeoisie & land owning peasants
Name two things Napoleon did to squash his people who
opposed him.
Centralize government, execution, give them high
government posts (with little power), secret police
Who formed the Quadruple Alliance against him?
GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
Who supported the Spanish Guerillas against Napoleon?
RC Church & GB (Wellington)
What strategy did the Russians use to defeat
Napoleon after his invasion in 1812?
Scorched earth (destroy everything useful & back up)
& starve him out
Who rallied to attack Napoleon from the east in 1813-14? From the west?
East: Austria, Prussia & Russia; West: Great Britain
How did he bring an end to the Ancien Regime (the Old
Regime)?
spread ideals of French Rev. across Europe
What was the goal of the Continental System?
Economic defeat of GB
What effect did Napoleon have on the political power of
the Church?
greatly diminished it because of religious toleration