identification of michigan fishes using cleithravariation in cleithrum shape. in white perch and...
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Identification of Michigan Fishes Using Cleithra
Miscellaneous Publication 2010-02
The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was established by the Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries between Canada and the United States, which was ratified on October 11, 1955. It was organized in April 1956 and assumed its duties as set forth in the Convention on July 1, 1956. The Commission has two major responsibilities: first, develop coordinated programs of research in the Great Lakes, and, on the basis of the findings, recommend measures which will permit the maximum sustained productivity of stocks of fish of common concern; second, formulate and implement a program to eradicate or minimize sea lamprey populations in the Great Lakes.
The Commission is also required to publish or authorize the publication of scientific or other information obtained in the performance of its duties. In fulfillment of this requirement the Commission publishes the Technical Report Series, intended for peer-reviewed scientific literature; Special Publications, designed primarily for dissemination of reports produced by working committees of the Commission; and other (non-serial) publications. Technical Reports are most suitable for either interdisciplinary review and synthesis papers of general interest to Great Lakes fisheries researchers, managers, and administrators, or more narrowly focused material with special relevance to a single but important aspect of the Commission's program. Special Publications, being working documents, may evolve with the findings of and charges to a particular committee. Both publications follow the style of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Sponsorship of Technical Reports or Special Publications does not necessarily imply that the findings or conclusions contained therein are endorsed by the Commission.
COMMISSIONERS
Canada United States Peter Wallace, Michael J. Hansen, Chair
Robert G. Lambe, Vice-Chair William James Robert Hecky William W. Taylor
Wendy Watson-Wright David A. Ullrich Thomas Strickland
May 2010
Identification of Michigan Fishes Using Cleithra
Daniel Traynor, Ashley Moerke, Roger Greil
Citation: Traynor, D., Moerke, A., and Greil, R. 2010. Identification of Michigan fishes using cleithra. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Misc. Publ. 2010-02.
Great Lakes Fishery Commission 2100 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite 100
Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1563
May 2010
ISSN: 1090-106x (print) 1553-8087 (online)
D. Traynor.1 Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Marquette Fisheries Research Station, 484 Cherry Creek Road, Marquette, MI 49855, USA. A. Moerke and R. Greil. Lake Superior State University, Aquatic Research Laboratory, 650 West Easterday Avenue, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, USA. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
Printed on recycled paper. Miscellaneous Publication 2010-02
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the Guide ........................................................................................................................................1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................2 Cleithrum Morphology.............................................................................................................................3 Key by General Shape ..............................................................................................................................4 Identification by Family ...........................................................................................................................5 Centrarchidae .................................................................................................................................5 Moronidae......................................................................................................................................8 Sciaenidae ......................................................................................................................................9 Percopsidae ..................................................................................................................................10 Fundulidae ...................................................................................................................................10 Percidae........................................................................................................................................11 Atherinidae...................................................................................................................................15 Cottidae........................................................................................................................................16 Gobiidae.......................................................................................................................................17 Gasterosteidae..............................................................................................................................18 Cyprinidae....................................................................................................................................19 Coregoninae .................................................................................................................................29 Salmoninae...................................................................................................................................32 Umbridae .....................................................................................................................................37 Osmeridae ....................................................................................................................................37 Esocidae .......................................................................................................................................38 Gadidae ........................................................................................................................................39 Amiidae........................................................................................................................................39 Lepisosteidae ...............................................................................................................................40 Clupeidae .....................................................................................................................................41 Ictaluridae ....................................................................................................................................42 Catostomidae ...............................................................................................................................43 Comparison of Similar Species ..............................................................................................................47 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................54 References ................................................................................................................................................54 Identification by Common Name Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus).............................................................................................................41 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) .................................................................................................................36 Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) ...................................................................................................7 Blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis)...................................................................................................26 Blackside darter (Percina maculata) ........................................................................................................13 Bloater (Coregonus hoyi)..........................................................................................................................30 Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) .................................................................................................................5 Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) .................................................................................................24 Bowfin (Amia calva)................................................................................................................................ 39
Brassy minnow (Hybognathus hankinsoni) ............................................................................................. 29 Brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus)................................................................................................... 15 Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) ................................................................................................... 18 Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) ........................................................................................................... 33 Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) .................................................................................................... 42 Brown trout (Salmo trutta)....................................................................................................................... 36 Burbot (Lota lota) .................................................................................................................................... 39 Central mudminnow (Umbra limi) .......................................................................................................... 37 Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ...................................................................................................... 42 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)........................................................................................ 35 Cisco (Coregonus artedi)......................................................................................................................... 31 Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) ..................................................................................................... 35 Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ..............................................................................................................27 Common shiner (Luxilus cornutus)...........................................................................................................21 Creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) .....................................................................................................20 Deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) .....................................................................................17 Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides)....................................................................................................23 Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)..................................................................................................19 Finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus).........................................................................................................25 Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) .................................................................................................9 Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum).....................................................................................................41 Golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum)...............................................................................................45 Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) ...............................................................................................24 Goldfish (Carassius auritus).....................................................................................................................27 Hornyhead chub (Nocomis biguttatus) .....................................................................................................20 Iowa darter (Etheostoma exile) .................................................................................................................14 Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum)..........................................................................................................14 Kiyi (Coregonus kiyi) ...............................................................................................................................30 Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ...........................................................................................................33 Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)................................................................................................31 Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).................................................................................................6 Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) ..................................................................................................28 Longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) ...........................................................................................................40 Longnose sucker (Catostomus Catostomus) .............................................................................................44 Mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus) ..........................................................................................................22 Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) ...............................................................................................................16 Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) ............................................................................................................38 Ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius).............................................................................................19 Northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans)..........................................................................................44 Northern logperch (Percina caprodes semifasciata) ................................................................................15 Northern pearl dace (Margariscus nachtriebi) .........................................................................................26 Northern pike (Esox lucius) ......................................................................................................................38 Northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) .....................................................................................................25
Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)...............................................................................................................5 Quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus)................................................................................................................46 Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) ...........................................................................................................37 Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) .....................................................................................................34 Redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus) .....................................................................................................21 Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) ..............................................................................................................7 Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) ..................................................................................................17 Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) ............................................................................................32 Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) ..............................................................................................................12 Sand shiner (Notropis stramineus)............................................................................................................22 Shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) ..................................................................................45 Shortjaw cisco (Coregonus zenithicus).....................................................................................................29 Silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) ....................................................................................................43 Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) ...............................................................................................................16 Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) ..................................................................................................6 Splake (Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush)..........................................................................................32 Spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius).........................................................................................................23 Spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) ...........................................................................................................40 Spotted sucker (Minytrema melanops) .....................................................................................................46 Striped fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare lineolatum) ........................................................................13 Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) .....................................................................................18 Troutperch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) .....................................................................................................10 Walleye (Sander vitreus) ..........................................................................................................................11 Western banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus menona) .........................................................................10 Western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) ........................................................................................28 White bass (Morone chrysops) ...................................................................................................................9 White perch (Morone americana)...............................................................................................................8 White sucker (Catostomus commersonii) .................................................................................................43 Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) ..............................................................................................................12
AB
OU
T T
HE
GU
IDE
Whi
le w
orki
ng o
n a
corm
oran
t die
t stu
dy, w
e w
ere
surp
rised
to fi
nd th
at v
ery
little
pub
lishe
d in
form
atio
n ex
ists
on
met
hods
for a
naly
zing
the
diet
of
pis
civo
rous
ani
mal
s an
d ev
en le
ss p
ublis
hed
info
rmat
ion
on te
chni
ques
for
iden
tifyi
ng th
e bo
ny s
truct
ures
of
fish.
The
maj
ority
of
past
die
t st
udie
s ha
ve re
lied
on re
fere
nce
colle
ctio
ns o
f bon
es to
aid
in th
e id
entif
icat
ion
of p
artia
lly d
iges
ted
prey
item
s. Th
roug
hout
our
stu
dy, w
e fo
und
that
cle
ithra
are
the
mos
t us
eful
and
eas
ily i
dent
ified
bon
y st
ruct
ures
for
fis
h id
entif
icat
ion
and
wer
e al
so t
he m
ost
resi
stan
tto
dig
estio
n in
co
rmor
ant s
tom
achs
. Few
pub
licat
ions
hav
e ex
plai
ned
the
usef
ulne
ss o
f cle
ithra
as
diag
nost
ic b
ones
whi
le p
rovi
ding
illu
stra
tions
of re
pres
enta
tive
spec
ies.
To d
ate,
Han
sel e
t al.
(198
8) p
rovi
de t
he m
ost
exte
nsiv
e an
d us
eful
inf
orm
atio
n on
cle
ithru
mid
entif
icat
ion
and
mor
phol
ogy,
but
it
is
limite
d to
24
wes
tern
fish
spe
cies
. We
have
not
yet
bee
n ab
le to
find
any
publ
ishe
d in
form
atio
n on
cle
ithra
for s
peci
es in
the
Gre
at L
akes
regi
on,
desp
ite th
e in
tere
st fr
om m
anag
emen
t age
ncie
s.
Whe
n w
e re
ceiv
ed tr
aini
ng fo
r die
t ana
lysi
s an
d bo
ny s
truct
ure
iden
tific
atio
n fr
om M
ike
Bur
and
Bill
Edw
ards
(U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y (U
SGS)
, La
ke E
rie B
iolo
gica
l St
atio
n) w
e w
ere
prov
ided
with
an
unpu
blis
hed
clei
thru
mid
entif
icat
ion
guid
e (J
. Jo
nes,
unpu
blis
hed
data
). Th
e gu
ide
cont
aine
d m
ore
than
30
fish
spec
ies
com
mon
to th
e G
reat
Lak
es a
nd p
rove
d to
be
an in
valu
able
tool
for c
orm
oran
t die
t ana
lysi
s. Th
roug
hout
the
proj
ect,
we
built
our
ow
n re
fere
nce
colle
ctio
n of
cle
ithra
and
exp
ande
d th
e nu
mbe
r of
spe
cies
not
pre
viou
sly
incl
uded
in th
e U
SGS
guid
e. T
his
publ
icat
ion
refle
cts
our
curr
ent p
rogr
ess
and
cont
ains
app
roxi
mat
ely
80 s
peci
es o
f fis
h fo
und
in M
ichi
gan
wat
ers.
We
belie
ve th
is g
uide
will
aid
fis
herie
s m
anag
ers
in im
prov
ed id
entif
icat
ion
and
quan
tific
atio
nof
pre
y ite
ms,
as w
ell a
s en
hanc
ed k
now
ledg
e of
fee
ding
hab
its a
nd f
ood-
web
in
tera
ctio
ns o
f aqu
atic
org
anis
ms.
We
cont
inue
to e
xpan
d ou
r ref
eren
ce c
olle
ctio
n an
d ex
pect
that
this
gui
de m
ay b
e a
prec
urso
r to
a m
ore
com
plet
e cl
eith
rum
iden
tific
atio
n gu
ide
for f
ish
thro
ugho
ut th
e G
reat
Lak
es re
gion
.
This
gui
de b
egin
s w
ith a
key
to c
leith
ra b
y ge
nera
l sha
pe, w
hich
will
lead
the
user
to th
e fa
mily
or g
roup
of f
amili
es f
or f
urth
er id
entif
icat
ion
to
spec
ies.
Late
ral
view
s (L
V)
of c
leith
ra a
re p
rese
nted
for
mos
t sp
ecie
s as
the
y ar
e ty
pica
lly d
iagn
ostic
, bu
t, fo
r so
me
spec
ies,
mos
tly w
ithin
C
yprin
idae
, a d
orsa
l vie
w (
DV
) of
the
clei
thru
m is
als
o pr
esen
ted
to a
id i
n id
entif
icat
ion.
Cau
tion
shou
ld b
e us
ed w
hen
iden
tifyi
ng s
peci
men
s w
ithin
a fa
mily
who
se re
spec
tive
mem
bers
are
not
all
pres
ente
d in
this
gui
de (e
.g.,
the
fam
ily Ic
talu
ridae
). B
row
n bu
llhea
d (A
mei
urus
nebu
losu
s)cl
eith
raar
e sh
own
in th
is g
uide
, but
yel
low
bul
lhea
d (I
ctal
urus
nat
alis
) and
bla
ck b
ullh
ead
(Am
eiur
usm
elas
)are
not
, so
care
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
whe
n sa
mpl
es a
re c
olle
cted
whe
re th
e sp
ecie
s’ra
nges
ove
rlap.
How
ever
, one
of
the
bene
fits
of u
sing
cle
ithra
for
fis
h id
entif
icat
ion
is th
at, e
ven
if a
clei
thru
m c
anno
t be
iden
tifie
d to
the
spec
ies
leve
l, it
can
ofte
n be
iden
tifie
d to
fam
ily o
r gen
us. M
ost s
peci
es’c
leith
rum
shap
e do
es n
ot v
ary,
but
a
few
spe
cies
(e.g
., w
hite
per
ch (M
oron
e am
eric
ana)
, wal
leye
, (Sa
nder
vitr
eus)
, and
nor
ther
n pe
arl d
ace
(Mar
gari
scus
nach
trie
bi)
do e
xhib
it so
me
varia
tion
in c
leith
rum
shap
e. I
n w
hite
per
ch a
nd w
alle
ye, c
leith
rum
chan
ges
appe
ar to
occ
ur a
s fis
h gr
ow la
rger
, with
the
prim
ary
chan
ge b
eing
gr
owth
of s
erra
tions
on
the
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e.
Whe
n us
ing
clei
thra
as a
tool
for i
dent
ifyin
g pa
rtial
ly d
iges
ted
fish,
it is
impo
rtant
to c
onsi
der t
hat s
ome
eros
ion
of th
e cl
eith
ra m
ay h
ave
occu
rred
, m
akin
g th
em m
ore
diff
icul
t to
iden
tify.
Cle
ithra
are
typi
cally
mor
e ro
bust
and
resi
st d
iges
tion
bette
r tha
n ot
her b
ony
stru
ctur
es b
ut d
o ev
entu
ally
di
gest
. In
cas
es w
here
cle
ithra
are
par
tially
dig
este
d, t
hey
can
typi
cally
be
iden
tifie
d to
fam
ily o
r ge
nus.
It is
hel
pful
to
deve
lop
a re
fere
nce
colle
ctio
n of
cle
ithra
for
sid
e-by
-sid
e co
mpa
rison
s, es
peci
ally
whe
n di
ffer
entia
ting
betw
een
sim
ilar
spec
ies.
Var
iatio
ns i
n th
e co
lor
of c
leith
ra
show
n in
thi
s gu
ide
are
caus
ed b
y pr
eser
vativ
es,
size
of
the
spec
imen
, an
d ph
oto
editi
ng,
and
ther
efor
e sh
ould
not
be
used
as
a di
agno
stic
ch
arac
teris
tic.
1
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
Die
t ana
lyse
s ar
e a
tool
com
mon
ly u
sed
by fi
sher
ies
man
ager
s to
det
erm
ine
feed
ing
habi
ts a
nd fo
od-w
eb in
tera
ctio
ns o
f aq
uatic
org
anis
ms.
Man
y di
ffer
ent m
etho
ds h
ave
been
use
d to
iden
tify
and
quan
tify
diet
s of
pis
civo
res,
but e
ach
met
hod
has
uniq
ue a
dvan
tage
s an
d di
sadv
anta
ges.
In m
any
stud
ies,
only
inta
ct fi
sh h
ave
been
incl
uded
in d
iet a
naly
ses—
prob
ably
bec
ause
of t
heir
ease
of i
dent
ifica
tion,
min
imal
tim
e re
quire
men
t, or
the
lack
of
nee
d fo
r sp
ecie
s-le
vel i
dent
ifica
tion.
How
ever
, the
mos
t acc
urat
e di
et a
naly
ses
requ
ire id
entif
icat
ion
and
quan
tific
atio
n of
inta
ct p
rey
item
s as
wel
l as
prey
item
s th
at a
re p
artia
lly o
r al
mos
t co
mpl
etel
y di
gest
ed. T
here
are
sev
eral
cha
ract
eris
tic b
ony
stru
ctur
es th
at c
an b
e us
ed to
iden
tify
parti
ally
dig
este
d fis
h, in
clud
ing
otol
iths,
verte
brae
, ope
rcle
s, ph
aryn
geal
arc
hes,
dent
arie
s, an
d cl
eith
ra. A
n ad
vant
age
of u
sing
oto
liths
is th
at th
ey
can
be u
sed
to id
entif
y fis
h to
the
spec
ies
leve
l. H
owev
er, t
hey
are
ofte
n di
ffic
ult t
o fin
d be
caus
e of
thei
r sm
all s
ize,
and
they
tend
als
o to
dig
est
quic
kly
and
can
be d
isso
lved
by
acid
ic p
rese
rvat
ives
suc
h as
for
mal
in (
McM
ahon
and
Tas
h 19
79).
In c
ompa
rison
, ver
tebr
ae c
an a
lso
be u
sed
to
iden
tify
fish
to th
e sp
ecie
s-le
vel (
Pikh
u an
d Pi
khu
1970
), an
d th
ey r
esis
t dig
estio
n be
tter
than
oto
liths
. How
ever
, ver
tebr
ae a
re m
ore
diff
icul
t to
quan
tify
than
pai
red
stru
ctur
es s
uch
as o
tolit
hs a
nd c
leith
ra b
ecau
se e
ach
indi
vidu
al v
erte
bra
mus
t be
ide
ntifi
ed a
nd a
ccou
nted
for
. O
perc
les,
phar
ynge
al a
rche
s, an
d de
ntar
ies h
ave
been
use
d al
so to
iden
tify
fish
and
are
adva
ntag
eous
bec
ause
they
resi
st d
iges
tion
bette
r tha
n le
ss ro
bust
bon
y st
ruct
ures
(H
anse
l et a
l. 19
88).
Alth
ough
the
se s
truct
ures
can
be
used
to
accu
rate
ly i
dent
ify f
ish
rem
ains
, cle
ithra
may
be
the
easi
est
and
mos
t ef
fect
ive
stru
ctur
e.
Cle
ithra
are
the
maj
or b
ones
of t
he p
ecto
ral g
irdle
. The
y ar
e pa
ired
stru
ctur
es w
ith o
ne lo
cate
d on
eac
h si
de o
f the
fish
and
toge
ther
form
the
fram
e of
the
body
wal
l dire
ctly
pos
terio
r to
the
oper
cula
r ca
vity
(Sc
harf
et a
l. 19
98).
Ther
e ar
e m
any
adva
ntag
es to
usi
ng c
leith
ra a
sa
diag
nost
ic b
ony
stru
ctur
e. N
ot o
nly
can
they
be
used
to id
entif
y m
any
fishe
s to
the
spec
ies
leve
l (H
anse
l et a
l. 19
88; S
char
f et a
l. 19
98),
but t
hey
can
also
be
used
to
age
fish
(Har
rison
and
Had
ley
1979
) and
to e
stim
ate
the
orig
inal
leng
th o
f par
tially
dig
este
d fis
h (H
anse
l et a
l. 19
88; S
char
f et a
l. 19
98; B
ur e
t al.
1997
). C
leith
raar
e al
so e
ffec
tive
stru
ctur
es fo
r die
t ana
lysi
s be
caus
e th
ey re
sist
dig
estio
n be
tter t
han
man
y ot
her d
iagn
ostic
bon
es, w
hich
mak
es it
po
ssib
le to
acc
urat
ely
quan
tify
the
num
ber o
f pre
y ite
ms i
n a
pred
ator
’s st
omac
h.
In a
rec
ent d
iet s
tudy
of
doub
le-c
rest
ed c
orm
oran
ts in
Thu
nder
Bay
, Mic
higa
n, c
leith
ra w
ere
used
to id
entif
y pa
rtial
ly d
iges
ted
fish.
Of
all p
rey
item
s fo
und
in s
tom
achs
, 46%
per
cent
wer
e id
entif
ied
usin
g cl
eith
ra (
A. M
oerk
e, L
ake
Supe
rior
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
, unp
ublis
hed
data
). In
ano
ther
st
udy
of d
oubl
e-cr
este
d co
rmor
ant d
iets
con
duct
ed o
n B
revo
ort L
ake,
Mic
higa
n, s
tom
ach
sam
ples
wer
e in
itial
ly a
naly
zed
usin
g on
ly in
tact
pre
y ite
ms.
The
sam
e sa
mpl
es w
ere
then
re-
anal
yzed
usi
ng c
leith
ra to
iden
tify
parti
ally
dig
este
d fis
h. U
seof
cle
ithra
res
ulte
d in
fin
ding
an
addi
tiona
l 16
% m
ore
prey
item
s, in
clud
ing
four
add
ition
al fi
sh sp
ecie
s (A
. Moe
rke,
Lak
e Su
perio
r Sta
te U
nive
rsity
, unp
ublis
hed
data
). R
elyi
ng so
lely
on
inta
ct
prey
item
s for
iden
tific
atio
n w
ould
hav
e re
sulte
d in
und
eres
timat
es o
f pre
y ite
ms c
onsu
med
as w
ell a
s a la
rger
pro
porti
on o
f uni
dent
ified
fish
es. T
he
resu
lts o
f the
se s
tudi
es s
ugge
st th
at u
sing
cle
ithra
is a
reas
onab
le a
ppro
ach
for a
naly
zing
gut
con
tent
s of
pis
civo
res.
How
ever
,ide
ntifi
catio
n gu
ides
to
ass
ist w
ith c
leith
rum
iden
tific
atio
n di
d no
t exi
st p
revi
ousl
y, y
et a
re n
eede
d to
ass
ist m
anag
ers w
ith id
entif
ying
fish
rem
ains
.
2
CL
EIT
HR
UM
MO
RPH
OL
OG
YC
leith
ra a
re t
he m
ajor
bon
es o
f th
e pe
ctor
al g
irdle
. Th
ey a
re a
pai
red
stru
ctur
e, w
ith o
ne b
one
loca
ted
on
each
sid
e of
the
fish;
toge
ther
they
form
the
fram
e of
th
e bo
dy w
all
dire
ctly
pos
terio
r to
the
ope
rcul
ar
cavi
ty (S
char
f et a
l. 19
98).
Cle
ithru
m m
orph
olog
y is
de
scrib
ed fr
om fo
ur v
iew
s: in
side
late
ral v
iew
(ILV
), ou
tsid
e la
tera
l vi
ew (
OLV
), do
rsal
vie
w (
DV
), an
d an
terio
r vie
w (A
V).
Mor
phol
ogic
al te
rmin
olog
y us
ed
in th
is g
uide
was
adap
ted
from
Han
sel e
t al.
1988
.
Loca
tion
of le
ft cl
eith
rum
on
a ye
llow
per
ch
med
ial p
roce
ss
3
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
Ver
tical
lim
b
Spin
e
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
Yello
w p
erch
—IL
V of
righ
t cle
ithru
m
Ante
rior e
dge
of la
tera
l she
lf
Ante
rior t
ip o
f m
edia
l pro
cess
Late
ral s
helf
Blun
tnos
e m
inno
w—
DV
of ri
ght c
leith
rum
Sic
kle-
shap
ed p
roce
ss
Vent
ral f
old
Ale
wife
—IL
V of
righ
t cle
ithru
mBr
own
bullh
ead—
OLV
of r
ight
cle
ithru
m
Obj
ectio
ns o
n ve
rtica
l lim
b
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
Ante
rior t
ip o
f m
edia
l pro
cess
Dor
sopo
ster
ior
lobe
Bras
sy m
inno
w—
ILV
of l
eft c
leith
rum
Med
ial p
roce
ss
Med
ial p
roce
ss
Ver
tical
lim
b
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
Rou
nd g
oby—
AV o
f rig
ht c
leith
rum
Ver
tical
lim
b
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
pp. 5
-12
pp. 1
3-15
pp.1
6-17
pp. 1
8-19
pp. 1
9-29
pp. 2
9-32
pp. 3
8-40
pp. 3
2-37
pp. 4
2-46
p. 4
1
4
KE
Y B
Y G
EN
ER
AL
SH
APE
Sele
ct th
e ge
nera
l cle
ithru
m sh
ape
(late
ral v
iew
) and
pro
ceed
toth
e co
rres
pond
ing
page
(s).
Fam
ily C
entr
arch
idae
Blu
egill
(Lep
omis
mac
roch
irus
)
Pum
pkin
seed
(Lep
omis
gib
bosu
s)
Cha
ract
eris
tic“d
ip”i
n th
e do
rsop
oste
rior l
obe
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
flatte
r tha
n ot
her c
entra
rchi
ds
Cle
ithra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y lo
nger
hor
izon
tal l
imbs
than
ver
tical
lim
bs, a
wel
l-pro
noun
ced
dors
opos
terio
r lob
e la
ckin
g se
rrat
ions
, and
a s
hort
spin
e at
th
e ap
ex o
f the
ver
tical
lim
b. M
ost c
entra
rchi
d sp
ecie
s in
this
gui
de c
an b
e ea
sily
diff
eren
tiate
d w
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
of s
mal
lmou
th b
ass
and
larg
emou
th
bass
, who
se c
leith
raar
e ve
ry si
mila
r in
size
and
shap
e.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
5
IDE
NT
IFIC
AT
ION
BY
FA
MIL
Y
Fam
ily C
entr
arch
idae
, con
tinue
d
Smal
lmou
th b
ass (
Mic
ropt
erus
dol
omie
u)
Lar
gem
outh
bas
s (M
icro
pter
us sa
lmoi
des)
ILVILV
OLVOLV
6
Fam
ily C
entr
arch
idae
, con
tinue
d
Roc
k ba
ss (A
mbl
oplit
es ru
pest
ris)
Bla
ck c
rapp
ie (P
omox
is n
igro
mac
ulat
us)
Larg
er p
roje
ctio
ns th
an o
ther
cen
trarc
hids
Thic
k do
rsal
spi
ne
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
7
Fam
ily M
oron
idae
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
may
hav
e sm
all s
erra
tions
Whi
te p
erch
(Mor
one
amer
ican
a)
Shap
e of
dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
may
var
y fro
m
larg
er w
hite
per
ch
Mor
e ge
ntly
cur
ved
than
whi
te b
ass
Cle
ithra
are
sim
ilar
to t
he c
leith
ra o
f ce
ntra
rchi
ds.
They
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y lo
nger
hor
izon
tal
limbs
tha
n ve
rtica
l lim
bs,
a w
ell-p
rono
unce
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe,
and
a s
hort
spin
e at
the
apex
of t
he v
ertic
al li
mb.
Exa
mpl
es o
f cle
ithra
from
bot
h sm
all a
nd la
rge
whi
te p
erch
are
pre
sent
ed in
this
gu
ide
beca
use
som
e of
the
ir ch
arac
teris
tics
appe
ar t
o ch
ange
as
they
gro
w l
arge
r. La
rger
spe
cim
ens
of w
hite
per
ch c
leith
ra g
ener
ally
hav
e sm
all
serr
atio
ns o
n a
mor
e ro
unde
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe,
whe
reas
smal
ler s
peci
men
s ofte
n la
ck se
rrat
ions
on
a le
ssro
unde
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
8
Fam
ily M
oron
idae
, con
tinue
d
Fam
ily S
ciae
nida
e
Fres
hwat
er d
rum
(Apl
odin
otus
gru
nnie
ns)
Flat
dors
opos
terio
rlob
eSi
ngle
pro
cess
Whi
te b
ass (
Mor
one
chry
sops
)
No
serra
tions
on
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e
Fres
hwat
er d
rum
cle
ithra
are
sim
ilar
to c
entra
rchi
d an
d m
oron
id c
leith
ra. T
hey
are
char
acte
rized
by
long
er h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs th
anve
rtica
l lim
bs, a
fla
t do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
lack
ing
serr
atio
ns, a
sho
rt sp
ine
at th
e ap
ex o
f the
ver
tical
lim
b, a
nd a
sin
gle
proc
ess
exte
ndin
g fr
om th
e ve
ntra
l sid
e of
the
horiz
onta
l lim
b.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
9
Fam
ily P
erco
psid
ae
Tro
utpe
rch
(Per
cops
is o
mis
com
aycu
s)
Fam
ily F
undu
lidae
Trou
tper
ch c
leith
ra a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
long
er h
oriz
onta
l lim
bsth
an v
ertic
al li
mbs
, a lo
ng sp
ine
at th
e ap
ex o
f the
ver
tical
lim
b, a
nd a
not
ch b
etw
een
the
spin
e an
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe.
Wes
tern
ban
ded
killi
fish
clei
thra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y lo
nger
hor
izon
tal l
imbs
than
ver
tical
lim
bs a
nd a
squa
re-s
hape
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe.
Long
dor
sal s
pine
Not
ch b
etw
een
spin
e an
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
ILV
OLV
10
Wes
tern
ban
ded
killi
fish
(Fun
dulu
s dia
phan
us m
enon
a)
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
is s
quar
e sh
aped
ILV
OLV
Fam
ily P
erci
dae
Wal
leye
(San
der v
itreu
s)
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
ofte
n se
rrat
ed in
juve
nile
s
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
may
not
be
serra
ted
in la
rger
fish
Cle
ithra
can
be
sepa
rate
d in
to tw
o gr
oups
by
gene
ral s
hape
—on
e gr
oup
repr
esen
ted
by y
ello
w p
erch
, wal
leye
, and
ruf
fe, a
nd t
he o
ther
by
darte
rs.
Yel
low
per
ch a
nd w
alle
ye c
leith
ra a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
long
er h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs th
an v
ertic
al li
mbs
, a w
ell-p
rono
unce
d do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe,
and
a s
hort
spin
e at
the
apex
of t
he v
ertic
al li
mb.
Yel
low
per
ch c
leith
ra a
lway
s hav
e se
rrat
ions
on
the
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e, w
here
as w
alle
ye c
leith
ra m
ay o
r may
not
ha
ve se
rrat
ions
. Bec
ause
of t
heir
sim
ilarit
ies,
yello
w p
erch
and
wal
leye
cle
ithra
are
som
etim
es d
iffic
ult t
o di
ffer
entia
te.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
11
Fam
ily P
erci
dae,
con
tinue
d
Yel
low
per
ch (P
erca
flav
esce
ns)
Dis
tinct
ser
ratio
ns o
n do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
Mor
e cu
rved
than
in w
alle
yeIL
VO
LV
12
Ruf
fe (G
ymno
ceph
alus
cer
nuus
)
Dis
tinct
ser
ratio
ns o
n do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
ILV
OLV
Fam
ily P
erci
dae,
con
tinue
dTh
e cl
eith
ra o
f da
rters
are
ver
y si
mila
r an
d m
ay n
ot b
e di
agno
stic
to th
e sp
ecie
s le
vel.
How
ever
, the
y ca
n ea
sily
be
sepa
rate
d fr
om o
ther
fam
ilies
. D
arte
r cl
eith
ra a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
prot
rudi
ng d
orso
post
erio
rlo
bes,
a la
rge
notc
h be
twee
n th
e do
rsop
oste
rior
lobe
and
spi
ne o
n th
e ap
ex o
f th
e ve
rtica
l lim
b, a
nd a
“cl
ub”
on th
e an
terio
r end
of t
he h
oriz
onta
l lim
b.St
ripe
d fa
ntai
l dar
ter
(Eth
eost
oma
flabe
llare
lineo
latu
m)
Bla
cksi
de d
arte
r (P
erci
na m
acul
ata)
OLV
AV
OLV
AV
13
Fam
ily P
erci
dae,
con
tinue
d
John
ny d
arte
r (E
theo
stom
a ni
grum
)
Iow
a da
rter
(Eth
eost
oma
exile
)
AV AV
OLV
OLV
14
Bro
ok si
lver
side
cle
ithra
are
eas
ily se
para
ted
from
oth
er fa
mili
es. T
hey
are
mos
t sim
ilar t
o da
rter c
leith
ra b
ut la
ck a
spin
e on
the
apex
of t
he v
ertic
al li
mb.
Nor
ther
n lo
gper
ch (P
erci
na c
apro
des s
emifa
scia
ta)
OLV
AV
15
Fam
ily P
erci
dae,
con
tinue
d
Bro
ok si
lver
side
(Lab
ides
thes
sicc
ulus
)
Fam
ily A
ther
inid
ae
OLV
ILV
Fam
ily C
ottid
ae
Slim
y sc
ulpi
n (C
ottu
s cog
natu
s)
Mot
tled
and
slim
y sc
ulpi
n cl
eith
ra a
re d
iffic
ult t
o di
ffer
entia
te b
ut a
re e
asily
sep
arat
ed fr
om o
ther
fam
ilies
by
the
pres
ence
of a
larg
e fo
rk o
n th
e do
rsal
en
d an
d tw
o se
para
ted
lobe
s on
the
vent
ral s
ide
of th
e ho
rizon
tal l
imb.
Dee
pwat
er sc
ulpi
n cl
eith
ra la
ck th
e tw
o se
para
ted
lobe
s on
the
horiz
onta
l lim
b.
Mot
tled
scul
pin
(Cot
tus b
aird
ii)
Dis
tinct
fork
on
end
of c
leith
rum
Two
sepa
rate
d lo
bes
on h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
ILV
AV
16
Dis
tinct
fork
on
end
of c
leith
rum
Two
sepa
rate
d lo
bes
on h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
ILV
AV
Fam
ily G
obiid
ae
17
Rou
nd g
oby
(Neo
gobi
us m
elan
osto
mus
)
Rou
nd g
oby
clei
thra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y ha
ving
a la
rge
fork
on
the
dors
al e
nd a
nd a
sing
le ro
unde
d lo
be o
n th
e ve
ntra
l sid
e of
the
horiz
onta
l lim
b.
Dis
tinct
fork
on
end
of c
leith
rum
Sing
le lo
be
OLV
AV
Fam
ily C
ottid
ae, c
ontin
ued
Dee
pwat
er sc
ulpi
n (M
yoxo
ceph
alus
thom
pson
ii)
AVO
LVD
istin
ct fo
rk o
n en
d of
cle
ithru
m
Nar
row
hor
izon
tal l
imb
Thr
eesp
ine
stic
kleb
ack
(Gas
tero
steu
s acu
leat
us)
Flat
dor
sopo
ster
iorl
obe
Flat
ver
tical
lim
b
ILV
OLV
Bro
ok st
ickl
ebac
k (C
ulae
a in
cons
tans
)
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
flatte
r tha
n ni
nesp
ine
stic
kleb
ack
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
mor
e ro
unde
d th
an th
rees
pine
stic
kleb
ack
ILV
OLV
18
Fam
ily G
aste
rost
eida
e
Stic
kleb
ack
clei
thra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y lo
nger
hor
izon
tal l
imbs
than
ver
tical
lim
bs; f
lat o
r cu
rved
dor
sopo
ster
ior
lobe
s; a
nd n
arro
w, f
lat h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs, w
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
of th
e ni
nesp
ine
stic
kleb
ack,
whi
ch h
as a
larg
e pr
oces
s on
the
vent
ral s
ide
of th
e ho
rizon
tal l
imb.
Nin
espi
ne st
ickl
ebac
k (P
ungi
tius p
ungi
tius)
19
Larg
e pr
oces
s on
hor
izon
tal l
imb
Wav
y do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
ILV
OLV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
eC
yprin
id c
leith
ra a
re e
asily
dis
tingu
ishe
d fr
om o
ther
fam
ilies
but
can
be
diff
icul
t to
dist
ingu
ish
with
in th
eir f
amily
. The
y ha
ve v
ertic
al a
nd h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs o
f va
ryin
g le
ngth
s, va
ryin
g si
zes
and
shap
es o
f do
rsop
oste
rior
lobe
s, an
d m
ay o
r m
ay n
ot h
ave
a ho
ok-li
ke p
roce
ss o
n th
e an
terio
r tip
of
the
med
ial p
roce
ss. U
nlik
e m
ost o
ther
fam
ilies
, cyp
rinid
s ca
n al
so b
e di
stin
guis
hed
by th
e sh
ape
of th
e la
tera
l she
lf (f
rom
the
dors
al v
iew
). In
sim
ilar
spec
ies,
the
shap
e of
the
late
ral s
helf
is o
ften
the
mos
t dia
gnos
tic c
hara
cter
istic
.
Fam
ily G
aste
rost
eida
e, c
ontin
ued
Fath
ead
min
now
(Pim
phal
es p
rom
elas
)
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
than
ho
rizon
tal l
imb
ILV
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial
proc
ess
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
20
Cre
ek c
hub
(Sem
otilu
s atr
omac
ulat
us)
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial
proc
ess
OLV
Ante
rior e
dge
of la
ter s
helf
curv
ed
DV
ILV
Long
and
sle
nder
ver
tical
an
d ho
rizon
tal l
imbs
Hor
nyhe
ad c
hub
(Noc
omis
big
utta
tus)
Smal
l hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
ant
erio
r tip
of
med
ial p
roce
ss
Long
and
sle
nder
ve
rtica
l and
hor
izon
tal
limbs
Ante
rior e
dge
of la
tera
l she
lf fla
t
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
21
Red
side
dac
e (C
linos
tom
us e
long
atus
)
Com
mon
shin
er (L
uxilu
s cor
nutu
s)
Smal
l hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
ant
erio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
Verti
cal a
nd h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs a
ppro
xim
atel
y th
e sa
me
leng
th
ILV
OLV
DV
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ant
erio
r tip
of
med
ial p
roce
ss
Sm
all p
roce
ssN
arro
w la
tera
l she
lf
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
22
Sand
shin
er (N
otro
pis s
tram
ineu
s)
Mim
ic sh
iner
(Not
ropi
s vol
ucel
lus)
Larg
e pr
oces
s on
ver
tical
lim
b
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial
proc
ess
Nar
row
late
ral s
helf
ILV
OLV
DV
Nar
row
late
ral s
helf
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial
proc
ess
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
23
Em
eral
d sh
iner
(Not
ropi
s ath
erin
oide
s)
Spot
tail
shin
er (N
otro
pis h
udso
nius
)
Verti
cal a
nd h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs a
ppro
xim
atel
y th
e sa
me
leng
th
ILV
Larg
e m
edia
l pro
cess
Late
ral s
helf
exte
nds
beyo
nd
the
rest
of c
leith
rum
(opp
osite
of
mos
t oth
er c
yprin
ids)
DV
Hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
an
terio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
OLV
DV
Hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
an
terio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
ILV
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
does
not
ext
end
as fa
r ou
t as
in e
mer
ald
shin
er
OLV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
24
Blu
ntno
se m
inno
w (P
imep
hale
snot
atus
)
Gol
den
shin
er (N
otem
igon
us c
ryso
leuc
as)
Verti
cal a
nd h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs a
ppro
xim
atel
y th
e sa
me
leng
th
ILV
Wid
e la
tera
l she
lf
Larg
e m
edia
l pro
cess
DV
Hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
an
terio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
OLV
Smal
l hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
ant
erio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
bEn
d of
cle
ithru
m ro
unde
d
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
25
Nor
ther
n re
dbel
lyda
ce (P
hoxi
nuse
os)
Fine
scal
e da
ce (P
hoxi
nusn
eoga
eus)
Ver
tical
lim
b sh
orte
r th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
bN
o ho
ok-li
ke p
roce
ss o
n an
terio
r tip
of m
edia
l pr
oces
s
ILV
DV
OLV
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
bILV
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ant
erio
r tip
of
med
ial p
roce
ss
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
26
Bla
ckno
sesh
iner
(Not
ropi
s het
erol
epis
)
Nor
ther
n pe
arl d
ace
(Mar
gari
scus
nach
trie
bi)
DV
Ver
y sm
all o
r no
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial
proc
ess
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
long
er th
an v
ertic
al
limb
OLV
ILV
OLV
—rig
ht c
leith
rum
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ante
rior t
ip o
f med
ial p
roce
ss
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
may
be
stra
ight
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
may
be
curv
ed
ILV—
left
clei
thru
mD
V
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
27
Gol
dfis
h (C
aras
sius
aura
tus)
Com
mon
car
p (C
ypri
nus c
arpi
o)
Smal
l hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s on
an
terio
r tip
of m
edia
l pro
cess
ILV
DV
OLV
ILV
DV
OLV
No
hook
-like
pro
cess
on
ant
erio
r tip
of
med
ial p
roce
ss
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
Wes
tern
bla
ckno
se d
ace
(Rhi
nich
thys
obt
usus
)
Lon
gnos
e da
ce (R
hini
chth
ys c
atar
acta
e)
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
smal
ler t
han
in
Gre
at L
akes
long
nose
dac
e
Proc
ess
mor
e pr
onou
nced
th
an in
wes
tern
bla
ckno
se
dace
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
28
Fam
ily C
ypri
nida
e, c
ontin
ued
29
Shor
tjaw
cis
co (C
oreg
onus
zeni
thic
us)
Bra
ssy
min
now
(Hyb
ogna
thus
hank
inso
ni)
Larg
e ho
ok-li
ke
proc
ess
on a
nter
ior t
ip
of m
edia
l pro
cess
Larg
e do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
ILV
OLV
DV
Subf
amily
Cor
egon
inae
Cle
ithra
are
diff
icul
t to
diff
eren
tiate
with
the
exce
ptio
n of
roun
d w
hite
fish.
The
cle
ithra
of c
oreg
onid
s ar
e ch
arac
teriz
ed b
y la
rge
dors
opos
terio
rlob
es,
thic
k ho
rizon
tal l
imbs
, and
a lo
ng sp
ine
at th
e ap
ex o
f the
ver
tical
lim
b.
OLV
ILV
Subf
amily
Cor
egon
inae
, con
tinue
d
30
Blo
ater
(Cor
egon
us h
oyi)
ILV
OLV
Kiy
i (C
oreg
onus
kiy
i)
OLV
ILV
Subf
amily
Cor
egon
inae
, con
tinue
d
Lak
e w
hite
fish
(Cor
egon
us c
lupe
afor
mis
)
Cis
co (C
oreg
onus
art
edi)
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
31
Subf
amily
Cor
egon
inae
, con
tinue
d
Rou
nd w
hite
fish
(Pro
sopi
um c
ylin
drac
eum
)
Subf
amily
Sal
mon
inae
Spla
ke (b
rook
trou
t Sal
velin
us fo
ntin
alis
xla
ke tr
outS
. nam
aycu
sh)
Cle
ithra
of
trout
and
sal
mon
are
ver
y si
mila
r. Th
ey a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
horiz
onta
l an
d ve
rtica
l lim
bs o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
equa
l le
ngth
, na
rrow
do
rsop
oste
riorl
obes
, and
a sh
ort s
pine
at t
he a
pex
of th
e ve
rtica
l lim
b.
ILV
OLV
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
thic
ker t
han
othe
r co
rego
nids
ILV
OLV
32
Subf
amily
Sal
mon
inae
, con
tinue
d
33
Bro
ok tr
out (
Salv
elin
us fo
ntin
alis
)
Lak
e tr
out (
Salv
elin
us n
amay
cush
)
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
Subf
amily
Sal
mon
inae
, con
tinue
d
Rai
nbow
trou
t (st
eelh
ead)
—M
ichi
gan
stra
in (O
ncor
hync
hus m
ykis
s)
Rai
nbow
trou
t—E
agle
Lak
e st
rain
(Onc
orhy
nchu
s myk
iss)
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
34
Subf
amily
Sal
mon
inae
, con
tinue
d
Chi
nook
salm
on (O
ncor
hync
hus t
scha
wyt
scha
)
Coh
o sa
lmon
(Onc
orhy
nchu
s kis
utch
)
ILV
ILV
OLV OLV
35
Subf
amily
Sal
mon
inae
, con
tinue
d
Atla
ntic
salm
on (S
alm
o sa
lar)
Bro
wn
trou
t (Sa
lmo
trut
ta)
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
36
Fam
ily U
mbr
idae
Cen
tral
mud
min
now
(Um
bra
limi)
Rai
nbow
smel
t (O
smer
us m
orda
x)
Fam
ily O
smer
idae
Larg
e, c
urvi
ng d
orso
post
erio
rlob
e
Not
ch b
etw
een
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e an
d sp
ine
Rai
nbow
smel
t cle
ithra
hav
e ho
rizon
tal a
nd v
ertic
al li
mbs
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y eq
ual l
engt
h, a
larg
e do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe,
and
a lo
ng sp
ine
at th
e ap
ex o
f the
ve
rtica
l lim
b.
Cen
tral m
udm
inno
w c
leith
ra a
re c
hara
cter
ized
by
a la
rge,
cur
ved
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e; lo
ng sp
ine
at th
e ap
ex o
f the
ver
tical
lim
b; a
nd n
otch
bet
wee
n th
e sp
ine
and
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
37
Fam
ily E
soci
dae
Nor
ther
n pi
ke (E
sox
luci
us)
Mus
kellu
nge
(Eso
x m
asqu
inon
gy)
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
larg
er a
nd m
ore
gent
ly
curv
ed th
an in
nor
ther
n pi
ke
Cle
ithra
hav
e lo
ng h
oriz
onta
l lim
bs, s
hort
verti
cal l
imbs
, sm
alld
orso
post
erio
rlo
bes,
and
a sh
ort s
pine
at t
he a
pex
of th
e ve
rtica
l lim
b. N
orth
ern
pike
an
d m
uske
llung
e cl
eith
ra a
re si
mila
r but
can
be
diff
eren
tiate
d by
the
size
and
shap
e of
the
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e.
ILV
OLV
38
Dor
sopo
ster
ior l
obe
smal
ler t
han
in m
uske
llung
eILV
OLV
Fam
ily G
adid
ae
Bur
bot (
Lota
lota
)
Bow
fin (A
mia
cal
va)
Fam
ily A
miid
ae
Tria
ngle
-sha
ped
proc
ess
on d
orso
post
erio
rlob
e
Bow
fin c
leith
ra h
ave
long
hor
izon
tal l
imbs
; sho
rt ve
rtica
l lim
bs; a
nd a
sho
rt, s
tout
spi
ne a
t the
ape
x of
the
verti
cal l
imb.
Cle
ithra
are
sim
ilar
to th
e cl
eith
ra o
f nor
ther
n pi
ke a
nd m
uske
llung
e bu
t hav
e a
prop
ortio
nally
larg
er d
orso
post
erio
rlob
e.
Bur
bot c
leith
ra h
ave
long
hor
izon
tal l
imbs
, sho
rt ve
rtica
l lim
bs, a
nd a
shor
t, st
out s
pine
at t
he a
pex
of th
e ve
rtica
l lim
b. B
urbo
t cle
ithra
hav
e a
trian
gle-
shap
ed p
roce
ss o
n th
e ve
ntra
l sid
e of
the
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e.
ILV
OLV
Nar
row
in m
iddl
e of
cle
ithru
m
ILV
OLV
39
Fam
ily L
epis
oste
idae
40
Lon
gnos
e ga
r (L
epis
oste
us o
sseu
s)
Spot
ted
gar
(Lep
isos
teus
ocu
latu
s)
Gar
cle
ithra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y a
very
larg
e do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe,
shor
t spi
ne a
t the
ape
x of
the
verti
cal l
imb,
and
larg
e la
tera
l she
lf.
Larg
e la
tera
l she
lf
Larg
e do
rsop
oste
riorl
obe
ILV
OLV
DV
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
prop
ortio
nally
sh
orte
r tha
n lo
ngno
se g
arLa
rge
dors
opos
terio
rlob
e
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
lupe
idae
Ale
wife
(Alo
sa p
seud
ohar
engu
s)
Giz
zard
shad
(Dor
osom
a ce
pedi
anum
)
Proc
ess
larg
er th
an in
ale
wife
Dis
tinct
twis
t in
clei
thru
m
Cle
ithra
are
eas
ily d
istin
guis
hed
from
oth
er f
amili
es. T
hey
have
thin
hor
izon
tal a
nd v
ertic
al li
mbs
and
a v
entra
l fol
d in
the
horiz
onta
l lim
b. A
lew
ife
clei
thra
hav
e a
sick
le-s
hape
d pr
oces
s lo
cate
d m
edia
lly. G
izza
rd s
had
also
hav
e a
med
ially
loca
ted
proc
ess,
but i
t is
muc
h la
rger
than
the
sick
le-s
hape
d pr
oces
s of a
lew
ife.
ILV
OLV
41
Sic
kle-
shap
ed p
roce
ssD
istin
ct tw
ist i
n cl
eith
rumIL
VO
LV
Fam
ily Ic
talu
rida
e
Bro
wn
bullh
ead
(Am
eiur
us n
ebul
osus
)
Cha
nnel
cat
fish
(Ict
alur
us p
unct
atus
)
Low
er o
bjec
tion
long
er th
an in
bro
wn
bullh
ead
Thre
e ob
ject
ions
on
verti
cal l
imb
Low
er o
bjec
tion
shor
ter t
han
in c
hann
el c
atfis
h
Cle
ithra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y th
ree
obje
ctio
ns o
n th
e ve
rtica
l lim
b.
ILV
ILV
OLV
OLV
42
Fam
ily C
atos
tom
idae
43
Whi
te su
cker
(Cat
osto
mus
com
mer
soni
i)
Silv
er r
edho
rse
(Mox
osto
ma
anis
urum
)
Cle
ithra
are
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y a
wid
e ho
rizon
tal l
imb
term
inat
ing
in th
ree
obje
ctio
ns. A
dor
sal v
iew
of
the
late
ral s
helf
is h
elpf
ul in
dis
tingu
ishi
ng
betw
een
the
spec
ies w
ithin
this
fam
ily.
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
than
ho
rizon
tal l
imb
ILV
OLV
DV
Thre
e ob
ject
ions
on
horiz
onta
l lim
b
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
atos
tom
idae
, con
tinue
d
44
Lon
gnos
e su
cker
(Cat
osto
mus
cat
osto
mus
)
Nor
ther
n ho
g su
cker
(Hyp
ente
lium
nigr
ican
s)
Hor
izon
tal l
imb
long
er th
an
verti
cal l
imb
ILV
OLV
DV
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
Larg
e ho
ok-li
ke p
roce
ss
ILV
OLV
DV
Fam
ily C
atos
tom
idae
, con
tinue
d
45
Gol
den
redh
orse
(Mox
osto
ma
eryt
hrur
um)
Shor
thea
d re
dhor
se (M
oxos
tom
am
acro
lepi
dotu
m)
ILV
OLV
DV
ILV
OLV
DV
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
Fam
ily C
atos
tom
idae
, con
tinue
d
46
Spot
ted
suck
er (M
inyt
rem
am
elan
ops)
Qui
llbac
k (C
arpi
odes
cypr
inus
)D
V
ILV
OLV
DV
ILV
OLV
DV
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
Out
side
obj
ectio
n ro
unde
d
Hoo
k-lik
e pr
oces
s
Ver
tical
lim
b lo
nger
th
an h
oriz
onta
l lim
b
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES
47
Yel
low
Per
chB
lueg
ill
Pum
pkin
seed
Smal
lmou
th b
ass
Larg
emou
th b
ass
Roc
k ba
ss
Whi
te p
erch
Whi
te p
erch
Blac
k cr
appi
e
Whi
te b
ass
Wal
leye
Wal
leye
Fres
hwat
er d
rum
Wes
tern
ban
ded
killif
ish
Trou
tper
ch
Yel
low
per
ch
Ruf
fe
Thre
espi
ne s
tickl
ebac
k
Broo
k st
ickl
ebac
k
Nin
espi
ne s
tickl
ebac
k
Mot
tled
scul
pin
Slim
y sc
ulpi
n
Rou
nd g
oby
Nor
ther
n lo
gper
ch
Iow
a da
rter
John
ny d
arte
r
48
Dee
pwat
er s
culp
in
Blac
ksid
e da
rter
Strip
ed fa
ntai
l dar
ter
Broo
k si
lver
side
Giz
zard
sha
dA
lew
ife
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
Mim
ic s
hine
r
49
Bras
sy m
inno
wEm
eral
d sh
iner
Gol
den
shin
er
Spot
tail
shin
er
Fath
ead
min
now
Fine
scal
e da
ce
Nor
ther
n re
dbel
ly d
ace
Com
mon
car
p
Cre
ek c
hub
Hor
nyhe
ad c
hub
Red
side
dac
e
Com
mon
shi
ner
Sand
shi
ner
Blac
knos
e sh
iner
Blun
tnos
e m
inno
w
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
50
Emer
ald
shin
erBr
assy
min
now
Gol
den
shin
er
Spot
tail
shin
er
Fath
ead
min
now
Fine
scal
e da
ce
Nor
ther
n re
dbel
ly d
ace
Com
mon
car
p
Cre
ek c
hub
Hor
neyh
ead
chub
Blun
tnos
e m
inno
w
Com
mon
shi
ner
Sand
shi
ner
Mim
ic s
hine
rR
edsi
de d
ace
Blac
knos
e sh
iner
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
51
Coh
o sa
lmon
Brow
n tro
utN
orth
ern
pear
l dac
eN
orth
ern
pear
l dac
e
Lake
trou
t
Broo
k tro
ut
Rai
nbow
trou
t (Ea
gle
Lake
stra
in)
Chi
nook
sal
mon
Atla
ntic
sal
mon
Spla
ke
Gol
dfis
hG
oldf
ish
Rai
nbow
trou
t (M
ichi
gan
stra
in)
Wes
tern
bla
ckno
se d
ace
Long
nose
dac
e
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
52
Nor
ther
n pi
ke
Cen
tral m
udm
inno
w
Long
nose
gar
Kiy
i
Lake
whi
tefis
h
Cis
coB
row
n bu
llhea
d
Mus
kellu
nge
Burb
ot
Bow
fin
Cha
nnel
cat
fish
Rou
nd w
hite
fish
Bloa
ter
Rai
nbow
sm
elt
Sho
rtjaw
cis
co
Spot
ted
gar
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
53
Silv
er re
dhor
se
Whi
te s
ucke
rW
hite
suc
ker
Silv
er re
dhor
se
Long
nose
suc
ker
Long
nose
suc
ker
Nor
ther
n ho
g su
cker
Nor
ther
n ho
g su
cker
Shor
thea
d re
dhor
seSh
orth
ead
redh
orse
Gol
den
redh
orse
Gol
den
redh
orse
Spot
ted
suck
erSp
otte
d su
cker
Qui
llbac
kQ
uillb
ack
CO
MPA
RIS
ON
OF
SIM
ILA
R S
PEC
IES,
con
tinue
d
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
TS
Ther
e ar
e m
any
peop
le w
e w
ould
lik
e to
ack
now
ledg
e an
d th
ank
for
thei
r co
ntrib
utio
ns t
o th
is g
uide
. B
illy
Kei
per
(Lak
e Su
perio
r St
ate
Uni
vers
ity)
help
ed a
naly
ze s
tom
ach
cont
ents
, ide
ntify
cle
ithra
, and
bui
ld o
ur r
efer
ence
col
lect
ion
of f
ish
bone
s. M
ike
Bur
and
Bill
Edw
ards
(U
SGS)
pro
vide
d tra
inin
g on
sto
mac
h an
alys
is a
nd c
leith
rum
iden
tific
atio
n. J
ason
Jon
es (U
SGS)
cre
ated
an
initi
al u
npub
lishe
d gu
ide,
whi
ch w
as
the
impe
tus
for
this
gui
de. M
att P
umfe
ry, J
esse
Com
ben,
and
Sco
tt C
ollin
s as
sist
ed w
ith f
ield
col
lect
ions
. Geo
ff S
tein
hart
assi
sted
with
fis
h id
entif
icat
ion.
The
U.S
. Fi
sh a
nd W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e, J
orda
n R
iver
Nat
iona
l Fi
sh H
atch
ery;
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es a
nd
Envi
ronm
ent (
DN
RE)
, Tho
mps
on, P
latte
Riv
er, a
nd M
arqu
ette
sta
te f
ish
hatc
herie
s; D
ave
Fiel
der;
and
Jim
Joh
nson
pro
vide
d sp
ecim
ens.
Dav
e C
lapp
, Pat
O’N
eill,
Eric
Cris
sman
, Sha
wn
Sita
r and
Kur
t New
man
revi
ewed
the
guid
e. J
ohn
Lyon
s pr
ovid
ed s
ever
al fi
sh p
ictu
res
that
wer
e us
ed
in th
is g
uide
, inc
ludi
ng th
rees
pine
stic
kleb
ack,
reds
ide
dace
, san
d sh
iner
, mim
ic s
hine
r, em
eral
d sh
iner
, and
mus
kellu
nge.
Fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt fo
r pr
intin
g th
e gu
ide
was
pro
vide
d by
the
Gre
at L
akes
Fis
hery
Com
mis
sion
.
RE
FER
EN
CE
SB
ur, M
.T.,
Tinn
irello
, S.L
., Lo
vell,
C.D
., an
d Ty
son,
J.T.
. 199
7. D
iet o
f the
dou
ble-
cres
ted
corm
oran
t in
Wes
tern
Lak
e Er
ie. S
ympo
sium
on
doub
le-c
rest
ed
corm
oran
ts: p
opul
atio
n st
atus
and
man
agem
ent i
ssue
s in
the
Mid
wes
t. U
.S. D
ep. A
gric
. Ani
m. P
lant
Hea
lth In
spec
tion
Serv
. Tec
h. B
ull.
No.
187
9.
Han
sel,
H.C
., D
uke,
S.D
., Lo
fy, P
.T.,
and
Gra
y, G
.A. 1
988.
Use
of d
iagn
ostic
bon
es to
iden
tify
and
estim
ate
orig
inal
leng
ths o
f ing
este
d pr
ey fi
shes
. Tra
ns. A
m.
Fish
. Soc
. 117
: 55-
62.
Har
rison
, E.J.
, and
Had
ley,
W.F
. 197
9. A
com
paris
on o
f the
use
of c
leith
ra to
the
use
of sc
ales
for a
ge a
nd g
row
th st
udie
s. Tr
ans.
Am
. Fis
h. S
oc.1
08: 4
52-4
56.
McM
ahon
, T.E
., an
d Ta
sh, J
.C. 1
979.
Eff
ects
of f
orm
alin
(buf
fere
d an
d un
buff
ered
) and
hyd
roch
loric
aci
d on
fish
oto
liths
. Cop
eia
1979
: 155
-156
.
Pikh
u, E
.K.H
., an
d Pi
khu,
E.R
. 197
0. R
econ
stru
ctio
n of
the
size
s of f
ishe
s sw
allo
wed
by
pred
ator
s fro
m fr
agm
ents
of t
heir
verte
bral
col
umn.
J. Ic
hthy
ol. 1
0:
706-
709.
Scha
rf, F
.S.,
Yet
ter,
R.M
., Su
mm
ers,
A.P
., an
d Ju
anes
, F. 1
998.
Enh
anci
ng d
iet a
naly
ses o
f pis
civo
rous
fish
es in
the
Nor
thw
est A
tlant
ic th
roug
h id
entif
icat
ion
and
reco
nstru
ctio
n of
orig
inal
pre
y si
zes f
rom
inge
sted
rem
ains
.Fis
h. B
ull.
96: 5
75-5
88.
54
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS
February 1993 What's next? The prediction and management of exotic species in the Great Lakes (report of the 1991 workshop). E.L. Mills, J.H. Leach, C.L. Secor, and J.T. Carlton. 22 p.
August 1993 A survey of fish-community and habitat goals/objectives/targets and status in Great Lakes areas of concern. J.H. Hartig. 95 p.
August 1993 Toward integrating remedial-action and fishery-management planning in Great Lakes areas of concern. J.H. Hartig. 34 p
September 1994 Walleye-rehabilitation guidelines for the Great Lakes area. P.J. Colby, C.A. Lewis, R.L. Eshenroder, R.C. Haas, L.J. Hushak. 112 p.
April 1996 A lake trout restoration plan for Lake Superior. M.J. Hansen [ED.]. 34 p.
August 1998 A lake trout rehabilitation guide for Lake Huron. M.P. Ebener [ED.]. 48 p.
2003-01 A rehabilitation plan for walleye populations and habitats in Lake Superior. M.H. Hoff [ED.]. 22 p.
2003-02 A lake sturgeon rehabilitation plan for Lake Superior. N.A. Auer [ED.]. 28 p.
2003-03 A brook trout rehabilitation plan for Lake Superior. L.E. Newman, R.B. DuBois, and T.N. Halpern [EDS]. 40 p.
2006-01 A mid-decade review of progress under a “strategic vision of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission for the first decade of the new millennium.” 45 p.
2006-02 Application of a dichotomous key to the classification of sea lamprey marks on Great Lakes fish. Ebener, M.P., E.L. King, Jr., T.A. Edsall. 22 p.
2007-01 A joint strategic plan for management of Great Lakes fisheries. Great Lakes Fishery Commission [ED.]. 28 p.
2007-02 Application of a dichotomous key to the classification of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus marks on lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Patrick, H.K., T.M. Sutton, and W.D. Swink. 24 p.
2008-01 A guide for the rehabilitation of lake trout in Lake Michigan. Bronte, C.R., C.C. Krueger, M.E. Holey, M.L. Toneys, R.L. Eshenroder, and J.L. Jonas. 40 p.
2008-02 A strategic plan for the rehabilitation of lake trout in Lake Erie, 2008-2020. Markham, J.L., Cook, A., MacDougall, T., Witzel, L. Kayle, K., Murray, M., Fodale, M., Trometer, E., Neave, F., Fitzsimons, J. Francis, J. Stapanian, M. 42 p.
2010-01 Genetic Guidelines for the Stocking of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Great Lakes Basin. Amy B. Welsh, Robert F. Elliott, Kim T. Scribner, Henry R. Quinlan, Edward A. Baker, Bradley T. Eggold, J. Marty Holtgren, Charles C. Krueger, and Bernie May. 62 p.
Cover photograph of a yellow perch cleithrum provided by D. Traynor.