USING GPS MOBILE HAND-HELD COMPUTERS AND GIS TOOLS TO MONITOR AND MANAGE THE AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE

SANCTUARY OF BOJE DISTRICT, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: AN E-READINESS ASSESSMENT REPORT

BY

UCHE OKPARA (B.AgRiC (NigERiA); m.sC (gREENwiCH)

Department of Agricultural EconomicsUniversity of Nigeria

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Afi Conservation Partners are in charge of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

(AMWS) Conservation Project within the Boje District. They are initiating two flexible,

portable and user-friendly technologies that allow local users with low literacy levels to

record GPS referenced natural resource related data using ‘touch-screen’ hand-held

computers. Data collated would be uploaded on a GIS platform for mapping and analysis

and for subsequent use in managing the biodiversity assets of the Sanctuary. These two

ICTs (that is, GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools) have been used in

Cameroon and Congo Brazzaville to monitor and manage natural resources of national

importance. Their use in the AMWS project is expected to address the serious human and

environmental threats facing the enormous natural resource base of the Sanctuary. But

how e-ready is Boje District to allow the full penetration and use of these technologies?

What type of environment does the District offer in terms of ICT use generally? How e-

ready are the stakeholders to use these technologies? What are the actual use and benefits

of these technologies? Using a synthesised combination of the e-readiness methodologies

proposed by the Harvard University’s Center for International Development (CID), the

Computer Systems Policy Project’s (CSPP) Readiness Guide for Living in the

Networked-World and the Networked Readiness Index (NRI) in the Global Information

Technology Report, the above e-readiness questions were adequately answered in this

report. Evidence from this study revealed that the District is generally not e-ready going

by its remote location, lack of ICT infrastructure and the poor socio-economic status of

the local populace. Mobile telecommunication may have penetrated the area but internet

access is non-existent except at the local district forestry office managed by the Afi

Partners. The Afi Conservation Partners are e-ready to use the technologies but they face

the enormous challenge of carrying the local communities along. The people have to be

trained and motivated to take leverage of the ICT potentials. ICT infrastructure and

enough funding are required to ensure sustainable use of the technologies for monitoring

and managing the resources of the AMWS.

1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 General Overview

The use and promotion of ICTs as instruments for environmental monitoring and

management and the sustainable use of natural resources are critical issues of global

concern today (ITU, 2008). ICTs application for natural resource monitoring and

management fall under the category known as ‘e-environment’ and ‘e-agriculture’ (Clark,

2006). ICTs are essential to our understanding of the distribution of natural resources and

our ability to deal with environmental changes. The rapid diffusion of advanced

broadband internet networks and deployment of web-based services are transforming the

way natural resource studies, research and decision-making are carried out globally.

Today, new technologies such as geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing

and global positioning systems (GPS) alongside mobile telephone technologies have

become the most important tools supporting natural resource monitoring, protection and

management projects (ITU, 2008; Carmen et al., 2010).

However, several rural communities whose livelihoods revolve around the resources of

nature do not have the capacity to take advantage of these technologies. This is the case

with most developing countries in Africa and Asia (Obijiofor et al., 2005). In Nigeria for

example, the ICT sector has been growing tremendously since the 1999 deregulation of

the sector by the Nigerian government. Mobile telecommunication lines increased from

500,000 lines to an unprecedented 10 million lines between 2003 and 2008 (NDG, 2008).

Telecommunication and allied services such as internet are now accessible in most big

cities. The vast majority of private internet users access the internet through internet cafes

while others do so through dial-up facilities, and a small percentage made up of mostly

corporate bodies and government officials through VSAT link-up provided by Internet

Service Providers (Gerrard et al., 2009).

ICT penetration is high in Cross River State’s urban areas, but the situation in rural areas

is a big concern (Akinsola et al., 2005). Among the rural populace, internet access is

practically non-existent; most people do not know what it is (NDG, 2008). ‘Early ICTs’

like radio and television broadcasting, as well as the print media are the effective means

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to reach the rural people and pass across useful information. Poverty, illiteracy and other

socio-economic constraint limit the wide spread of ICTs in rural communities. Awareness

of ICT use in natural resource monitoring and management is also generally low (ITU,

2008).

E-readiness assessment has become a useful tool to evaluate the breadth and depth of ICT

penetration in an area, especially in terms of availability and accessibility of ICT

infrastructure for natural resource monitoring and management among other related

issues of concern (Dutta et al., 2003).

This report is therefore designed with the main objective of assessing the state of ICT

infrastructure in Boje Local District in terms of the readiness of the rural populace,

forestry officials, conservation groups and relevant stakeholders within the district to use

GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS (Google EarthTM or ESRI’s ArcView)

technologies to monitor and manage resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary

(AMWS) and plan for future development of the Sanctuary. These ICT types have been

identified by the Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and Helveta Limited as the best

tools for monitoring and protecting the AMWS, and they have been introduced to the Afi

Conservation Partners (FFI, 2007). This report, in other words, sought to find out how

prepared the Boje District is to use these two technologies through an e-readiness

assessment study.

1.2 Background on the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary Conservation Project

The AMWS is located at the northern part of Cross River State, Nigeria, within the

rainforest block in Boje District, in the border region of southeast Nigeria and southwest

Cameroon (within Lat. 60 N and Long. 80 E) (FAO, 2009). This region is an international

biodiversity ‘hotspot’ and was identified as one of West Africa’s three ‘deforestation

hotspots’ (Darwin Initiative, 2004). The Sanctuary is home to the Cross River Gorillas

(Gorrilla gorilla diehli) recognised as the rarest and most endangered sub-species of

gorillas with a total population of about 250 and covering an area of over 8,500 hectares

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(Imong et al., 2008). It is also inhabited by the most endangered sub-species of

Chimpanzees in West Africa and the drills.

Figure 1: Map of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (North) location in Boje DistrictSource: http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/crossr.html

The Afi mountain was gazetted as a wildlife sanctuary in 2000 specifically for the

conservation of gorillas and it is managed by the Cross River State Forest Commission

(CRSFC), with support from a ‘partnership’ of conservation NGOs made up of the Fauna

and Flora International (FFI), Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), the Wildlife

Conservation Society (WCS) and the Pandrillus Foundation (Dunn, 2005). The local

economy around the Sanctuary is based upon agriculture and locally available natural

resources. Farming and hunting are major occupations of the fairly large local population.

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The AMWS conservation project was born out of the need to stop the multi-faceted,

human-induced threats (poaching, agricultural encroachment and bush fire) that beset the

survival of the gorillas and other species, as well as the desire to protect the biodiversity

integrity of the natural resources on which indigenous communities depend (FFI, 2007).

The project, known as the ‘Multi-stakeholder Forest Monitoring Scheme’, has been on

since 2007. It is expected to aid previous conservation works at Afi and help initiate the

use of ICTs to create accurate natural resource data about the area which will be used for

sustainable management of the Wildlife Sanctuary (Pandrillus Foundation, 2008).

Figure 2: Afi Mountain Canopy Walkways built for touristsSource: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=890206 (copied from the original source which is pandrillus.org).

1.3 Use of GPS Mobile Hand-held Computers and GIS technologies in AMWS

With the recognition of the benefits of ICTs in natural resource monitoring and

management, the Afi Conservation Partners are creating an information management

system that incorporates the use of hand-held computers enabled with GPS receivers,

along side GIS tools (for data output) to gather accurate natural resource data for the area

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and create a GPS-mapped forest resource inventory (depicting legal and illegal natural

resource use, tree and animal distribution and species details among others) (T4CD,

2006). The approach is expected to support the sustainable management of the Wildlife

Sanctuary by transforming the capacity of local stakeholders and communities to monitor

and protect the natural resources in the area. This innovation is situated within the

Helveta’s CI EarthTM Technology Suite (FFI, 2007).

Figure 3: Example of Forest Community Monitoring in Cameroun (similar innovation is being introduced in the AMWS) Source: Helveta (2009).

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2. E-READINESS ASSESSMENT

2.1 Concept and Approach

This assessment is based on desk research from on-line published reports on ICT related

issues especially with regards to ICT status, extent of use and application in developing

countries. From the perspective of this report, e-readiness is conceptualised as the degree

of preparation of Boje district to participate in and benefit from the use of specialised

GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools for monitoring and managing the

resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS). The approach employed is

based on a synthesis of the methodologies proposed by the Harvard University’s Center

for International Development (CID), the Computer Systems Policy Project’s (CSPP)

Readiness Guide for Living in the Networked-World and the Networked Readiness Index

(NRI) in the Global Information Technology Report (CSPP, 2001; Dutta et al., 2003;

Brigdes.org, 2005; CID, 2006). The assessment indicators that are considered to best

capture the e-readiness status of the area are in the broad categories of: 1) the

environment for ICTs offered by Boje District, 2) the readiness of the Stakeholders to use

ICTs and 3) the actual use and benefit of ICTs among the Stakeholders in monitoring and

managing the resources of the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary.

2.2 The Environment for ICTs Use offered by Boje District and the Afi Partners

To assess the conduciveness of the environment the district provides for the use of GPS

mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools would require an evaluation of the area based

on the below parameters:

-availability of ICT infrastructure,

-network connectivity (speed, quality)

-access to technologies/networks (pricing, affordability)

-legal and regulatory framework

-constancy of power supply

-availability of trained ICT workforce or local expertise

-level of public awareness and general literacy level

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Based on the above parameters, Boje District currently enjoys mobile telecommunication

infrastructure provided by MTN Nigeria, Zain Mobile and Globacom Mobile. Each of

these private companies has base stations, masts and alternative power sources (to make

up for epileptic power supply) installed across the district. About half of the populace

have access to cellular phones. Local call centers are wide spread and local calls are

reasonably affordable. But internet networks and services are non-existent. Public cyber

cafes that are usually found everywhere in urban centers are absent in the district. Internet

infrastructure can only be found within the district headquarter. Policies encourage ICT

use, but implementation is weak. The rural telephony scheme introduced by the Nigerian

government to facilitate public enlightenment messages and awareness campaign is yet to

reach the district. Majority of the local people live average lives and are mostly illiterate

with little awareness of the benefits of computers, e-mails or the internet. Local ICT

expertise is lacking.

With the initiation of the use of ICTs in Afi Forest monitoring and management, the Afi

Conservation Partners as well as the local authority are beginning to confront these set-

backs. The AMWS monitoring center located within the forestry office of the Boje

District Headquarter is equipped with desk computers which are connected to a central

server in the Cross River State Headquarter in Calabar (FFI, 2007). Natural resource

based data collected by trained local rangers and local communities from the Sanctuary

are uploaded on the desk computers (with GIS tools installed) and analysed by locally

trained conservation ICT experts. Maps are created, boundaries delineated and key flora

and fauna species are identified based on their activities and distributions. Information on

the maps is shared online by all authorised users involved in the forest and wildlife

management process (Helveta, 2010). Access is open only at the district forestry office to

traditional rulers and local communities who are interested in knowing what is happening

in the Sanctuary. The ICTs in use here allow for two-way mobile phone communication

between users with hand-held units. GPS locations/tracking of species are sent as SMS

messages. Data management and information sharing are also facilitated (FFI, 2007).

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2.3 Readiness of the District’s Key Stakeholders to Use the ICTs

The readiness of the district measures the capability of the principal agents in the

monitoring task to leverage the potential of the ICTs. Does the local populace possess the

relevant skills for ICT use? Do the members of the ‘Afi Conservation Partnership’

possess the financial capability and the technical know-how to practically ensure

sustainability in the use of the ICTs to monitor and manage the AMWS? What is the state

of the local government usage of ICT for its own services and processes? These are

bogging questions at the root of the use of ICTs for AMWS conservation project.

2.3.1 Local People’s Readiness

Among the local populace, lack of ICT specialised training, low level education and

inadequate public awareness of the possibilities of ICTs and internet are observable

barriers to network development in the area. There are no specialised institutions on

forestry management to train large number of the local people on the use of the ICTs.

Schools are few and not well equipped. ICT training is generally non-existent in schools.

What is only available is the practical and empirical aspects of specialised ICT training

for ‘selected few individuals’. These are mainly forest rangers and few local youths who

are recruited by the forestry management and trained on how to use the GPS mobile

hand-held computers, and also on how to read and analyse maps displayed on a GIS

ArcView or Google EarthTH plateforms (FFI, 2007).

Figure 4: A trained young man using the GPS hand-held device

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2.3.2 Afi Partners Readiness to Implement and Use the Technologies

The Afi Conservation Partners are made up of the Cross River State Forest Commission

(CRSFC), the Fauna and Flora International (FFI), the Nigerian Conservation Foundation

(NCF), the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Pandrillus Foundation. These

partners are the ‘brain’ and ‘mind’ behind the use of ICTs in the conservation of the

AMWS. They aim to provide affordable and useable ICTs, reliable alternative electricity

supply, reliable and up-to-date infrastructure and connectivity which address the overall

reliability of infrastructure for the conservation project (FFI, 2007). Internet access

available for use is through VSAT and dial-up access. Broadband, high speed access is

not well developed in Nigeria.

Figure 5: Training Local Forest Rangers to use the technology. (Source: Helveta (2009))

According to Helveta (2008), the Afi Partners in collaboration with the district authority

are e-ready to use the monitoring technologies. The partners have developed capacity to:

a) collate and report data gathered in the field from multiple sources, b) improve accuracy

of information through GPS data gathering at a reduced data turn around time, c) provide

better visibility and knowledge of forest resources to the public and d) improve the

operational capacity of the protection and monitoring team in managing the biodiversity

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assets within the sanctuary. The challenges that need to be tackled include limited

knowledge of the enormous biodiversity assets of the Sanctuary, lack of effective

strategies to train and engage as much local resource users as possible and the constraint

of inadequate human and financial resources (Helveta, 2008).

2.3.3 State and Local Government Readiness

The Cross River State Government (CRSG) and the Boje Local Authorities (BLA) are

big stakeholders in the Afi Conservation Project. By providing incentives (such as

funding) and reforming forest management laws and regulations, these groups have

created a favourable environment for ICT projects that are progress related. Government

portals that accommodate the activities within the AMWS are being developed. Under its

‘Computer for all Riverians Initiative’, the CRSG has distributed over 500 brand new

computers to encourage ICT literacy among its workers (Inyang, 2010). E-government is

becoming a possibility and transparency in forest monitoring is being encouraged.

Internet connectivity across the entire state is in the offing, concentration is only within

the urban centers at the moment. There is no installation of network infrastructure in all

administrative building yet. Implementation of intranet and development of ICT-

knowlegeable staff are still at their infancy.

Figure 6: e-monitoring platform provided within the district’s forestry office at Boje.

Source: Helveta (2008).

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2.4 Actual Use and Benefits of the ICTs among the Stakeholders

A measure of the level of impacts or expected impacts that the introduced ICTs will have

on the AMWS monitoring and management project are numerous. Drawing references

from similar projects in Cameroun and Congo Brazzaville, the accessibility of these

technologies is expected to address the serious human and environmental threats facing

the Afi Sanctuary (Helveta, 2009). The hunting, logging and farming behaviours of the

local people would change as they become more aware of ICT use in monitoring their

resources. This would also facilitate the eco-tourism potentials of the sanctuary and

generate financial resources for the district for socio-economic development of the

communities and sustainable protection of the Sanctuary.

Figure 7: Captured data exported onto a GIS Google EarthTM platform for monitoring

Source: Helveta (2009).

2.5 Scoring Boje District for E-Readiness (A Desk Research Estimate)

The table below computes and scores Boje District for e-readiness based on identified e-

readiness indictors and specific contributory parameters. Estimate is drawn from personal

knowledge of the area and relevant ICT literature works on Nigeria.

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Table 1: e-readiness score for Boje District

E-ReadinessIndicators

ContributoryParameters

Low

(1)

Medium (2) High (3) Score

a) The ICTs use environment offered by Boje District

ICT infrastructure(internet)

Mobile Phone Network(connectivity) in %

Mobile Phone Network(access) in %

Policies and laws

Power Supply (daily avail.in hours)

Public Awareness (in %)

ICT Literacy Rate(male and female mean, %)

Non

0-40

0-40

Hostile

0-3

0-40

0-40

Dial-up

40-60

40-60

Friendly

3-9

40-60

40-60

Broadband orWireless60-100

60-100

Excellent

9-24

60-100

60-100

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

b) Readiness of the Stakeholders

c) Actual Useand Benefits

Local People’s Readiness(poor, illiterate, no access)

Afi Partners Readiness(literate,ICTexpertise,funding, personnel, equipment)

Local leaders/gov. Readiness(on-line facilities, office, fundpersonnel motivation)

Knowledge of use and benefitamong local people

Knowledge of use and benefitAmong Afi Partners

Knowledge of use and benefitAmong district leaders

Low

Low

Medium

High

High

High

1

3

3

1

3

2

Computation: Maximum total score obtainable: 13x 3 = 39 Maximum e-readiness score obtained = 21 E-readiness assessment (in %) = 21/39 x 100 = 53.84 = 54%

Also from the table:1) Assessment of the environment for ICTs use offered = 38%2) Assessment of e-readiness of the stakeholders = 78%3) Assessment of knowledge of actual use and benefits = 67%

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3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

E-readiness in the context of this study is conceptualised as a measure of the capacity and

readiness of Boje District to use GPS mobile hand-held computers and GIS tools to

monitor and manage the resources of the richly endowed Afi Mountain Wildlife

Sanctuary. These technologies have been identified by the Afi Conservation Partners as

ideal for gathering data, and checking and analysing them on a GIS platform for

sustainable management of natural wildlife and forestry resources.

Three key e-readiness assessment indicators were employed in the study. The result

shows that the general environment offered by the district in terms of available ICT

infrastructure, access, connectivity, literacy level and power supply is below what is

required to jump-start and sustain the use of the identified technologies. E-readiness

assessment score for ICT environment is a meager 38%. Also, the e-readiness assessment

of the key stakeholders in the conservation project reveals that the Afi Partners and the

District leaders are ready to use the technologies. Majority of the local people are

backward. The stakeholders’ e-readiness score is 78%. Furthermore, knowledge of the

actual use and benefits of the technology is highest among the Afi Partners than the other

stakeholders. E-readiness assessment for actual use and benefits overall is 67%. Finally,

the summary computation of the e-readiness status of the district to use the two

technologies is 54%. This shows that the area generally is a little above average in its

readiness status.

To achieve e-readiness objectives, the District leaders and the Afi Partners should strive

to acquire full knowledge of the enormous biodiversity assets of the sanctuary and

organise, on a consistent basis, training classes for as much local resource users as

possible on the potentialities of the use of the ICTs in managing their resources. The state

government should provide incentives to install necessary ICT infrastructure, upgrade

power supply, initiate ICT in local schools and embrace e-government fully. The Afi

Partners should create an effective portal for e-monitoring and e-administration of the

sanctuary and show commitment in carrying other stakeholders along.

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