ict-enhanced collaboration: promise and potential wayne lutters nsf, cise/iis/hcc umbc, college of...
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ICT-enhanced Collaboration: Promise and Potential
Wayne Lutters
NSF, CISE/IIS/HCCUMBC, College of Engineering & IT
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The Information Age
Explosive growth of information technology in response to core business problems.
How to…
• coordinate large, diverse workforce distributed across the planet?
• handle the complexity of regional, national, global expansion?
• manage vast quantities of information?• organize, store and retrieve that information efficiently?• orchestrate increased network communication?• survive in the face of ever rising communication expectations?
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1911
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The Information Age
typesetting
filing cabinets
telephone
photography
hole punch
3-ring binders
index cards
typewriter
telegraph
paper clip
ball point pen
fountain pen
card catalogue
facsimile machine
books
stencilpencil
transparency
staple
radio
binder clip
adhesive tape
tabbed folder
routing sheet
chalk board
cork board
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Fundamentals of Collaboration• .
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Fundamentals of Collaboration• Communication (state)• Information exchange (transformation)• Coordinated activity (explicit)• Awareness (implicit)
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Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J, Rein, G.L. (1991) "Groupware: Some Issues and Experiences", Communications of the ACM, Volume 34, Issue 1 (January 1991), 38-58.
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Face-to-FaceInteraction
SynchronousDistributedInteraction
AsynchronousDistributedInteraction
AsynchronousInteraction
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Petroski, Henry. (1996). Invention by Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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So, what’s really different now in 2007?• .
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GDSS rooms Collaborative editors
Smart rooms
Desktop conferencing Media spaces
Instant messaging Awareness tools
E-mail Org. memory systems
Cooperative hypertext (wiki)Calendaring / scheduling
Message boards Workflow systems
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Physical and Digital Design for Fluid Collaboration (Edwards, et al., Georgia Tech), 2007
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Designing and Evaluating Ambient-Tangible Displays for Collaboration (Dourish, UC-Irvine), 2007
Pyramid Nimios, in their inactive and active states.
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CSCW
SociologyPsychology
ComputerScience
IndustrialEngineering
HumanPerception
SocialPsychology
CognitiveAnthropology
CognitivePsychology
Software Engineering
HumanFactors
ArtificialIntelligence
GraphicDesign
Ergonomics
InformationScience
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Grudin, Jonathan. (1994) "Groupware and social dynamics: eight challenges for developers", Communications of the ACM, Volume 37, Issue 1 (January 1994), 92-105.
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Socio-Technical Systems• Understanding that collaborative systems emerge from
– social systems (individual, group, organization, culture)– technical systems (application, architecture, infrastructure)– dynamic interplay between them, situated in a particular context
• Context of interaction is critical.
• Socio-technical design circle.
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Sample CSCW Research Themes• Communication through artifacts• Coordination / concurrency control• Exception handling• WYSIWIS• Shared context / common ground• Awareness• Group dynamics• Roles and norm formation• Privacy• Official processes, conventions, and routine work-arounds• Immersion, “place-ness”
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Sample CSCW Design Insights• Disparity in work and benefit• Critical mass• Disruption of social processes (culture/norms)• Exception handling (work arounds)• Unobtrusive accessibility (seamless integration)• Difficulty of evaluation • Failure of intuition in design• Adoption process (need to manage)
Grudin, Jonathan. (1994) "Groupware and social dynamics: eight challenges for developers", Communications of the ACM, Volume 37, Issue 1 (January 1994), 92-105.
Corporate Calendaring
System
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Sample CSCW Design Insights• Social activity is fluid, nuanced, and highly contextual.
– Provide as much freedom in the system as technically possible, rely instead on fostering social control mechanisms.
Ackerman, M.S. The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The Gap Between Social Requirements and Technical Feasibility. Human-Computer Interaction, 2000, 15(2&3), 179-204.
• Members of organizations have differing/multiple goals.– Acknowledge conflict in coordination.
• Exceptions are routine in all work.– Do not force rigid, rationalized models on work practice.
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Sample CSCW Design Insights• Negotiating and renegotiating norms of use.
– Design in backchannel communication functions.
Ackerman, M.S. The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The Gap Between Social Requirements and Technical Feasibility. Human-Computer Interaction, 2000, 15(2&3), 179-204.
• Co-evolution, users adapt to system and adapt system to needs.– Provide flexibility for future appropriate and modification.
• Balance conflicting needs for awareness and privacy.– Do not assume universal defaults, leave user configurable.
• Value in making intermediary work visible to others.– Make consequences visible to users, informed trade-off.
• Organizational incentives are critical.– System must align with motivations for users.
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Collaborative Virtual Environments
Communications Research Group @ Nottingham (UK): http://www.crg.cs.nott.ac.uk/
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So, what about…?