!"#$%&'( * !(+%",-+".-/+ 0 1234"1".-/+ 12' 5&2'( 62,"5 !74(#-21"125 12' 5&2'( 42'28"+%25 2+ -+32+-24$" !9&2+%25 12 .(+%",-+".-/+ 12 '(5 5&2'(5 !:2,21-".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 .(+%",-+"1(5 !;4(5-/+ 0 12525%"?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ W 74(#-21"125 M$5-."5 ;5%4&.%&4" B4423'( 25#".-"' 12 '"5 #"4%$.&'"5 #4-,"4-"5 2+ "3423"1(5 ( %244(+25 >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ S !"#$%& () $(*+,$%-(. (. +(/# &+,$# !"4".%24$5%-."5 M$5-."5X2+5-1"1>?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KI 62U%&4"724,2"?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KK 74(#-21"125 ]&$,-."5 !(,#(5-.-/+ >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KG 74(#-21"125 ?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KH GL 9&2+%25 12 .(+%",-+".-/+ 12 '(5 5&2'(5 >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KJ !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 9&2+%25 +"%&4"'25 `-2a (M "+ 24%-(+ .('&,+ M4(, !Z"-%^+ `('."+(\ !Z-'2\ #Z(%(34"#Z21 (+ C"0 GN\ GIIWL 6Z2 ."'124" -5 "?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ K* !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 ;U#'(%".-(+25 ,-+24"5 >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KN !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 !(+%",-+".-/+ #(4 +1&5%4-"5 >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KW !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 !",-+(5 0 ."442%24"5 >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ KS !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 !(+%",-+".-/+ #(4 2U.25( 12 5"'25 d"'-+-1"1 2+ 1-5%-+%"5 M&2+%25 12 "3&" 12 4-23( 2+ !Z-'2 024681012!"#$%" &'()%* +, . /(01 "%2 +3(4" +$" . $56"57 8("9#$ $0#"1 (" :"5$#/$ :"65$Fuente de AguaConductividad elctrica (dS m-1)B1"#%"1( 12 !"4?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ GI !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 !(+%",-+".-/+ #(4 425-1&(5 2 Z-14(."4?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ GK !(+%",-+".-/+ 12 5&2'(5 g4?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ GG 9 2.2 Historical Development of UrbanizationThe described context that soils function as records of urban development was alsofoundoutsideofEurope.InNanjing(China)withapopulationof5,300,000 soils were sampled at every 5 cm for heavy metal determination purposes. Charcoal fromseverallayerswasfoundanddatedusing 14Ctorecognizearchaeological horizonstermedculturallayers. Allculturallayersstartedabout1,700yearsago above the original loess indicated high concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn but not of Co, Cr and Ni. The lead content varied from 100 mg kg1 to more than 2,000 mg kg1, Cu varied from about 100 mg kg1 to more than 5,000 mg kg1, Zn from 70 mg kg1 to morethan2,000mgkg1.Therewereseveralhistoricalperiodsinwhichheavy metals accumulated, such as ancient ore smelting and use of materials containing heavy metals for handicraft manufacture. It was concluded that the source of Pb in culturallayersmightcomefromleadoresofformertimes.Similarinterpretation was made related to copper and zinc (Zhang et al. 2005a).In the vicinity of areas with long-term metal mining processes the accumulation of metals in soils can reach the highest levels by far. Such historical accumulation areas are, for example, in Eastern Turkey (Ergani Maden Copper Mine close to the riverTigris),wherecopperwasextracted9,000yearsago.Otherexamplesof ancient mining activities like the copper ore mining and smelting regions of Iran, Iraq and Israel were reported. In the Bronze Age, 4,600 years ago, tin and copper were extracted and smelted together with charcoal. Later on, 2,000 years ago, iron smelting became widespread. The metal extraction activities reached their peak in Romantimesintheformofweaponmanufacturing(bronze,iron)aswellasthe productionofmorepeacefulthingssuchasornaments(copper,gold,silver), plumbing and coffins (lead), coinage (bronze), etc. Moreover, some minerals were usedaspigmentsinordertocolourceramicsandglass(cobalt,nickel).Thesoil contamination derived from historical ore mining processes, however, was usually limited to the small-scale sites of extraction and processing (Evans 2005).The different sources of contaminants which are deposited onto the soil surface have an impact on the long-term contaminant uptake of long living plants like old Table2.2Heavymetalcontent(mgkg1)indeposited,culturallayersofasoilprolein downtownMoscowassociatedwiththeperiodoftimeofdepositing(DatafromStroganova et al. 1998)Depth, cm CenturyAs,mg kg1Cr,mg kg1Cu,mg kg1Ni,mg kg1Pb,mg kg1Zn,mg kg1025 Beginning of the 20th74 98 197 24 1,321 1,5522570 18th19th 36 90 149 29 242 19270100 18th 16 61 88 24 103 151100115 18th 13 50 64 12 146 128115145 17th18th 25 92 43 23 152 107145160 17th 33 92 80 28 265 256160170 17th 16 83 83 35 55 134170195 17th 18 91 81 36 54 104195220 16th 15 81 359 29 89 398Metal extraction method: HNO3>?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ GH Bonomelli, Bonilla, Valenzuela y Saavedra. Simiente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g+-8245"' d(-' E(55 ;]&"%-(+ Y:gdE;[ ;.&".-/+ g+-8245"' 12 7^41-1" 12 d&2'( :28-5"1" >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ JH !"#$%&'('$%$ $*( +,*(# -. / 0123 44235 !"#+'67 89"$'$% $* +,*(# -. /%23 %:#235 ;?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ J* >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ JN Table 6.2. Sample computation of erosvity EI30 for an individual stormTime (hrs:min)Duration of interval (minutes)Cumulative rain depth (mm)Rainfall in interval (mm)Intensity (mm/h) Unit energy (MJ/ha*mm )Energy in interval (MJ/ha)4:00 0.04:20 20 1.3 1.3 3.8 0.137 0.174:27 7 3.0 1.8 15.2 0.230 0.414:36 9 8.9 5.8 38.9 0.281 1.644:50 13 26.7 17.8 82.1 0.290 5.154:57 3 30.5 3.8 76.2 0.290 1.105:05 8 31.8 1.3 9.5 0.194 0.255:15 10 31.8 0.0 0.0 0.081 0.005:30 20 33.0 1.3 3.8 0.137 0.17Total 90 33 8.900,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 4:004:144:284:434:575:125:265:40 Cumulative rainfall (mm) Time (h, min) 7'(%%-+3 .&,&'"%-82 4"-+M"'' M(4 %Z2 5%(4, "5 -''&5%4"%21 -5 Z2'#M&' M(4 12%24,-+-+3 ,"U-,&, HIR,-+&%2 4"-+M"''L 6Z2 ",(&+% (M 4"-+M"'' -5 GWLV ,, M(4 %Z2 HI ,-+&%25 a-%Z %Z2 ,(5% 4"-+M"''\ aZ-.Z 3-825 "+ -+%2+5-%0 (M *VLJ ,,QZ M(4 >HIL6Z2 24(5-8-%0 M(4 %Z2 5%(4, -5 WLSI CjQZ" m *VLJ ,,QZ n *KKLS Cjm,,QYZ"mZ[L d",#'2 .(,#&%"%-(+ (M 24(58-%0 ;>HI M(4 "+ -+1-8-1&"' 5%(4, >?@;?>;:AB BCD>;?6BE >!FGHIJ JV o n pG\K qKIRJ CK\KJ YKG r Cb[ s H\G* Y5 r G[ s G\* Y# r H[tQYKII"V\*S[

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