ice and teaperature studt•• workshop - arlis. · pdf filesusitna ~ydroelectric...
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Ice and Teapera t ure Stud t •• WorkshopHay 15, 1984
Agenda and Schedule
(8: )0)
(8:4~)
(9:00)
I.
II.
Introduction
Overview of Ice a nd Tempe ra tur. A. a•••ment Prog ra.
DISCUSS ION
(9:)0) Ill.
(10: 10)
(10: ~O)
(11:00) IV.
(11:)0)
(12:00)
Ina t ream Tempe r a t ure PredictionsA. Reaervoir Conditiona8. In atr . a. Tempera tur. Cond i t ioneC. Side Slou,h Tempe ratur. Condi t ions
DI SCUSSION
BREAK
Dev.lo~nt of Temperature Cr l t e r t a fo r Fishery ~.e• •aentA. Field St udt •• of In stre•• K.bltat (T.-peratur.)
Relat lon_hlp.B. Ltterature Review and L.boratory Studt••
DI SCUSSION
LUNCH
(I: 00)
(I: 20)
(2:00)
():OO)
V.
VI .
DISCUSSION
In etree. Ice Predictions and Ana lyataA. Natur.l Inatr••• Ice Condi t ione
1. Physical Proc•••••2. Fiahery R.blta t Inv.a t t •• t l ona
8. Wi t h Proj ect lna t r••• lee Pred ic t ion.C. lee Aa••••.ent Approach
DISCUSSION
S~ry " Announce-nu
Pre••ntation. vill b. brief; oppor tunity vlll be provided for an~rln.
quea tiona .fter each pr••entatlon. Lonler dt.cuaa lon period. follow.ach wo rkahop .ee-ent .
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SUSITNA INSTREAM TEMPERATUREAND ICE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
INSTREAM TEMPERATURE SIMULATlONSRESOPS
+D'fRESM
+I SNTEMP I
I I
BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA
Susitna LiteratureFlelcl Studies Rwiew
LaboratoryStudies
Biol09ical Response to Temperaturej j
Instream Temperature EffectsI a., Susitna Fishery Resources
OfICECAL+
Pre- and With-ProjectIce Conditions 1 ....... 1 I
PhysicaI/MechcJrjcaI o-toPP;1l9 I V;!L...- - ----------JAnchor Ice !ThermoO
NaturalIce
Dynamics
Mainstem vs. Side S10U9h
Flow and T~tureRelationships
Predicted Pre-and Witt,-Project Instream Temperaturelnler Cokl-AIIQ.-Warm Meteorol09Yand Ulw-Avg.-Hi9h Flaw Conditions I
iii i
Instream Ice Physical Effectson Susitna Fish«y Resources
AEIDC May 1984
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SUSITNA ~YDROELECTRIC PROJECT
TASK 42RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE AND ICE STUDY
Introduction.
o Re.ervoir outflow temperature ••
a Watan. only (1996 and 2001 d.m.nd5)~
o Watana/Devil Canyon (2002 and 2020 demands).
o Ca•• C operating condition (Aug. min 0 • 12,000 cfl).
o rl~ and v.ather condition••o Multi-level intakes.a DYR£SM model.o Eklutna Lake Study_
o Oaily r • • ervoir outflow t.mp~r.tur•••
o Downstream river temperature and tce studi•••o Environmental study and potential impact
.11I.s.ment.
Cyrv tf /E ~"',' 11. "'-f
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The Reservoirll
a. PhysicAl Characterilticsi•• 1. Watana Relervoirl
(1) Dam he ight· 885 ft(2) At £1. 2185 ft. norm. max. operating leve l :
Surface are. • 38,000 acresTotal volume • 9.410,000 acre-ftReservoir length· 48 mile.Max. depth • 125 ft
Shoreline length· 183 mil••
a.2. Devil Canyon Reservoirl(1) Da~ height· 646 ft
(2 ) At £1. 1455 ft . norm • • • • • operating levellSurf.ce are. • 1.800 acre.
Total volu~ • 1 .090 .000 acre-ftReservo ir length· 26 ~ilel
Max. depth • 580 ft
Shorel ine length· 16 miles
Watana Operationl
(a ) Multi-level intake l
Four-level port. (6 units).(b) Mid-level outlet vorkl
Cone valve MIX. 0 • 24.0 0 0 cfl.(e) Spillway (gatodl.
Allow. surcharge to £1. 2193 .0.
Devil Canyon Operat ionl(a) Mult i-level intake I
Two-level porta (4 unita) .(b) Mid-level i nt ake I
Pa ••e. flow up to 38.500 ct. through cone valvel.(el Spillwoy (gatedl.
No lurcharoe conaidered.
I
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•
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1.Multi-level intake .tructur.'t(1) Watana • 4-level porta.
(2) Devil Canyon· 2-level port ••
()) Sinole level operation.(4) Port level ael.ctionl
Outflow temperature tollowa intlow temperature.(5) Submergence requirement.
2.watana Re.ervolr rillinol(1) FlllinQ criteria:
Ca) Down.tream flow requirement ••
(b) Safe flood .toraoe C2S0-yr flood).(e) Low level outlet max. 0 • 30,000 cf ••
(2) Simulation I
(a) Second year fillino.Cb) 1974 flow and weather condition••
C)) Fir.t year tillinOlCa ) 400 ft in S montha (May-Sept.).
Cb. expected outflow temperature.1SumMerl ave. inflow temp. (l--lS-C).Winter I 4-C.
(4) Second year fillingl
Cal additional 200 ft •(b) expected outflow temperature.1
Summer-ralll 4·C.Winterl l--]-C (with intak•• op.ating).
The DYRESM Model:
o Predicts the ave. reservoir thermal structure.
o Simulates the principal physical processesthrough parameterization••
o Major constants determined from experimentalor field data.
o Reservoir is divided into horizontal slabs vhichmove vertically.
o The basic time step is one day but can be reducedto as small as one quarter hour.
o Frazil ice input i ncorporated.o Snov-Ice model: tested and verified.
o Daily flow and meteorological data required.o Past applications:
(1) Wellington Reservoir (Australia).(2) Kootenay Lake (B.C., Canada).(3) Sabine Lake (S.C., Canada).(4) Char Lake (NW Territory, Canada).
Calibration and Verification of the DYRESM Model.
Eklutna Lake Study.(1) Eklutna Lakes
o 30 mil•• NE of Anchorage.
o 6.5 ailes Ion;.o 180 feet d.ep.
(2) Field data Cslnce May 1982).
o Flow and veather data (daily).
o Outflow (poverhou.e). daily 0 and temp.o Reservoir temperature profiles.
Summer-Fall. tvice a month.Winter-Spring. once a month.
(3) Study period. June 1982 to May 1983.(4) DYRESM Model enhanced.(5) The outflow temperatures are simulated
vithin =l·C.(6) Satisfactorily duplicated the general re••rvoir
hydrothermal behavior••(7) The study viII be continued.
(8) No further -odel enhancements expected.
( 9 ) Applicable to th~ South Central Alaskanreservoir••
The DYRESM mOdel enhancements.(1) Long vave atmospheric rad iation formulas.
(2) Outflow dynamics.o Intake structure - ;eometry and intake levels.
o Bathymetic and approach conditions n.ar the
intake atructure.
(3) Vapor pressure data development.(4) Wind forcing effect (treated aw an equivalent
d••pening of epillmnion).
The DYRESM model enhancem.nts:(1) Long wave at~ospheric radi ation formulas.
(2) Out f l ow dynamics :o In t ake s t ruc ture - geome try a nd intake levels .o Bathymet ic and approach condit i ons near the
intake structure.
()) Vapor pres.ur~ data development .( 4 ) Wind forci~ effect (treated aw an equivalent
de.pening of epil i~"ion).
Status of Production runs,
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OBS ERV ED OR STATISTI CA LLY I DY RE~M SUPP LI ED WATANAFILLED WATANA DAM SITE (OR EVIL CANYON) RELEAS ETEMP ERATURES AND FLOWS TEMP ERATUR ES AND FLOWS
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H re f ers to tributary he ad wat ers as def i ned i n thestrea m network
J refers t o tributa~'
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Numbers refer t o Rive r ~ i l e
as in terpola ted from R&}!Rive r ~i1 e Index ( 198 1) .
TRAPPER +- - - - - - ---0 TALKEETNA97.2 J
0--_-<D 9 1. 2
ISUNS HIN E
RM 83.8
--- - - -
STRE~l lEMPERATURE SI MULATIO~ STATISTICS
1981 1982 1983 81-83
DATA VALUES · q9 67 m 2QO
AVERAGE BIAS (c) - 0.2 0.0 0.0 - 0.1
STANDARD ERROR (c) 0.8 n.5 0.5 0.5
~~X OVERPREDICTION(c) 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.9
MAX UNDERPREDICTION (c) 2. 0 1.1 0.9 2.0
90%OF PRED ICTIONS WILL BE WITHI N - 1.0 CTO 0.8 COF ACTUAL VALUES
PRE- AND WITH-PROJECT STREAM TEMPERATURES( TALKEETNA STATION, RM 103),.
--- NATU~AL CQo\lOITlONS, - WATANA OAM, 19960EMANO12 :r\ ;"o<, ", "'0-1 I,
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1 A I St982
o • I o I JF I M..'" I A
TIME
- - MIDDLE S(J5ITNARIVER-ISOTHERMS
WY 1982 (NATURAL CONDITION )
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4 0 4 1 4 2 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 5 2, , , , , , ,
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'70
6 8 10 10 6
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TIME
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WY 1982 (1996 DEMAND)
31 32 33 34 35
5
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MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER - ISOTHERMS
WY 1983 (NATURAL CONDITION)
2 3 4 , 6 1 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 l!l 16 11 18 19 20 21 Z2 Z' 2 4 2' 26 Z1 ze 2' so 'I
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WY 19 83 ( 1996 DEMAND)
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2' 26 27 28 a ~ 512 3 .. 5 f. 1 e 9 10 I I u- 13 14I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l
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SEP OCT1982
NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY1983
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DE C JAN FEB MAR19 83
Dol o@ Ol l c horg l dolo net available ofter October 19.
® Su rfac. and inlrogron l temperatura art the laml .
(C) In 'rogrow,1 probe •• y.red by le i moyemln, a long bonk.
SLOUGH 2 1
. 0 0
FEBNO VOC T
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M ON T H
•
Fi gure 3- 18 . Acc uuu l a t ed t emperature units f or i nt r agra ve l wate r at three s loughs . winter1982 -l 9G3 . For both Sl ough 8A and Sl ough 21 , t he va lu es were i nt er pol a t edusi ng da t a f ro m t wo different Da tapod r ecorders i n th ese s l oughs . Because aequi puu -i t loss or malfunc ti on, a co nt i nuous r ecord f or any one of t heser ec orders wa s not obt a i ne d .
FlJ; Ufl!' . Ob'l!'fVI!'~ tl!'~ pl!' f~tUfl!' f ~n gl!' s f Of va f l ous I l fl!' ' t a gI!" o f Paci fic ,~ l =on .-n....,pERATURE: RA:>CE · C
SPECIES LIfE SOIl.a: LOCATtOY HI CiUtION SPA\o'm:>C tSCl"UtIO:- R.EARI~C
o r flSH STAGE
"'0. Adu I t Be ll 1<1 13 8 .)- 21 . 0 7. 2-12 . 8aeu 198 3 1. S,\DF&G 19 80 Kuskok..,t r.l ~ .0 - 12 . 8
Tf l bu t.'If l l!'M~tt son ~ Hob~ft 1962 Southl!'ut AK 10 . 10'19 . 10M<: l'i l!' 11 ~ Bollh y 1975 Sou theu t AX 7 . 0-1) . 0
IoI n , en 11181 Kodhil. Is. 6. 5- 12 . 5~uYl! 19 66 sr t e • Cal. 10 . 0-16 . 0Rukh l oY 1969 S~kha ltn . 1,lSSR 1. 8- 8 . 2Hl!ff t tt ~ ~ymond ~oat~k R, AX 2.S
198)
ADF&e 19810 Su, t tn~ R, AX 5 . 6- 15 .5 1o . 5- lJ . 2
J uvent ie Tu sky 19 710 Sa l cha R, AK 5 . 0 - 7.0Sano 1966 Bohh~ l a R, 6 . 0-10.0
USSR
ae u 1973 6 .7- lJ.5 11. 2- 15 . 7HC~l!t1 60 B3I lI!'Y 197 5 Southust AK 10 . 10 - 15 . 7\.Ilhon 19 79 KOdi a k Is . 5 . 0-7. 0
Raymond 19 81 Dl! l ta R, AK ). 0- 5 . 5
Ml!'rrl t t 60 R~ymon d Noa tak R, AX 5. 0 - 12 . 0l'? S)
AD F&G 19810 Su,t tna R. AX 10 .2-110.5 1. ] - 16 . 2
[ gg /Al ev ln e-n 19 71 10 .10 - 1) . )
Hcl'leB 19f6 Sou t hp.ls t AK o - 15. 0Merr t t t &~.y.ond Noa t ak '. AK 0.1- 9.0
198)
SallO 1966 J apan ,Mc Nl!' ll 60 BaB ey 197 5 Sou t heast AX UKOltt 1965 Chen a R, AK 0 .5- :' . 5Fu nc l sc o 1977 De l t a R, AK 0 . 4 -&. 7R~YIlIOnd 198 1 C1e~ r , AK 2.0 -10.5ADFt.e 198 ) Sus t t na R. AK o _1. 10
l.'u nll;a r d & llUflte f 1.<b , 0. 5' 8. 019S)
Cot.o Adu l t Bell 197) 7.2 - 15 . 6 4 . 10- 9 . 5Bell 198 ) ,HcNe t1 "" bttty 1975 Southeast AK 7 .0-1) . 0 )KcMahon 198 ]
,5'1 11 5- 11 2- 17 .s-n. ,
\.I a ll l S as ) AnchOf R. AK 2 -1~ .7 -1 1o
,\DFlaG t Q~ 1o Sus t tn;! R, AX 5 . 8 '15.5
Haure . (Cont l nue4) Observ.4 t~.perature raneel lor varioul 11[e I taKel of Pnclfl c sal lJ1On .-TEMPERAt1JRt RANCE ·C
SPECIES LIrE SOOllCE LOCATI ON m ClUTION SPAI~ INC. : f;CliBAI10N REARINGOF FISK STAet
Coh. Juvenile Ce4ertl01lll 6. Scarle t \'"uhlnlton St . •(cont) 1982
Busur4 6. Mar ve r V eee uve r h ., 1
19n Brit . Col.Bell 1973 7.0-16.5 U .8414 .6HcMel l 6. Bail ey 1975 Southea s t A' )
4 . 44U .7 )P"oCH~hon l UI) 10 -16 . 6-124
4- n ,7-U\iall h 198) Anchor R. All: 2- lS . 7- 14
"1I1t lllCu 1919 Caribou L, AX U-U.5Seldovia L.AII: 3.0- 5 .7
ADF50G 1984 Sust tna R, AX. 4. 2- 14 .S
Egg/Al evln Bell l'H3 10 . 4-13 .3 3McMahon 1<;183 4-14 ,4-10
IBe ll l'il13 7. 2-15 .6 7.2 -12 . 8Pink Adul tBell 1983 USSR •Hc~ell 6. Bailey Sout h.al! 7.0-13
I l C1 7S AlaskaShe rld3n 1962 Southealt AK 7.2-18.4HcNell e r al 1964 Southeas t AK 10 .0-1 3.0
I ADF,Ij,G 1984 SU!litnll R, AX 7. S- U . S s.o-n.o
Juvenil e sen 1913 5 . 6- 11, . 6HeNeil 6. aal1ey 1975 Southeas t .u: 4 . 4-15 . 7Wilson 1919 Kod iak h . 5. 047 . 0Wickett 1962 Brit . Col . 4 . 0- 5. 0ADF&G 198/0 Sust t na R. A.~ 4 .4:-14.5
EII/Al evln Bell 1973 4 .4-13 .3!ailey 6. [vans 1911 Sout heatt A' •••eo.bl 6. !urrovs 1957 l>b. 0.S-5 . S~Ne l 1 et 11. 19~ Sout heas t A' 1 .0-S . 0Codln 1980 l>b . 3.4-lS .0
Sockeye Adult Bell 1973 7. 2 ' 15 .6 10.6-12 .2een 198 3 ,..HcNe 11 6. Bai ley 1915 Sout hf'l s t AK 7.0-13.0Nelson U B) Sout heast AK 15 .3-14. 3ADFloC 198 4 Susl t n. It. AI( S.8 4U .S 4.'· 7. 6
Flcur! _ (Cont i nued) Ob served t e-per3ture ranles fo r varioul I 1f. sta les of P3c{f i c sll.~ .
SPECIESOF FISH
LIrESTACE
SOURCE LOCATION HICRAIIOJol SPAWN INC IJoICUflATlOJol ROR IJoI C
I
Sockeye J uveni l e(contl
KeCut 1961b: l dlh 1911Bell 191]
McNeil &Bailey 191~
Fr ied & L3ner 1981Buchu 1981Hartman e t al. 1961FlaRI 1983ADF&C 1984
Brit . Col.......Sout healt lor:Brts .hy, I¥. 10.0· 7 .0Brl l . BI Y, AX 10 . 4-17. 8Alas lta·w ldl 10 .5 · 10 .0Ku Uo r _,AX 6. 7 · 110. 4SUli tna R. JS. 10 . 2·14 .0
11.2·14.64.4·15.7
I
I
[gg/Alev ln Se l l 1913Coabl 1965ADF60C lq81~aangard &Bur ger1983
......SUlttna R• .u::......
10 .10· 13 . 3 210 . 5' 110•• 3.1.5
1.9· ' . 101.0·6.5
IChinook Adul t
J uv..nl l e
Se ll 191 3Bell 198 1HcNei l & Brl 1ey 1975\l'd1 1l 1983.enG 1984
hlfll'O"d 1979Bell 191]~cNe l l &8alley 1975A[IDe 1982
\1'3111 ' 1983ADF&G 1984
3. 3· 13.94
Southeal t AK 4Anchor R,AK 2·110 . 5- 10Susitna R. AK 6.6·15.6
Col U111b la It 7
Sout heas t AX:
Southc ent..u: 10 .5 4
Anchor R, 10K 6·16.8·16Susl tna R, AX 10 .2·14 .5
5.6· lJ .9
7.0· 13.0
1.8-10.9
7.3·14.6
[ gg/Allvln 8ell 1913COIIbl 1965Alderd i ce & Ve l len19 78
...... 5.0.14210
l.52.5·16.0
Not.: 2S1ngle t eeperat ure val ue, are lower obse rvl"d th reshol d, .3After .gC ' had devl l o~d t o th e 12S' cel1 or ear l y bl as t ul a I t 3ge I t 5.5 · C4Opt 111l\llll u nae
Pe3k "Iara tlon r3nlte
Combs. B.D. 1965. Effects of temperature on the development of salmon eggs.Prog. Fish. Cult. 27: 134-37.
CClmbs, B.D•• and R.E. Burrows . 1957. Threshold temperatures for the normaldevelopment of chinook salmon eggs. Progressive Fish-Culturist. Vol . 19.No. I. p , 3-6 .
Bustard. D.R. and D.W. xarver , 1975 . Aspects of water ecology of juvenilecoho salmon (Oncorhynchus ki sutch) and steelhead trout (Sa11:l0 gairdneri).Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 32(5): 667-680.
Bailey, J .E .. and D.R. Evans. 1971. The loti-temperature threshold for pinksa lmon eggs in rel ation to a proposed hydroelectric installation. Fish.Bull. 69(3)587-93.
1982.Lake
AX.
ecve wi t hi n
Alaska 1981.Data Report.
salmon1983.
of8.
speciesJanuary
REFERENCES
1983. Susitna hydro aquatic studies, phase 2aquatic studies (October. 1982-Hay, 1983).
Pover Authority. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Susitna Joint Venture. 137 pp .
Lotler temperatures at tlhichMemorandum to L. Moulton .
Fisheries Handbook of Engineering geqat reeent s and Biological(Revised 1980). Prepared for Fisheries Engineerin~ Research
Corps of Engineers . North Pacific Division. Portland. OR.
1983 .systems .
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game.data report . WinterAnchorage . AX. AlaskaReport for Harza-Ebasco
Alaska. Volv o. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center .Summary of environmenta l knowledge of the proposed Gr anthydroelectric project area. Alaska Power Authority . Anchorage.Report for Ebasco Services. 212 pp .
Bell. M.C.river
Bucher. W. 1981. 1980 ~ood River sockeye ~almon smo l t studies . pp. 28- 34 i n1980 Bristol Bay Sockeye Studi es . C.P. Meacham (ed .). Alaska Dept. ofFi sh and Callie, Div . of Commer c i a l Fi sheries . Anchorage. AX.
Alderdice. n.r.• and F.P.J. Velsen . 1978 . Relation between temperature andincubation time for eggs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) .Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol . 35(1) :69-75.
Fla~g. L.8. 1983. Sockeye s a l mon smolt studies Kasilof River.Alaska Dept. of Fish & Came. FRF"l Division. Technicall\o. 11. Juneau. AX. 31 pp.
Cederholm. C.J •• and "'.J. Scarlett. 1982. Seasonal immigrations of juvenilesamonids into four small tributaries of the Clearwater River. Washington1971-1981. p , 98-100 in Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout MigratoryBehavior Sympos ium. t.L . Brannon and t.O. Salo (eds.). School ofFi sheries. Vniv . of Wash i ngt on . Seattle. VA.
1973.-Ct'itet'ia
Program.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Fried. S.M . • and J .J. Laner. 1981. 1980 Snake River sockeye salmo n smoltstudied. pp. 34-45 in 1980 Bristol Bay Sockeye Studies. In C.P . Me acham(ed.) . Alaska Dept . of Fish and Game. Div. of Commercial Fis heries ,Anchorage. AX.
Francisco, K. 1977. Se cond interim r eport of the Ccmee rcLa I Fish-TechnicalEvaluation Study . J oint St a t e / Fed e ra l Fish and Wildlife Advi sory Team.Special Report. No.9. Anchorge. AK. 46 pp .
God i n . J.-G. 1980. Temporal aspect s of juvenile pinkgorbuscha) emergence from a s i mu l a t e d gravel redd.Zoology . Vol. 58. No.5, pp . 735-744.
s a lmon (Onc orhvnchusCan adian Jou r n a l of
Hale, S. 1981. Freshwater habitat r elationships chum s almon (Oncorhynchusketa). Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. Habita t Division , Anchorage. AK.94 pp.
Haree an , W.L•• W.R. Heard , andsock eye s a l mon fry andVol . 24( 10 ):2069- 2099 .
B. Drucker.smolt s . J.
1967.Fish .
tii cr-atoryRes . Bd .
behavior ofof Cana da .
Kogel, D.R. 1965. Springs and g roundwate r asc hum salmon spawn in a s ub- a rc t i c s t re a m.Fairbanks . 59 pp.
factors a f [ e c t i n g s u rv i v a l ofM.S . Thesis, Univ . o f Alaska.
McMahon, T. E. 1983.Dept . Int •• Fish
Habitat s ui t a b i li ty index models:Wildlife Se rvice. FWS /OBS-82/10.49.
Coh o s a lmcn ,29 pp .
u.s.
xccare , P. 1967. Be.vav I o rRiver . J ournal o fVol 24:37 5-428 .
an d ecolog y of soc ke ye salmon frythe Fi sherIes Research Board
in the Babineof Ca na da .
McNeil. W.J.14-117streams.
1969. Survival of pink and chum salmon eggs andin T.G. Northcote (ed.). Symposium of salmon
Uni v . of British Columbia. Vancouver . 388 pp.
e Ievtns ,and trout
Pp.1n
~cNeil, W.J. and J.E . Bailey. 1975.Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA. Auke
Salmon Rancher' sBay, AK. 95 pp .
l'la nua l. National
McNeil, W.J., R. A. Wells, a nd D. C. Brickell. 1964. Disappearance of deadpink salmon eggs a nd Larvae from Sash i n Creek, Baranof Island. Alaska.U.S. Dept, Int •• Fish Wildlife Se rv i c e . Specia l Scientific Report Fisheries No . 485 . 13 pp ,
xat r scn , C. R•• and R.A . Hob ar t. 1962. Chum s a l mon s tud i es in southeasternAlaska. 1961. U. S. Fi sh a nd Wild l if e Se r v i c e . Bu r e a u o f CommercialFi sheries . ~anuscript Report 62- 5 . Auke Bay. 32 pp.
Merrill. T.R. 1962. Freshwate r s u rv i v a l o f pink s almon a t Sash ! n Creek . Pp.59-72 in Spmposium on Pink Sal mon. U.S . N.J. Wl1imov s ky (ed.). H.R.MacMillan Lectur~s i n Fi sheries, Vancouver. B.C.
Early l i fe h is t ory ofAl a ska Dept . o f Fish
Mer ri tt. H.F•• and J .It. Raymond . 1983 .the Noatak River and Kotzebue Sound .Division, No.1. J une.u. AX. 56 pp .
chum salmon i nand Came, FRED
Neave . F. 196 6 . Sal. on o f the North Pacif i c Ocean - Pa r t II I . It rev i ew oft he life h istor y of Nor t h Pacific salmon . 6. Chum salmon i n BritishColumb i a . International North Pacific Fisheries Commiss ion Bu lletin .So. 18. vencouve r , B.C .
Nelson. D. C. 1983 . Russ ian River sockeye salmon. Fede r alRes tora tion. Vo l. 24 . Spor t Fish Div . , Alas ka Dept. ofJ uneau, AX. Pr o ject AFS-44 . Annual Repo r t . 50 pp .
AidFish
in Fish& Came.
Ra le i~h . R. F. 1971 .natal grav els t o
Inna t e con t ro lrea ring a reas.
of migration o f sa lmon a ndEcology Vol. 52 : 291-297 .
trout fry from
Raymond . H. L. 1979 . Eff ect s of dams and i mpoundments on migrat i on s ofj uv enile chinook s a l mon and s tee lhead f r om the Snake Rive r. 1966 t o 1975.Trans. of t he Ame rican Fish Socie ty. Vol. 108 ( 6 ) : 50 5-529 .
Raymond, J . A. 1981. Incuba t i o n o f faU chum salmon (Onc oThync hus ketal atCl e a r Air For ce Station. Alaska. Alaska Dep t . of Fish and Came . FREDDivision. Juneau. AX. 25 pp ,
Sa na. S. 1966 . Salmon of t he ~o r t h Pacific Ocean - Par t III. Itthe life history of Nor th Pacific s ~lmon . Chum s~lmon i n theInterna tiona l ~or th Pacific Fi sheries Commission Bul l.Vancouve r . B.C . pp . 41-57 .
review ofFaT Eas t .~o. 18 .
She r i da n . W. L. 1962. Rela tion of s t ream temperat ur es t o timing of pinksa l mon escapements i n sout heas t Ah s ka. pp . 87-102 i n N.J . \l ll imovsky(ed .). Symposium on pink sa l mon . H.R. Hac Hi llan Lec t u r es in Fis her ies .1960. Unive rsi ty o f British Columbia . Vancouv e r . B.C .
Tr as ky. L.L. 1974. Yukon River a nadromou s fi sh i nvestigation s . J u l y19 73-June 1974. Al a s ka Dept. of Fi sh and Came. Divis i on o f COIrJlle rcia lFis he r ies . Ancho rage , AX.
Wal lis . J . , and D.T. Balland . 1983 . Ancho r Rive r s tee lhead inves tiga t i ons.Federal Aid in Fi sh Res tora t i on . Vol . 24 . Spo rt f ish Div •• Alaska Dept .of Fi s h & Came. Juneau . AX. Projec t AFS- 48 . Annua l Report. 44 pp •
....a ngaard. D.B •• and D.V . 8uq~er . 1983. Effec t s oC various wae e r t empe ra t u r eTegimes on t he e8R a nd alevin i nc uba t ion of Sushna Ri ve r chum a ndsockeye s a Iecn, National Fisher y Research Ce nte r . U. S . Fish an d YildlifeSe rv ice . Anchorage . AK. 4) pp ,
"""l t nore . D.C•• N.C . Dudiak . a nd J.Y. 're s eer , 1979. Coho enhanc ement on t heKenai Pen insula . Al aska Dept . o f Fish & Ca. e . FRED Div i s i on . Comple tionReport AFS-45- 1. Juneau, AK . 54 pp.
lli 15on . "'.J .. et _I. 1981. An assessme nt of envi r onmenta l effects ofconstruction and operation of t he pr oposed Terror Lake hydroelectricfacUity. Kodiak Island. Alaska . lns t ream fl ow s t udies . Final Repor t .Pr epa r ed f or Kodiak Electric Association . 419 pp .
llilson . W.J •• et al. 1979. An assessment of envi r onmental effects ofconstruction and operation of t he pr oposed Terror Lake Hydr oelectricFacili ty. Kodiak . AX. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Cent er .Un ivers i ty of Al as ka. Report fo r Kodiak Electr i c As soc iation . 334 pp .
I
I
t
Te r~ ino logy
Acclir.~tion - a phys io l og i ca l adap ta t i on t o natural or appl i ed env iron-
rncnt nl c ondi ti ons .
Incip i ent l e thal l eve l o r t cr.perature - uppe r and l~er t empera t ure
l evel ~he r e t e~per3 t ure i s beg inni ng t o have a l ethal
ef i ec t .
Pr e f er red or se lec ted t eo~e r3 t ur e - t he r ange of t empera t ur es i n ~hich
anir~ls congre~ate o r s pend the mos t t i me i n a f r ee
cho i ce s i tuat ion a nd i s som~ t imes cons ide r ed synonymous
Yi th opt imum.
Zone ~oler3 nc e - t hc roal zone i n ~h i ch f i sh can l i ve f ree from the
letha l effects o f tempera tu re .
-LE
20 . .
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elM - "Ctitical Thermal MaximumUILT - Upper Incip ient Lethal TemperatureLILT - Lower Incipient Lethal Temperature
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(Ada pted from Jobling 1981)
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1Emb ryo i ncubation rat e i ncreases as t e~ p erature rises . Accumulatedt emperature uni t s or days t o emergence s hou ld be de te rmined fo r eachspecies ns c r i teria fo r incubation.
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ICE AND TEI'IPERA~ STUDIES WORKSHOP
ADF~G PRESENTATION
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF TE"PERATURE CRITERIA FOR FISHERY ASSESSMENT
1. SpAwning of the five pacific ••1.an sp.ci •• doe. not occur toany Appreciable .~t.nt in the ".t~. directly .ffect~ by the••tnst•• Su.ltna during the wintwr .anth••
2. Chu. and sockeye spawn,influenced by ground w.t~ orQ.n~.lly within one degre. of
.ppar~tly ••lectively, in are••upNelllng with winte" temperatur••thr•• deQr••s centigrade.
3. Chinook , pink, and coho apparently spawn pri ••rily intributeri.. and t ..pe,.atur•• during .id"int~ of 1... than 1degre. centrigrade. At l •••t chinook and pink obtain -uch of theth.,....l unit. n-e••••ry for develop.-nt by spawn1n; .arlier toObt.in .arly fall th.,.-.l input.
4. The r ••ld~t whitefish app.r~tly succe••fully spAwn in.Ain.t~ ar.a. in Octob~, burbot in January, and long no••• uck~. in MAYor Jun.. Spawning APp.ars to b. li.itedby stable substrate and deNatering rath~ than te~.rature.
~. Upper Ii_ita on r.aring teaperAture. do not appear to bereached in the SuaitnA r.aring habitat.. No correlation. ofdi.tribution with open water t ..peratur•• have been ob.erved.
6. Lower t.-perature. are a.aociated with increa.ed u.e ofs l ou gh . and gravel sub&trate for cov~. OutMlgration fra.tributaries appears to be exten.ive And attraction to groundwater sourc_ in .lough. APpear to corr.late with lAt. fall.cv...nt. of Juvenil. chinook and coho .al.en.
7. T.-peratur_ at chu. and sock.ye spawning ar.a. ar. pri ..rilyinfluenced by ..inst.. wAt.,.. ov....flow. CAY-.d by iceproces_s. A on. ti_ ev.nt at .lough SA car.,..lated ....11 withreduction in develop.-nt r.te. of .ockey. and chu. .~ryo••
1
A. N.tur.l In.tr.a. Ie. Condition.
-fi.hConclu.ion.
r.l.tion.hip. to 5o.itnar.ached to dat••
1. Th. furth.r north, the Mar. influence ic. proc••••• have ontributary ovarMint.rin~ (app.rently) Mith out.i~r.tion. of .e.tr ••id.nt and juvenile .al.en .p.ci•• occurrin~ with the on••t ofwinter.
2. M.in.t.m Su.itna h.bitat. provide .table flow. in Midwinter,.ft.r an ic. cov.r is for..d.
3. Slou~h habitat.a••ociat.d with thermal
provideinput of
stable~round
condition.Mat.r.
.pp.r.ntly
4. On.time ob ••rv.tion of midwint.r ov.rflow of .lou~h 9A.u;~••ted incr••••d anchor ic. and r.duced temperatur•••Un.tabl. flow condition••••ociat.d with ic. app.ar to mo.t the.ajor limitin; factor.
Radio ta~;.d r ••identcour.. of the winter
cov.r.
fi.h ~.n.r.lly move down.tr••m durin~
and corr••pond. with incr•••in~ ic.
6. Concentration.attracted to ground
of r ••ident fi.h in the wint.r app.arw.t.r and thar.ally .ff.cted .r••••
tD
7. Limited burbot .pawnino .ay occur .t §ite. directly .ff.ct.db y mainstem flow••
9. S.cau.. ofconfirmation data
the cat••troohic natureon hypoth•••• pr••ented i.
of ic.difficult
proc•••••,to obtain.
9. Overwint.ring habitat i. prob.bly a m.jor limitation in theproduction of re.id.nt and the r.aring juvenile ••lmon specie••
ifi!i. "
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