icann – how does it work, how to participate? africa: on the road to athens 18th – 21st...
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ICANN – how does it work, how to participate?
Africa: On the Road to Athens18th – 21st September 2006
Cairo, Egypt
Anne-Rachel InnéICANN
The Domain Name System
‣ Internet started to grow after 1983
‣ Host.Txt table was unwieldy and hard to keep up to date in all hosts
‣ in 1984/5, Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel developed a distributed database system called the Domain Name System to accommodate much larger scale
‣ Kahn@arpa became [email protected]
‣ Cerf@ucla became [email protected]
‣ Tomlinson@bbn became [email protected]
‣ Other top level domains:
‣ .GOV, .ORG, .NET (“generic”)
‣ and country codes: .US, .UK, .FR, .DE…
‣ The system is hierarchical and each name is unique: www.reston.mci.com
The Domain Name System
‣ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (Postel’s group at USC/ISI) managed top level assignments
‣ Volunteers were found to manage next levels.
‣ Postel managed .edu, .US
‣ SRI managed .com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov and .int
‣ 1969 -1974 SRI manages day to day name space under direction of Postel as “numbers czar”, both under contract to DARPA
‣ 1975 - DCA picks up SRI Contract
‣ 1987 - NSF picks up .int, .com, .org, .net, and .edu, contracts w/SRI
‣ 1991 - DCA competes .mil, .gov and awards to Network Solutions
‣ 1993 - NSF creates “InterNIC” and awards to AT&T, CERFNet, and NSI (doing domain name registration for .org, .net, .com, .edu, .int - the latter two subcontracted to IANA)
The Domain Name System
‣ 1995 - NSF contract cannot cover costs of exploding .com registrations and allows NSI to recover costs by charging $100 for 2 year registration [note, NSF is a RESEARCH agency]
‣ 1998 - NSF transfers DNS responsibility to Dept of Commerce
‣ 1998 - DOC extends contract with NSI for two years (Sept 30, 2000)
‣ 1996 - Postel initiates Internet Ad Hoc Committee with support from Internet Society to institutionalize the IANA functions and open top level domains to competitive registration
‣ This proves to be very difficult with many people with differing views and interests. The debate doesn’t come to closure...
These stakeholders competed for influence over the Domain Name and IP Addressing systems
IETF
ETSI
Registries
ISPs
Root server
operators
Security issues
IAB
FCC
FTC
Registrars
UNDP
Foreignbusiness
US business
ITU(ITU-T)
WIPO
OECD
Intellectual propertyinterests
Consumers
Developing world
governments
ccTLD registries
Civil society groups
US military
NATO
NSI/Verisign
Regional Internet
Registries
Universities
OECDgovernments W3C
It’s all about money
‣ $$$.COM - Washington Post, 7/15/99
‣ Many entrepreneurs see NSI’s cash flow as a model for Internet business opportunities. Some want to create new “top level domains” (like .com), but the trademark community has reservations...
US Government steps in
‣ 1998 - Ira Magaziner, at the request of President Clinton, initiates an effort to facilitate formation of a neutral, industry-sponsored oversight organization to continue the IANA functions performed in the past under US Government contract in a global, consensus building setting.
‣ Green and White Papers developed
Creation of ICANN
‣ Nov 1998 - the USG recognizes the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
‣ 1999 - ICANN organizes the many components specified in the White Paper (Board, Supporting Organizations, Membership, Advisory committees…)
The functioning of the Internet: organisational interactions and relationships
ccTLDs
WIPO
gTLDs
IETFRIRs
ITU-T
IAB
W3C
ICANN
ISOC
ISO
ICANN‣ ICANN was created in 1998 by the international Internet community as a
compromise between historical (early Internet community) and current interests (governments, business community). Its mandate was established by an MoU signed with the US government.
‣ http://www.icann.org/general/white-paper-05jun98.htm
‣ Management of Internet Names and Addresses SUMMARY: On July 1, 1997, as part of the Clinton Administration's Framework for Global Electronic Commerce,(1) the President directed the Secretary of Commerce to privatize the domain name system (DNS) in a manner that increases competition and facilitates international participation in its management.
‣ Accordingly, on July 2, 1997, the Department of Commerce issued a Request for Comments (RFC) on DNS administration. The RFC solicited public input on issues relating to the overall framework of the DNS administration, the creation of new top-level domains, policies for domain name registrars, and trademark issues. During the comment period, more than 430 comments were received, amounting to some 1500 pages.(2)
‣ On January 30, 1998, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of the Department of Commerce, issued for comment, A Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses. The proposed rulemaking, or "Green Paper," was published in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998, providing opportunity for public comment. NTIA received more than 650 comments, as of March 23, 1998, when the comment period closed.(3)
‣ The Green Paper proposed certain actions designed to privatize the management of Internet names and addresses in a manner that allows for the development of robust competition and facilitates global participation in Internet management. The Green Paper proposed for discussion a variety of issues relating to DNS management including private sector creation of a new not-for-profit corporation (the "new corporation") managed by a globally and functionally representative Board of Directors.
What is ICANN?
‣ The mission of The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN") is to coordinate, at the overall level, the global Internet's systems of unique identifiers, and in particular to ensure the stable and secure operation of the Internet's unique identifier systems.
‣ In particular, ICANN:
1. Coordinates the allocation and assignment of the three sets of unique identifiers for the Internet, which are
a) Domain names (forming a system referred to as "DNS");
b) Internet protocol ("IP") addresses and autonomous system ("AS") numbers; and
c) Protocol port and parameter numbers.
2. Coordinates the operation and evolution of the DNS root name server system.
3. Coordinates policy development reasonably and appropriately related to these technical functions.
ICANN and International representation
‣ ICANN Bylaws: http://www.icann.org/general/archive-bylaws/bylaws-28feb06.htm#II
‣ Section 5. INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION
‣ In order to ensure broad international representation on the Board, the selection of Directors by the Nominating Committee and each Supporting Organization shall comply with all applicable diversity provisions of these Bylaws or of any Memorandum of Understanding referred to in these Bylaws concerning the Supporting Organization. One intent of these diversity provisions is to ensure that at all times each Geographic Region shall have at least one Director, and at all times no region shall have more than five Directors on the Board (not including the President). As used in these Bylaws, each of the following is considered to be a "Geographic Region": Europe; Asia/Australia/Pacific; Latin America/Caribbean islands; Africa; and North America. The specific countries included in each Geographic Region shall be determined by the Board, and this Section shall be reviewed by the Board from time to time (but at least every three years) to determine whether any change is appropriate, taking account of the evolution of the Internet.
ICANN in the international context
‣ ICANN is a unique and interesting structure for global governance. It is also an exercise in managing paradoxes, for example:
‣ • ICANN must work in an efficient manner in order to keep up with the development of the Internet, but it has to facilitate wide participation of various stakeholders in a bottom-up development approach which can be a slow and laborious process.
‣ • ICANN should be transparent and democratic (in order to promote openness, representation and due process in organisational deliberations), but should also accommodate specific requests by governments for closed sessions.
‣ • ICANN must be able to change fast in order to stay abreast with rapid developments in this field, but must also assure stability in order to guarantee the basic functionality of the Internet.
How ICANN’s works supports the Internet
Unique
StableSecure
IP Number
Resources
Protocol and port
parameters
Domain Name
System
Variety of data technologies and
applications
Diverse, distributed data
networks
New protocols
and services
Internet resources must be consistent and interoperable
Interoperability allows the Internet to grow, change, and remain open to new users
The IANA Function‣ The IANA function fulfills ICANN’s mission for coordination of the Internet’s
unique resources
‣ Management of resources:
‣ Protocol parameter registries (in coordination with IETF/IESG/IAB):
‣ Internet Drafts and RFC standards process;
‣ Identifier registry creation and maintenance;
‣ Ports and Personal Enterprise Numbers (PENs) assignments.
‣ IPv4, IPv6 and Autonomous System Number Registries (in coordination with the Regional Internet Registries):
‣ Essential for Internet routing;
‣ Policies established through RIR local communities.
‣ Maintain .ARPA and .INT domain registrations and registries:
‣ Review new applications for domains;
‣ Maintain existing registration information.
The DNS TreeAs we know, the DNS relies on delegating sub-domain responsibility down
The DNS TreeEach zone has a party responsible for it, and for making delegations under it
The DNS TreeAs operator of the root, ICANN/IANA is responsible for assigning operators of top-level domains
ICANN policy process The community builds policy
Country Code Name Supporting Organisation
Generic Names Supporting Organisation
Address Supporting Organisation
All public and private stakeholders
At-Large Advisory Committee
Security and Stability Advisory Committee
Root Server System Advisory Committee
Technical Liaison Group
Governmental Advisory Committee
OmbudsmanBoard of Directors
1 1
3Policy debate
24
President/CEO
Staff
Within ICANN, all stakeholders work collaboratively in the policy structure
At-large Advisory Committee
ALAC
Country Code Names Supporting Organisation
ccNSO
Generic Names Supporting Organisation
GNSO
Root Server System Advisory Committee
RSSAC
Technical Liaison Group
TLG
Security and Stability Advisory CommitteeSSAC
Address Supporting Organisation
ASO
President/ CEO
Governmental Advisory CommitteeGAC
Board of Directors
(15 voting Directors)
(6 non-voting Liaisons)
Ombudsman
Staff
International multi-stakeholder representation and participation
‣ Government Advisory Committee: over 100 governments and 10 International, Inter Governmental and Treaty Organisations
‣ At-Large Advisory Committee: approximately 22 At-Large Structures from five global regions
‣ Board of Directors represents 14 nationalities
‣ ICANN Staff hail from some of these countries (Australia, Denmark, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Mexico, Niger, Palestine, Philippines, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)
International Representation at the Governmental Advisory Committee
‣ http://gac.icann.org/web/index.shtml
‣ Chair: Mr Sharil Tarmizi, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, [email protected] http://www.mcmc.gov.my
‣ 21 African countries members
‣ AU, ATU, ECA are members
‣ To ensure that each country is represented within ICANN
‣ To secure public policies related to the management of the DNS,globally & nationally
‣ To express the diversity of countries’ views regarding Internet law and policy
‣ To gather and share the experiences of each country in DNS management
‣ To liaise with the other Interest Groups represented within ICANN
The Governmental Advisory Committee (2)
‣ GAC is an advisory body
‣ It operates as a forum for discussion
‣ Membership of the GAC is open to all national governments and to multinational governmental organisations and treaty organisations
‣ GAC meetings : monthly teleconferences and quarterly Face to Face meetings
‣ One Chair and 3 Vice-chairs are elected to reflect geographic diversity of membership
The Governmental Advisory Committee (3)‣ Liaisons
‣ The ICANN Board: Sharil Tarmizi ( GAC Chairman )
‣ Root Server System Advisory Committee : Thomas de Haan
‣ Security Advisory Committee : Stefano Trumpy
‣ At Large Advisory Group : Carlos Valdez
‣ Technical Liaison Group : Stefano Trumpy
‣ Nominating Committee : Stefano Trumpy
‣ Liaison Groups
‣ Generic Names Supporting Organization : Suzanne Sene
‣ Country Code Name Supporting Organization : Martin Boyle (UK) , James Kilaba (Tanzania) , To be appointed (Japan)
‣ Address Supporting Organization : Thomas de Haan (The Netherlands) , Antenor Corrêa (Brazil) , To be appointed (Japan) , Palesa Banda (South Africa) , Suzanne Sene (US)
The Governmental Advisory Committee (4)
‣ Six working groups concentrating on current issues regarding the DNS management :
‣ Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)
‣ International Domain Names (IDN)
‣ Whois Data
‣ Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)
‣ Root Server Operation and DNS Security
‣ Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
What ICANN does not do‣ Content on the Internet
‣ Spam
‣ Financial transactions online
‣ Consumer Protection Law
‣ Privacy Law
‣ Data Protection Law
‣ Intellectual Property Law
‣ E-commerce, e-education, e-government, etc.
What is ICANN trying to achieve?
‣ Transnational, global relevance
‣ All stakeholders represented
‣ Flexibility in organisational management
‣ No capture by individuals, groups, or organisations
‣ Reflective of its own regime
‣ Focus on effectiveness and relevancy
How is ICANN trying to achieve it?
‣ Completion of MoU with USG
‣ MoU was imposed after international consultations
‣ Need to meet requirements of the business model
‣ Financial autonomy, no capture, organisational viability, all stakeholders represented, contingency plans, recourse options, etc
‣ Continue to develop
‣ Trying to meet diverse requirements of stakeholders
‣ Constant review of performance and functioning
‣ Engagement in debate over future evolution
The essential paradigm shift…..• Internet:
– Decentralised control and intelligence• Power in the hands of the user
– Global by design, based on private law contracts
• The “user” in the Internet:– Is empowered and able to take autonomous decisions– Can access, publish and distribute information– Develops new ways of interacting (email, blog, chat, Internet telephony, video,
user applications, …)
– But the “user” also– Publishes illegal and harmful content– Spams, hacks, phishes, spoofs, steals, etc.
• The problems with the Internet:– Are mostly found in its use (hacking, spamming, illegal content, phishing,
identity theft, etc)– But rarely, if at all, in its technical functioning
Issues on ICANN plate‣ IDNs
‣ New gTLDs strategy (sponsored, unsponsored, how many, added value to consumers, etc..)
‣ Budget issues (how to make sure ICANN has diverse budget base)
‣ Strategic planning – Plan 2006-2009 (what issues will ICANN, the DNS face in coming years, how to make sure ICANN as an independent organisation stick to its mission, is not captured by interest groups, is not subject to one jurisdiction, is not overseen by one country, etc.)
‣ Whois (privacy issues)
‣ Security (stability of the DNS in terms of universal resolvability, trust in the system)
‣ GAC: enhance multistakeholder status by having Governments resolve how they want to work in GAC with the whole community.
The issues surrounding ICANN
‣ Perceived US Government control, particularly over the editing of the root-zone file
‣ US jurisdiction (Law of California)
‣ Role of governments
‣ What is now better accepted about ICANN:
‣ The mandate and mission of the organisation
‣ Its limited but important role in the functioning of the Internet
‣ The multi-stakeholder nature of the organisation
‣ Its bottom-up consensus approach
The challenge for governments…
• to support user empowerment • to define and develop public policy in a new
paradigm• to define their role (with private sector and civil
society as partners)• to (re)-define participation in the global and regional
multi-stakeholder organisations such as ICANN, IETF, W3C, AfriNIC, and others
• to safeguard the trans-border nature of Internet – and avoid “balkanization”
Challenges for the region
• No registry• 1 registrar accredited by ICANN out of +800 registrars
worlwide• Almost no participation in global policy making (GAC,
gTLDs, IPv6, IDNs, WHOIS, etc.)• ccTLDs in majority still struggling
• to work well technically (about 6 managed technically out of country and 4 still out of country)
• to be adopted at home (charters and management)
• to participate to AfTLD and global governance – ccNSO
• Empowerment of users, ISPs and all Internet related organisations
Challenge for the region…(ccTLD growth)
• 27M Registrations
• 8% Increase in Base
Growth YOY
• 6% Increase in Base
Growth QOQ
• Top 10 ccTLDs make
up 70%
Source: VeriSign internal data. November 2004
Source: VeriSign internal data. November 2004
Challenges for the region (Domain Name Market (ccTLDs and Com Net)
•Composition Shift in total com/net registration
reliance from NA from 68% in 2002 to 61% in
2005.
•Asia Pac increased contribution to total
com/net registrations from 9% - 12% in same
time period.
•76% in 2004 – 73% of registered ccTLDs are
European
Blue = COM NET %Red = ccTLD %
Source: VeriSign internal data. November 2004
Challenge for the region…(Com Net ICANN-accredited Registrar Locations)
Source: VeriSign internal data. November 2004
How can anybody participate right away in ICANN?
Joining Supporting Organisations and Committees
‣ Address Supporting Organization (ASO) - <www.aso.icann.org>
‣ Country Code Domain Name Supporting Organization (CCNSO) - <www.ccnso.icann.org>
‣ Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) - <www.gnso.icann.org>
‣ At-Large Advisory Committee - <www.alac.icann.org>
‣ Governmental Advisory Committee - <www.gac.icann.org>
The Governmental Advisory Committee (5) Joining the GAC
‣What does a member do ?
‣Has one representative & 1or 2 advisers, Participates in meetings and teleconferences, Joins Email list and working groups, Keeps contact details up to date
‣How to join the GAC ?
‣Letter to Mr Mohamed Sharil Tarmizi, Chairman
‣Contact details:
‣ ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) c/o GAC Secretariat
‣ Room No. 1016,Electronics Neketan,6 CGO Complex,Lodi Road New Delhi, 110 003 India
‣More information
‣http:// www.icann.org/ http://www.gac.icann.org/
On Post WSIS ICANN and After
‣ Participate:
‣ in SOs and ACs
‣ in new gTLD introduction discussions – how, what, when?
‣ in ‘privacy’ related discussions in relation with WHOIS data
‣ In new registry services discussions
‣ Apply for positions a staff or board, or SOs and ACs (4 applications from the region for this years search)
‣ Help build ICANN as an International organisation:
‣ Strategic Plan
‣ Budget discussions
‣ IDNs
