iahs proceedings book estratto
DESCRIPTION
“Ecological materials and technologies in low cost buildings systems: New Techniques for clay applied to the types of buildings for housing”TRANSCRIPT
International Associationfor Housing Science
Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress
Visions for theFuture of Housing
edited by
Oktay UralMuhammed ŞahinDerin Ural
Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress
Istanbul, TURKEYApril 16-19, 2012
Visions for the Future of Housing:
Mega CitiesEdited by
Oktay UralMuhammed Şahin
Derin Ural
Congress Secretary
Esin Ergen
International Associationfor Housing Science
This file provides the complete version of the papers presented during the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress.
Minimum Configuration
PC Pentium 2 350Mhz or more512 MB RAMDVD-ROM Player 4XSVGA Monitor (800x600)Windows™ 98, NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7Adobe Acrobat™ Reader 9
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or stored in an information retrieval system (other than for purposes of review) without the express permission of the publisher in writing.
© 2012 Istanbul Technical University. All rights reserved
ITU Ayazaga Campus 34469 Maslak, Istanbul-TurkeyTel: + 90 (212) 285 30 30www.itu.edu.tr www.housingscience.org
ISBN: 978-975-561-417-5ISBN: 978-975-561-418-2 (DVD-ROM)
A special thanks to the following public and private bodies for sponsorship and generous support
Platinum Sponsors
Silver Sponsors
Gold Sponsor
Publishing Sponsor
Main Sponsor
Government Sponsor
Congress Organizing Committee
Prof. Oktay Ural, President, IAHSProf. Muhammed Şahin, President, ITUProf. Derin Ural, Vice President, ITU (Chairperson)Prof. Gülsün Sağlamer, ITUProf. Vitor Abrantes, University of Porto, PortugalProf. Luis Villegas, University of Cantabria, SpainProf. Antonio Frattari, University of Trento, ItalyEsq. Al Borvice, San Francisco, USAProf. Vladimir Brezar, University of Lubjiana, SloveniaProf. Qian Shi, Tongji University, Shanghai, ChinaProf. Ahmet Sağlamer, ITUDr. Rossano Albatici, Trento, ItalyKaya Tuncer, Los Angeles, USADoğan Hasol, Istanbul, TurkeyProf. Gaye Onursal Denli, ITUProf. Mehmet Inan, Portland, Oregon, USAProf. Fernando Tinoco, Miami, USAProf. Subrata Chattopadhyay, IIT, KolkataProf. Amir Mirmiran, FIU, Miami, USAProf. Antonio Nanni, UM, Miami, USAProf. Antonio Tadeu, University of Coimbra, PortugalProf. Adel Hanna, Concordia University, CanadaProf. Ahsen Özsoy, Vice President, ITUProf. Orhan Hacıhasanoğlu, ITUDr. Crina Oltean-Dumbrava, University of Bradford, UK
Congress Local CommitteeDr. Esin Ergen, Congress Secretary, ITU Sevgi Ural, Advisor to the President, ITUDr. Senem Deviren, Advisor to the President, ITUDr. Ozan Önder Özener, Advisor to the President, ITUDr. Berrak Teymur, Advisor to the President, ITUDidem Yücel, Director, External Affairs, ITUTolga Özüdoğru, ITUMert Tolon, ITUZeynep Taşkın, ITU
Reviewers for the 38th IAHS World Congress on Housing
Adel HannaAhmet SaglamerAhmet SamsunluAhsen OzsoyAl BorviceAlper IlkiAmir MirmiranAntonio FrattariAntonio TadeuBerrak TeymurBeyza TaskinCrina Oltean-DumbravaDerin UralDogan HasolDoğan AltınbilekEce BayatEsin ErgenFernando TinocoGaye Onursal DenliGulsun SaglamerLuis VillegasMehmet InanNihal AriogluNil TurkeriOktay UralOrhan HacihasanogluOzan OzenerPelin DursunPinar OzdemirQian ShiRossano AlbaticiSemih TezcanSenem DevirenSubrata ChattopadhyayTahsin YomraliogluUfuk YazganVitor AbrantesVladimir Brezar
This proceedings include the manuscripts submitted to the 38th IAHS World Congress-Istanbul,2012. All these documents are reviewed by competent persons before they are included in this document.
The Congress has a topic which covers the global interests of all, as we are interested in the improvement of human life. This desire and venture starts with better habitat and environment. The manuscripts, which are from every corner of the world, will present a complete spectrum of the subject of housing.
As the world population exceeds seven billion and urbanization continues, mostly in Asia, the issue of Mega-cities becomes a topic to confront before the problems become unmanageable. This congress will dwell on this topic, study it with every detail, and try to introduce reasonable solutions. To have new solutions we need people, visionaries, to trace new routes for us. The elite and well-informed participants are the greatest resource to solve the problem.
IAHS presents a great tradition in these World Congresses. In 2012, IAHS will celebrate the 40th year of its founding at the University of Missouri-Rolla. IAHS Congresses have been in many countries, for the last forty years, and it will continue its journey. The next stop will be in 2013, at the Milano Politecnico University, Italy.
IAHS, ITU and all who are involved in the organization of this congress are waiting to meet you in Istanbul. Be sure this will be a congress to remember for all of us!
Professor Oktay Ural, IAHS Founding PresidentProfessor Muhammed Şahin, ITU PresidentProfessor Derin Ural, Congress Chairperson
April 16, 2012, Istanbul
Preface
i
Table of Contents
TOPIC A
Effective Management for Housing Projects 1
N. Abdel-Kader and S. Ettouney 2
Decrying Sensible Housing Developments – Recapitulating Incremental,
Partially Completed Low-Cost Housing, Egypt; Decades Later
V. Abrantes and A. Araújo 10
Assessment of Comfort Level and General Home Condition of Public
Housing Buildings Property of a Portuguese Council
A. O. Adunola 18
Indoor Thermal Comfort Variations in Residential Buildings within
Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
M. Anbarcı and E. Manisalı 25
A Market Research for the Identification of Funding Problems and
Marketing Strategies in the Housing Sector
M. Ö. Arıoğlu Salmona, N. Arıoğlu and S. B. Güler 32
The Analysis of the Preservation and Repair Processes of Wooden
Structures within the Context of Sustainability
S. Assaf, M. A. Hassanain, A. Bubshait and M. Khaliluddin 39
Assessment of Construction Risks and Their Allocation in the
Construction Industry
M. Ayhan, G. Güven, E. Ergen, M.A. Erberik, Ö. Kurç and M. T. Birgönül 45
Determining the Requirements of Indoor Navigation during Emergency
Response and Disaster Management
F.J. Balbás, J.R. Aranda, Mª C. Ruiz, L. Villegas, I. Lombillo and N. Kata 52
Renewable energy in developing countries
(analysis of photovoltaic panels in Togo)
S. Chattopadhyay, D. Pandit, B. Alolika and S. S. Altaf 60
An Investigation on Location Choice for Housing in Mining Towns: Case
Study of Korba, India
ii
A. Cilasun 68
Analysis of Energy Evaluation on Lighting Programs
S. Damayanti, S. S. Moersidik and S. W. Sarwono 74
Cinta Kasih Flats Cengkareng: “Breaking Myth Slums Back To Slums”
L.M. Ramos and M. de Goicoechea de la Quadra-Salcedo 83
The Recovery of Basque Defense Towers by Economic Use:
(Example: Biscay)
A. S. Elnashai and L. Claveland 89
Integrated and Interdisciplinary Earthquake Impact Assessment for
Mitigation, Response and Recovery
M. Porhincak and A. Estokova 99
Environmental Analysis of Building Materials of Dwelling Homes in
Slovak Republic – Case Study
G. Ferri, A. S. Pavesi and F. Pinto 107
Housing policies and local governance: the Milan metropolitan area
K.C. Goss 114
Disaster housing
R. P. Guimaraes , M. C. R. Carvalho, C.S. Rodrigues and F.A. Santos 119
The Influence of Ceiling Height in Thermal Comfort of Buildings: A Case
Study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
A. O. Ilesanmi 126
Housing, Neighborhood Quality and Quality of Life in Public Housing in
Lagos, Nigeria
A. O. Ilesanmi, O. O. Ilesanmi 133
Inadequate Housing, Unsafe Neighborhoods and Mental Health:
A Psycho-architectural Perspective
S.H. Imam 140
Non Physical Research Methods and Design Proposals, In
Redevelopment Projects
E. Kasapoğlu 148
Importance of Subcontractors for a Successful Sustainable Housing
Construction
A. Kazaz, B. Er and S. Ulubeyli 154
Adaptation of Quality Function Deployment Technique for the
Construction Industry
iii
E. Krídlová Burdová and S. Vilčeková 160
Indicators Identifying and Weighting in Building Environmental
Assessment System
M. Kušnír, Z. Vranayová and P. Kapalo 166
Photovoltaic System and Energetic Demands of the Administrative
Building
R. Montagna, R. M. Barboni and E. Montagna 173
Street Crimes and Quality Of Life in the Neighborhoods
E. Pani 180
The Evolutionary Dwelling as a Sustainable Strategy for Housing
A. Lucchini, T. Poli and R. Perego 185
Towards Sustainability in Buildings:
An User-Friendly Method to Select Building Components and Services and
to Assess their Performances
B. Rangel, V. Abrantes, F.B. Alves and J.A. Faria 192
Integrated Team for Progressive Housing in the XXI Century
Q. Shi and L. Zhou 200
Next Challenge of Sustainable Housing Construction: Evidence from
China
S. Silva, P. Silva, M. Almeida and L. Bragança 205
IAQ Analysis of Portuguese Residential Buildings
A. Soeiro 212
Knowledge Management for SMEs about Building Rehabilitation
M. Tolon and D. Ural 217
Use of Artificial Intelligence Algorithm in Housing Projects Efficiency
Decisions
S. Kale, M. E. İlal, and E. Ülkeryıldız 226
An Entropy-Based Model for Evaluating the Housing Design Performance
L. Villegas, C. Carrasco, I. Lombillo, C. Liaño and J. Balbás 235
Construction in Spain: Crisis 2007-2010 and future prospects
iv
TOPIC B
Innovative Construction Schemes 244
S. Abd-Elbaky 245
Strengthening Of Cracked Cantilever Slabs Using CFRP Sheets
O. A. Alagbe and A. P. Opoko 253
Housing the Urban Poor in Nigeria through Self-Build Housing Concept
Using Compressed Stabilized Laterite Bricks
Y. Y. Al-Zoubi, S. A. Al-Rjoub, Al-Nagshabandy and M. Al-Jamal 259
New Materials in Construction: The Exterior Panels Trespa Meteon
H. Andalib, M.Gharaati, and M.S Andalib. 265
Developing Dry Construction in Developing Countries: Ceiling Detail for Iran
A. Bellicoso, P. de Berardinis, G. di Giovanni, R. Morganti and A. Tosone 273
L’Aquila city-land: The Post Earthquake Reconstruction of Small
Historic Urban Centre
M. de Lurdes Belgas Costa, F. G. Branco. 282
Cork Concrete Mechanical Behaviour under High Temperatures
A. Bukovics, L. T. Kóczy 290
Fuzzy Signature-Based Model for Qualification and Ranking of
Residential Buildings
A. Hunter Cairns 298
Growing Your Own Housing Stock
G. K. C. Ding 305
Strategies for Sustainable Housing Development - the Challenges from
Renewable Energy
Fahmy, W.S., Heneidy, E.A., Emam Ali, E. and Agwa I.S. 312
The Effect of Using Fired Recycled Coarse Aggregate on the Properties of Concrete
A. Frattari and M. Dalprà and G. Salvaterra 326
The role of the General Contractor in Sustainable Green Buildings: the
case study of two buildings in the LEED certification in Italy
C. Rivera Gómez and C. Galán-Marín 335
In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber Elements of a Historic Building
By Moisture Content Analyses and Ultrasonic Velocity Tests
v
G.A. Garrigós Antonio, C. E. Iribarren, Víctor, C. Garcia Erviti, Federico and
D. R. Pacheco, Mª Gema, 343
New Constructive Solutions to Improve Energy Efficiency in Existing
Buildings and Their Economic Viability
A. E. H. Martin, M. J. S. Severino and A. R. Rodríguez 351
Health and Safety in Construction: Subject Pending to Be Included
in the Curriculum of Architecture in Spain and Lack of Regulations
from the Professional Association of Architects Regarding the
Documentation Needed in the Building Implementation Project
N. Stevulova, L. Kidalova, E. Terpakova and J. Junak 358
Utilization of Hemp Concrete as Building Material
K. Konagai 365
Massive Destruction caused by the March 11th, 2011 Off the
Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its Impact on
Earthquake Engineering Practice
I. Lombillo, L. Villegas, E. Fodde and D. D’Ayala 377
Experimental Diagnosis of Earthen Construction: Characterization and in
Situ Estimation
D. L. López, M. D. Rodríguez 394
Tile Vaulting as an Alternative
R. Marvaldi 401
The integration of space in the experimentations of contemporary social
Housing
B. Menadi and S. Kenai 407
Effect of Curing on Durability Properties of Concrete Containing
Limestone Fines
A. M. Barrio, A. Sánchez-Ostiz Gutiérrez, S.D. Irigoyen andP.G. Martinez 414
Study and Monitoring of Six Dwellings with Glazed Gallery during the
summer
A.Monteiro and J.P.Martins 422
SIGABIM: a framework for BIM application
E. N. Oloto and A. K. Adebayo 429
Sustainable Low-Cost Housing - A Look at Recycled Intermodal
Construction Materials for Solving Housing Problems in Lagos Mega City
vi
M. Ondova and N. Stevulova 437
A Study of Using of Fly Ash Substitutes for Portland Cement in Concrete
Road
R. Paparella 445
The Architectural Integration of Photovoltaic Building Products in the
Historic Centers
Pereira, S. a, b, Paiva, A. a, b, Teixeira, T.a, Cunha, V. a, c and Pinto, J. a, d 454
Energy Rehabilitation of Portuguese Ancient Buildings – A first step
into the existing schist buildings in the Alto Douro Wine Region
P. H. Ribeiro Borges, V. A. Nunes, T. R. de Souza and L. F. Fonseca 461
Geopolymer Concrete with Recycled Glass: and Alternative Material for
Prefabricated Elements
A. Rodríguez Rodríguez, A. García Santos, A. Rolando Ayuso, M. Soler Severino,
A. E. Humero Martín, J.M. Sánchez González, J. F. Padial Molina and S. Labarga Moreno 468
Properties of High Resistence Concrete, Low Porosity and Elevated
Resisistance to Agresive Soils with High Sulfate Content, Employed in
Foundations in the Rehabilitation of Housing in Spain
G. C. Salado and E. P. Sichieri 475
Compressive Resistance of Vertical Sealing Paper Tube Panels for
Housing
A. Lo Faro and A. Salemi 483
Qualitative Analysis of Mechanical Behavior and Restoration Proposal of
Churches with Single Nave in Seismic Area
A. Sicakova, A. Estokova and M. Balintova 491
Method of Statement of Concreting and Quality of Concrete:
The Case Study
M. José Soler Severino, A. Eduardo Humero Martín and A. Rodríguez Rodríguez 499
Public-Private Financing (Ppp And Ppi) as Generator of
Projects of Architecture in the Spanish Construction
M. J. S. Severino and J. R. Landart 506
The Future Obligations of “Project Manager” As Construction Integral
Director (Dipe) In the Law of Buildings Construction in Spain (Loe)
S. Tiganas, D. Opincariu and A. Moldan 512
Inflatable Structures for Temporary Use, Applicability and Limits
vii
S. Tiganas, D. Opincariu and A. Moldan 519
The Future of Dismountable Timber Structures for Housing,
Between Tradition and New Sustainability
M. L. Trani, B. Bossi andL. Samorani 526
A Construction Site “Master plan” for New Towns
Z. Versic, I. Muraj and S. Raic 533
Energy Efficiency Renovation on the Example of a High-Rise
Building in Trnsko, Zagreb, Croatia
S. Zaid Alkilani, J. Jupp and A. Sawhney 541
Readying A Developing Economy for National Performance
Measurement and Benchmarking: A Case Study of the
Jordanian Construction Industry
TOPIC C
Innovative Design 549
A. O. Adunola 550
Housing and Environmental Problems in Urban Central Areas: Case
Study of Ile-Ife, Nigeria
G. Agostinelli, C. Talamo and G. Paganin 558
Changing Habit’: A Low Impact System for Temporary Constructions
K. A. Alangoya 565
Suburbs: Chances for Mega Cities
An Architectural Design Studio: Istanbul And The Secrets Of Its Beatiful Neighborhood Şile
R. Albatici, E. Resenterra and A. Piffer 573
Parametric Analysis of the Acoustic Performances of Timber Buildings
M. Inan 580
High Rise Building Structures in Fast Growing Populated Cities
M. H. Al-Jawadi and K. F. Al-Daudi 584
The Effect of Window Distribution on the Visual Illusion of Changing
Space Areas in Housing Projects
B. Ş. Altan, A. Mollamahmutoglu and S. Meydan 591
Bayburt Stone: A Decorative Alternative for Evaporative Passive Cooling for Buildings
J. António, A. Tadeu, S.Rodrigues and F.Pedro 598
Characterization of ICB hangers for Use in Suspended Acoustic Ceilings
viii
J. Ascensão and V. Abrantes 605
Social Housing Rehabilitation of Portuguese Modern Movement and
“ Bairro da Caixa Têxtil “
Z. Aslay and D. Ural 612
Underground Space Use in Urban Areas
G. Ballice and B. Hancı 618
Sustainable Kitchen Design
P. Bamberg, P. M. A. Castro, C. C. Ribeiro, J.M. Flor and F.A. Santos 625
Innovative Sustainable Residential Building Design in Brazil
A. Bekkouche 631
Urban Agriculture as a Way to Supply the Urban Green Spaces Oran’s
Case Study (Algeria)
S. Bilgen, M. Aksoy and M.Baslo 640
Thoughts and Ideas on Ecological Sustainability and the Reflections on
Architecture
D. Bozsaky 647
Thermodynamic Tests with a New Kind of Thermal Insulation Material
from Cornstalk
V. Brezar 654
The Future of Urban Dwelling Design
A. Briga-Sá, A. Paiva, J. Boaventura-Cunha and J.C.Lanzinha 661
Contribution of the Trombe Wall to Sustainable Buildings: Experimental
Work
S. M. Husain Bukhary 668
Re-Designing Future of Megacity Dhaka
C. Cachadinha 677
Characteristics of an Age-Friendly Neighborhood Built Environment:
Comparing of Age-Friendly Community Models with Empirical Evidence
M. Caini and R. Paparella 684
Design Strategies for Optimizing Natural Ventilation in the
Mediterranean Area: Case Studies Analysis
R. Caponetto and G. de Francisci 692
Ecological Materials and Technologies in Low Cost Building Systems:
New Techniques for Clay Applied to the Types of Buildings for Housing
ix
Y. Chen, T. S. Ng, and J. M. W. Wong 699
Exploring the Capability of Hong Kong BEAM Plus for Carbon Footprint Evaluation:
Perceptions of Industry Leaders
Ana-Maria Dabija 705
Thermal Rehabilitation of Mass Buildings in Romania. Lessons learned
R. T. Belgasem Dboba 713
On Informal Housing: The Case of Al-Khaleej Region in Libya
N. Doust and M. Imperadori 719
High Energy Efficiency Housing and Urban Densification in
Lombardy-Italy
N. Doust, G. Masera and M. Imperadori 726
A study on Design Optimization of a Near Net-Zero Energy House
S. D’Urso 732
Visions for the Future of Housing: Mega Cities
“Building, Dwelling, Thinking” Still Today
P. Dursun and G. Saglamer 739
Doctoral Studies on Housing
U. Elfiky 746
Affordable Green Building Alternatives for Low-Cost Housing in Egypt
A. Enshassi and T. Chatat 755
Post Disaster Housing Damage Assessment in the Gaza Strip-Palestine
F. Fascia and E. La Mantia 764
Project of a “villa” in Marrakech, with the principles of ecological architecture
K.G. Ahmed 774
Current new designs of low income mass public housing in Cairo:
What has been learnt from the failure of the past experiences?
M. Grecchi, L. Malighetti and G. Iannaccone 781
Integrated Design Strategies for Refurbishment of Large Social Housing,
Complexes in European Suburbs
R.H.Mohamed, M.Y.Tewfik and M.M.H. Aggour 788
Towards the Nano Echo Space
x
R. Iovino and F. Sannino 801
Functional Upgrading of the Building "Vela B" of the Neighborhood
Scampia in Naples
N. Junakova and M. Balintova 811
The Predicting of Chosen Contaminants in Eroded Soil Particles and
Reservoir Bottom Sediments Depending on Land-use
M. Kazemi, L. Nazari and S. M. H. Ayatollahi 818
All Season Use of Rasoulian House
“Winter Section Of The Double Courtyard”
M. Kazemi, L. Nazari and S. M. H. Ayatollahi 827
Introduce and Analyze the Climate Strategies of Iranian Contemporary
and Traditional Residential Architecture
K. Knizova, Z. Vranayova and D. Kosicanova 838
Risk Analysis of Air-Handling Systems during Their Operation
M. Kovac, Z. Vranayova and D. Kosicanova 845
The Support of a Natural Ventilation in Buildings with the Solar Chimney
G. Lobaccaro, G. Masera and T. Poli 850
Solar City: Design Strategies for the Solar Potential of Urban Areas
G. Lombardo 857
Natural Stone between Shape and Structure
C. Cicero and G. Lombardo 865
Sustainable Building Envelopes
A. Lucchini, G. Masera, E. S. Mazzucchelli and T. Poli 871
Flexibility in Typology, Technology, Construction and Performances:
An Innovative Approach for an Open Construction Kit
A. Lucchini and E. S. Mazzucchelli 878
The Integration of Building Services to Ensure Functionality and
Technical Innovation in New Buildings
A. Lucchini, A. Stefanazzi, M. Adelaide Parisi 885
Seismic Behaviour of Building Façades
L. Malighetti, G. Masera, E. de Angelis, T.Poli and G. Lobaccaro 892
A lean management tool for housing design
xi
S. Marletta 899
Design for Sustainable Spaces for Young People
S. Martín Blas and I.R. Martin 903
Social Housing in Great Metropolitan Areas - A New Methodology for
Integrated Quality Evaluation and Comparison
R. Masztalski and E. Trocka-Leszczynska 910
City Planning Indexes versus the Quality of Life in the Wroclaw
Residential Estates
A. Matei, S. Todoran, P. Elisei, T. Matei , O. Mihai Pop, C. Spanu I. Marcu and R.Pintea 916
Urban design for growing the quality of life in the residential neighborhoods
A. Mirmiran 924
Housing in Mega cities - A Systems Engineering Approach
L. Mollo 927
Influences of Building Techniques on the Annual Primary
Energy Requirement of Buildings in Marcianise (Italy)
R. I. Momtaz and Z. F. Abd El Kader 932
Sustainable Features of Vernacular Architecture a Case Study of Climatic
Controls in Hot Arid Climate
A. Moschella 940
Systemic Approach for a Sustainable/Responsible Design:
Thinking’s and Proposals
N. Nikghadam and S.M. Mofidi Shemirani 946
The Role of Form, Material and Construction of Ground Floor in
Sustainable Design(Case Study: Cities in Four Climates of Iran)
D. Ocipova and Z. Vranayova 953
Water - Saving Culture Vision in the City of the Future
V. O. Harbulakova, A.Luptakova, A. Estokova, N. Stevulova and A. Luptakova 959
Using of Coal Fly Ash in Concrete Materials and the Durability of
Materials Testing Considering the Resource Optimization
A. Trivelli, A. S. Pavesi, F. Pintoand P. Piella 965
Innovations for Temporary Housing Solutions
xii
M. Pittaluga, G. Loddo, G. P. Cossu and D. Ludoni 972
Multifunctional and Adaptive Architecture:Testing of Electrochromic
Windows in the Mediterranean Climate
E. Pizzi, G. Iannaccone and P. Ruttico 978
Innovative Strategies for Adaptive Buildings in Large Cities
A. Rezaallah, C. Bolognesi and R. Afghani Khoraskani 985
Green Design: A necessity for future of social housing
C. Galán-Marín, J.A. Lopez Martinez and C. Rosa-Roncero 992
Sustainable prefabrication: applicability on housing prototypes
M. Ruta, M. M. Sesana and F. Sarti 1000
Technological and Functional Optimization of A Modular Construction
System for Flexible and Adaptable Multi-Family Housing
G.Sağlamer and H.Foia 1007
Transformations of Istanbul: A Voyage from Past to Future
A. Samsunlu 1015
Tall Buildings and Infrastructure Problems in Cities
R. Sauquet Llonch 1021
House And Garden: Approaches to the Suburban Housing Collectivization
P. Schmid and G. Pal-Schmid 1027
Fundamental and Practical Proposals for Affordable Future Housing – World Wide
M. Sendi 1034
Sustainable modular and industrial buildings
M. Shafighnia and H. Rahimi 1040
Alternative Energies in Future Architecture Based on Nanotechnology
S. Sheweka and A. Mostafa 1046
The Impact of Air Flow upon Egypt Buildings
A. Silva-Afonso, C. Pimentel-Rodrigues and I. Lança 1054
Reuse of Grey Water in Buildings: Technical, Environmental and Health
Aspects
xiii
F. Stazi, C. Bonfigli, E. Tomassoni and A. Stazi 1062
Comparative Assessment of Wood, Cement-Bonded Wood Fiber and
Brick Construction Technologies in A Mediterranean Climate With Regard
To Consumption, Comfort and Environmental Impact
A. Tadeu, J. António, L. Godinho, P. A. Mendes 1069
Simulation of Sound Absorption in 2D Thin Elements Using a Coupled
BEM/TBEM Formulation in the Presence of 3D Sources
D. Thomas, G. Ding and K. Crews 1076
Sustainable Timber Use in the Australian Housing Market: Are
Consumers Willing to Pay the Price?
A. S. Todoran, A. Matei, P. Elisei, C. Cordos, C. Spanu and T. Matei 1083
Innovative Design: Sustainable Design of Urban Infrastructure in the
Town of Pitesti, Romania; Case Study – “Exercitiu” Neighborhood
A. Tosone and A. Bellicoso 1090
L’Aquila City-Land. Post-Earthquake Emergency Housing: The CASE Project
E. Trocka-Leszczynska, R. Masztalski and A. Tomaszewicz 1097
Improvement of Living Standards For People With Disabilities
In Polish Prefabricated Housing Estates From The 1970s
N. Türkeri, M. C. Altun and C. Göçer 1105
Analysis of Thermal Performance of an Extensive Green Roof System in
Istanbul, Turkey
S. Ulubeyli, A. Kazaz and B. Er 1111
Comparative Economic Valuation of Green Roofs: An Overview
J. Vanegas 1117
A Transdisciplinary, Transinstitutional, and Transnational Integrative Framework for
High Quality and Performance, Affordable, and Sustainable Housing
F. Vranay, D. Lukasik, Z. Vranayova and D. Ocipova 1123
The Building of Sustainable Architecture: Study of Inner Climate
Parameters and Evaluation of Operative Behavior of the Buildings
D. Watson, C. Oltean-Dumbrava and L. Breen 1129
‘Cross sector collaboration: Improving communities through
retro fitting sustainable inclusive homes’
R. W. M. Wong 1136
Reshaping the Urban Quality of Hong Kong as Mass Transit
Railway Networks
xiv
S. G. Yıldırım 1144
Comparison of Low Rise Residential Industrialised Building Systems in
Turkey
R. M. Aly Hassan Zenhom 1151
The Nature's Inspiration To Confirm the Designing Pattern
of the Glass In the Islamic Architecture
M. Aly Hassan Zenhom 1157
The Advanced Technological Styles & Their Effect
on the Glass Architectural Constructions
TOPIC D
Innovative Financing Systems 1164
J. Armengot Paradinas and F. Garcia Erviti 1165
The Economic Value of Residential Land in Historical Areas: An
Application of the Residual Method to the Secondary Market
K. Bala, S. Ahmad Bustani and M. Nuhu Madaki 1171
An Evaluation of the Housing Finance under the Nigerian National
Housing Policy
M. M. Daniel and R. J. Hunt 1178
Nigerian Housing Question: Beyond the Market Solution
C. Murphy 1185
Sharing the Blame: Financial Innovation in the Repair of Leaking
Buildings in New Zealand
A. T. Özbakan and S. Kale 1191
Hedonic House Pricing Models: A Meta-Analysis
A. Propersi , G. Mastrilli and S. Gundes 1198
Social Housing in Italy: State of the Art, Prospects and a Case Study
B. Sidawi 1207
The Clients’ Satisfaction on Property-Wise Financing by Banks and
Real Estate Development Fund (REDF)
A. J. F. Vaz 1214
Price Formation and Real Estate Characteristics: Residential Real Estate,
Lisbon – Portugal
Innovative Design
692
Ecological materials and technologies in low cost building systems: New techniques for clay applied to the types of buildings for housing
R. Caponetto, G De Francisci
Department of Architecture
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Key words: tecnology, earth, sustainability, materials, ecology.
Abstract
Due to the awareness of the exhaustion of energy resources, some studies on construction techniques, linked to local
traditions, to readily available materials, to low load energy and to self- building are been carried out. The high
recyclability of natural materials that can be used in low-cost buildings (such as clay, straw, bamboo, wood) associated
with construction techniques capable of exploiting the principles of bioclimatic architecture for energy needs, allow us
to create building environmentally conscious and responsible.
This study was developed according to the following steps: at first, we proceeded to collect information on the state of
art. In particular, we analyzed different types of construction based on clay solutions (rammed earth - pisè, hand-
formed bricks - adobe, lightened earth, weight-reduced blocks -massoni, cob, extruded blocks, compressed blocks)
and different types of materials and/or compositions of clay/sand/straw mixture (clay and straw, clay and wood, clay
and minerals aggregates). A series of earthen construction projects has been investigated, in order to identify their
technology choices and design, in relation to operational, manufacturing, and constructive aspects. These data were
then compared in terms of energy performance, maintainability, flexibility, comfort. The next step involved the design
of a habitation module of transitory residencies with wooden framework and outside walls in lighter earth hand-
formed blocks. At the same time the project of a special block (made of clay and fibers derived from foliage of common
reed -Arundo Donax) was developed, to meet the needs of sustainability and ease of construction. An experimental
test on this block was carried out, aimed at the identification of mechanical performance in relation to the different
compositions of the mixtures.
1 Introduction
The interest for the “earth-architecture” is constantly growing for several years in Europe and in the rest of the world,
as an expression of the new approach to "sustainability" for the resources and the environment. The “earth-
architecture”, today as in the past, is widespread in almost all latitudes. Today the diffusion of this construction
technology is closely linked to its manifold interpretation, and to the socio-economic conditions of countries where it is
used: in developing countries as a form of indigenous empowerment, linked to local tradition, the construction
technology economically dominant countries, industrialized countries, such as alternative technique, ecological and
bio-compatible, become necessary to deal with crisis related to the scarcity of primary energy and healthy living.
Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress April 16-19, 2012, Istanbul, Turkey
693
2 The raw earth nowadays
The necessity to exploit the potentialities of the natural materials, among which the raw earth, in the optics of the
sustainability it was born in the 1970’s, when in the energetic crisis, that cultural embryo is formed from which an
ecological sensibility is developed. In Europe an important stimulus to the search and the applications of this material
has come from France, where in the 1980’s, the experimental district Domaine de la Terre to Villas Fontaine near Lione
has been projected and realized. At the end of the XX century, the record of the development and the diffusion of these
techniques have gone to Australia and the United States. In the economically depressed areas of the world the
availability of the material and its "natural" predisposition to the self-building, has been at the base of projects that
have allowed numerous works for disadvantaged populations in many countries; an emblematic experience was the
appointment of Hassan Fathy in some countries of the african sub-Sahara.
In the first decade of the XXI century, the experimentations and the realizations of innovative and creative
architectures are multiplied with the raw earth: Martin Rauch, Rick Joy, John Arde, study COX, Rural Studio, Design
Bluff, only to quote some of them have taken back the consolidate techniques of the raw earth employing traditional
and evolved constructive technologies, to give place to objects of absolute architectural modernity.
The analysis of case studies made it possible to detect the most common construction methods adopted may be traced
to three major families: the compacted hearth, adobe and weight reduced earth. The research developed in recent
years have allowed to compare the performance of systems and components also added with earthen materials that
increase performance, mechanical or thermo-acoustic (straw, sawdust, hemp, etc.)
3 The design of the module housing for temporary residence
On the basis of the experiences conducted in Italy and in foreign countries, the planning of a housing form has been
developed for the transitory residence in the ‘etnea’ area, opting for resistant structure in wood and masonry in
formed blocks of weight reduced earth. The choice of base has been that to conjugate local energies, employing
material, technologies and manpower "to zero kilometers " (on site), to low cost, with the raw earth as principal
material, strengthened with reed fibers. This form has been developed thinking towards an employment of the block of
raw earth in the formation of the external vertical partitions of the lodging. The principal building body has been
conceived with a resistant "platform" structure, with only one level above ground, to wood lamellar frame, with beams
and section pillars squared. Floor and roof, are formed in a “sandwich” panel, formed by two layers of wooden
partition tables encasing a rigid thermal insulation material, composed of a wooden composite, protected by
waterproof sealant. The external walls, to be constructed on-site, are a single layer of a uniform thickness in blocks of
raw earth, handmade and reinforced by foliage of common reed. This block is the object of the current research. The
finishings are made of natural, weight-reduced and reinforced, or in wooden panels. The interior walls are formed with
a modular system in wooden multilayered panels (ennobled wooden layer, multilayer wooden panels encasing a rigid
thermal insulation material, ennobled wooden layer).
Figure 1: plant of the module: 1veranda, 2 corridor, 3 bathroom, 4 living room, 5 kitchen, 6 bedroom, 7 master
bedroom
Innovative Design
694
Figure 2: Horizontal section of detail.
4 Experimental research for the characterization of the block
The choice of construction techniques to be used for the proposed project rely on the reinforced block with plant fiber,
handmade using a metal mold. This construction technique has been preferred to the other because it is easily
reproducible in different geographical, technical and structural conditions used in transient and permanent, easily
accomplished with the help of a few essential information and technical practices. It was considered in the light of data
in the literature and ergonomic requirements related to weight and ease of handling, the size of the object, more fit for
purpose, are 30x25x12,5cm. The choice of the basic components of the mix, to package the blocks, was conducted with
preference of local materials. In regard to the situation of having to make these artifacts in the territory of Catania, the
choice fell on clay as primary component, on a volcanic sand known as "azolo" (used in the Etna area, obtained by
crushing the lava rock) as aggregate, and on foliage of giant reed (Arundo donax, Linnaeus, 1753 or reed home, present
in the whole region, cultivated and spontaneous) as added fiber. These fibers added to the mix, to improve the
performance, were chosen with the criterion of local availability, the use of a waste material and with the intention to
bring an innovation to the constructive techniques in raw earth, in how much its employment has not been made a will
in literature yet.
4.1 Production of samples/ blocks
The criteria for the composition and formation of the mixture were obtained from data collected from the literature,
the skills acquired in the experiments conducted and the assistance of laboratory experts. For the purposes of a
preliminary assessment of the acceptability of the artifacts, 5 sets of blocks were produced in the laboratory, as
described in Table 1, each of one has his own composition of mixture.
Table 1: Composition of the mixtures for the production of the blocks (*) 43% of the mass of the dry
SERIES 1 SERIES 2 SERIES 3 SERIES 4 SERIES 5 Clay 38 Kg 34 Kg 34 Kg 34 Kg 34 Kg Azolo 17 Kg 22 Kg 22 Kg 22 Kg 22 Kg Fibers 0,380 Kg 0,760 Kg 1,520 Kg 3,04 Kg 6,08 Kg Water(*) 24 Kg 24 Kg 24 Kg 24 Kg 24 Kg
1-External walls: Lime plaster (30 mm), handmade block of raw earth, reinforced by reed fibers (250 mm), lime plaster (20 mm). 2-Partition walls: ennobled wooden layer (20 mm), multilayer wooden panels encasing a rigid thermal insulation material (wooden composite, 60 mm), ennobled wooden layer (20 mm)
Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress April 16-19, 2012, Istanbul, Turkey
695
It was soon found the ideal percentage of soil and aggregates, which corresponds to the No. 2 series; it was repeated
in the series 3, 4, 5, changing the dosage of fiber.
The preparation of materials needed for packaging the mixture was conducted according to an established
methodology, widely applied and documented from the literature. It was organized according to a series of work steps
that can be summarized as follows: mining below the organic layer and transport of the material earth, finding, and
screening and washing of aggregates and fibers; storage and screening of the earth, that cleared of stones and gravel
has been subjected to sieving with sieves of 12 mm; wetting the ground, using a sprayer at a rate of about 40% of the
total water on the mixture; mixture, made with manual mode. The mixture was left to mature for about 6 hours before
use.
The realization of the blocks was carried out manually, using a metal mold. The procedure was completed within the
following steps: forming, with the help of formworks and tools by introducing the mixture into the mold, levelling the
surface free and eliminating excess material. Subsequently the form was lifted and rotated to remove the block (that
was intact in its geometry in all 5 cases of different doses of the components); storage and drying, when some pallets
have been used, equipped with spacers (wooden spacers to avoid the direct contact between the elements and allow a
regular flow of air). The blocks were left to "mature" for 2 months in optimal conditions, placed in a dry, ventilated and
protected from direct sunlight and rainwater.
Figure 3: Basic components (foliage of common reed, “azolo”, clay) and blocks
4.2 Laboratory tests
With the prototypes were made specimens for each mixture about the size of 15x25x12, 5 (½ block), required for all
tests: visual analysis, absorption test, test of Geelong (evidence of erosion), shrinkage test, evidence of impact
resistance, penetration test, uniaxial compression test.
The tests conducted are derived from proceedings governed by New Zealand standards (NZS 4298: 1998, Material &
Workmanship for Earth Buildings) of March 1998 [13], the Standard Code of Practice for Rammed Hearth Structures,
Zimbabwe in 2001 (SAZS 724:2001) [12] and the Standards Australia 2002 [8], from Ecole Nationale des methodologies
developed by Ente Traveaux Publics of the Etat de Lyon (France) [7] and the Thematic Manual of Raw Earth [1].
4.3 Results of the investigation and comparision with literature data
The visual analysis. The visual analysis showed an overall good quality of products, the cracks are not so severe as to
compromise the use of technical elements on site. The analysis to the touch (Achenza-Sanna, Thematic Manual of Raw
Earth) showed extreme compactness of the material. The rubbing of the samples surface, with the palm of the hand,
did not result in release of fine particles of the mix, if not negligible. The absorption test (Achenza-Sanna, Thematic
Manual of Raw Earth), conducted on two specimens for each series of the technical products, gave results comparable
with those given in the literature. Evidence of erosion (New Zealand Standard Commitee BD/83 Earth Building - NZS
4298), conducted with the test of Geelong, which aims to determine the resistance to erosion of the surface of the
Innovative Design
696
block, showed a good response performance of samples. All the technical tested elements, 3 for each series, may be
accepted, because the obtained data respect the parameters of tolerance shown in the reference table (see Tab. 2).
Table 2: Erosion values from NZS code 4298
properties criteria Index of erosion
Depth of the hole D (mm)
0 < D < 5 5 ≤D < 10 10 ≤D < 15 D ≥15
2 3 4 5 (non accettato)
Depth of penetration U ( mm) If the sample is thicker than 120 mm
< 120 ≥120
Accepted Not accepted
Table 3: Measured values of erosion
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c
Depth of the hole D (mm) 3 4 3,5 4 4,5 5 4,5 4 4,5 5 4,5 5 5 5 5
Index of erosion 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
All accepted because lower than 5
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c
Depth of penetration U (mm)
14 13 14,5 13 14 13 14 14 15 14 14 14,5 15 14 13,5
All accepted because lower than 120 mm
From the analysis of the depth of the holes produced by controlled drip, we obtained an index of erosion between 2
and 3, while the values of penetration depth of water were between 13 and 15 mm, much lower than those provided
by the limits of the standard codes (see Tab. 2 and 3).
Table 4. Shrinkage values allowed from [1]
Properties Criteria Index of erosion Shrinkage, measured as the percentage difference between the size and the technical elements of the formwork products
0% ≤ Shrinkage ≤ 3% 3% ≤ Shrinkage ≤ 5% 5% ≤
normal accettable inappropriate
Table 5 . Comparison of measured shrinkage values with those listed admitted in Table 4
Dimensions Average withdrawal
percentage Comparision
“a” (cm) “b” (cm) “c” (cm)
Formwork 29,1 25,7 12,1
Serie 1 26,8 23,7 11,2 7,9 % > 5% inappropriate
Serie 2 27,3 23,9 11,4 6,2 % > 5% inappropriate
Serie 3 27,7 24,6 11,5 4,8 % < 5%; >3 % accettable
Serie 4 27,8 24,9 11,7 4,5 % < 5%; >3 % accettable
Serie 5 27,9 25,0 11,8 4,1 % < 5%; >3 % accettable
The analysis of the withdrawal [1], is the only test that, as regard two sets of tested blocks (those of series 1 and series
2), gave, on average, inadequate values (see Table 4). Samples of these two families, in fact, have shrinkage values
above 5%, considered to be inadequate to ensure, with good percentage of security, the maintenance of the required
mechanical properties after drying. The samples of series 3, 4 and 5 gave acceptable shrinkage values, between 3 and
5% (see Table 5). The penetration test (comparison with other international experiments), required to detect,
qualitatively, the resistance of the outer surface of the samples, showed overall a good performance of the blocks. Also
the impact strength test [method of Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics, adopted also by Mattone-Pasero, 13] showed
a good performance of the blocks. All values obtained from the analyzed samples showed that they meet the
requirements of the test, with detachment of portions of material lower than the limits imposed by the New Zealand
standard code. The compression test [7], uniaxial monotonous, carried out on the blocks, with a cell load of 60 kN and
Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress April 16-19, 2012, Istanbul, Turkey
697
a minimum speed of load increase of 0.40 mm / min, showed a good overall performance of the products, if it is
compared with data of other international experiments (see Table 7).
Table 6: Values of compressive strength of common raw earth products [6]
Table 7: Compressive strength values in laboratory
Series load strength (N)
Area (mmq) Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile strength Kg/cmq)
1 79956 27585 2,90 29,6 2 79364 28093 2,83 28,8 3 80661 28854 2,80 28,6 4 83095 29272 2,84 29,0 5 81526 29570 2,76 28,2 media 80920 2,83 28,8
For all tested blocks, five for each series, we obtained compressive strength values between 2.76 and 2.90 MPa, in the
range of literature values obtained for products that are similar to the one tested, ie adobe (see Table 6).
5 Conclusions
From the analysis of data obtained from laboratory tests (carried out in our LaTPrE: Laboratory of building Production
Technology, University of Catania), it is possible to deduce a first suitability of the tested technical elements. The
values of our blocks (raw earth, common reed, azolo, water) are comparable to those of common Adobe. The
innovative use of common reed fiber, aimed at strengthening the block, showed to be suitable for the purpose and it
did not reduced the other benefits. In some cases, as in the test of Geelong, the presence of the crushed leaves of the
common reed, has clearly improved the technical characteristics of the component. As regard the composition of the
mixture, the series 3 and 4 (with a medium percentage of fibers) gave the best results.
6 References
[1] Achenza M., Sanna U., Manuale Tematico della Terra Cruda, DEI, Cagliari 2009 [2] CRATerre, Construire en terre, edition alternatives, paris, 1979 [3] Easton D. The rammed earth house, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, Vermont, USA, 2007 [4] Galdieri E. Le meraviglie dell’architettura in terra cruda, Laterza Bari, 1982 [5] Houben H., Guillaud H., Earth Construction: a comprensive guide, Editions Parenthése, Marsiglia, 1989 [6] Minke G. Building with Hearth – De sign and Tecnology of a Sustainable Architecture, Birkhauser, Publisher for
architecture, 2009 [7] Mattone R. Sperimentazione e prove di laboratorio per il controllo di qualità della muratura in terra, in Abitare
la Terra, Cagliari, CUEC, Editrice, 1998. [8] Narici B., Scudo G., Talamo C., Costruire con la terra, tecniche costruttive, campi di utilizzo e prestazioni,
Napoli, Sistemi Editoriali, 2001. [9] Rael R. Earth Architecture, New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008 [10] Standard Australia, 2002, The Australian earth building handbook. Sydney, 2002.
Tecnical features
Specific weight Kg/mc Compressive strength MPa
con
stru
ctio
n t
ech
niq
ue
s
Rammed Earth 1800-2100
2-5 dry earth / 0-5 moist earth 3 for mixture of 1900 kg/mc 4 for mixture of 2200 kg/mc 8 for rammed earth with cement
Lightened Earth
300-1200 terra paglia 700-1000 terra argilla 500-1200 terra legno
1,74 for lightened earth to 800 kg/mc
Adobe 1400-1900 2 for Adobe without additive 2-5 for Adobe stabilized with bitumen
Compressed blocks 1800-2000 1700-2200
4,12 (ALTEK GEO 50) 2,0 (CTRATerre) 3,0-4,0 (DIN)
Innovative Design
698
[11] Reglamento Nacional de Contrucciones – Norma Tecnica de edification, NTE.80 Adobe – Lima Perù, marzo 2000
[12] Standard Code of Practise for Rammed Hearth Structures, Zimbabwe 2001 (SAZS 724:2001) [13] Standard New Zealand Commitee BD/83 Earth Building (NZS 4297: 1998, Engineering Design of Earth
Buildings; NZS 4298: 1998, Material & Workmanship for Earth Buildings; NZS 4299: 1998, Earth Building not Requiring specific Design)
Author’s Index
1220
Author’s Index
A. a, b Paiva 454
A. Araújo 10
A. Bekkouche 631
A. Bellicoso 273, 1090
A. Briga-Sá 661
A. Bubshait 39
A. Bukovics 290
A. Cilasun 68
A. E. H. Martin 351
A. E. Humero Martín 468
A. Eduardo Humero Martín 499
A. Enshassi 755
A. Estokova 99, 491, 959
A. Frattari 326
A. García Santos 468
A. Hunter Cairns 298
A. J. F. Vaz 1214
A. K. Adebayo 429
A. Kazaz 154, 1111
A. Lo Faro 483
A. Lucchini 185, 871, 878, 885
A. Luptakova 959
A. M. Barrio 414
A. Matei 1083
A. Matei 916
A. Mirmiran 924
A. Moldan 512, 519
A. Mollamahmutoglu 591
A. Moschella 940
A. Mostafa 1046
A. O. Adunola 18, 550
A. O. Ilesanmi 126, 133
A. P. Opoko 253
A. Paiva 661
A. Piffer 573
A. Propersi 1198
A. R. Rodríguez 351
A. Rezaallah 985
A. Rodríguez Rodríguez 468, 499
A. Rolando Ayuso 468
A. S. Elnashai 89
A. S. Pavesi 107, 965
A. S. Todoran 1083
A. Salemi 483
A. Samsunlu 1015
A. Sánchez-Ostiz Gutiérrez 414
A. Sawhney 541
A. Sicakova 491
A. Silva-Afonso 1054
A. Soeiro 212
A. Stazi 1062
A. Stefanazzi 885
A. T. Özbakan 1191
A. Tadeu 598, 1069
A. Tomaszewicz 1097
A. Tosone 273, 1090
A. Trivelli 965
A.Luptakova 959
A.Monteiro 422
Al-Nagshabandy 259
Ana-Maria Dabija 705
B. Alolika 60
B. Bossi 526
B. Er 154, 1111
B. Hancı 618
B. Menadi 407
B. Rangel 192
B. Ş. Altan 591
B. Sidawi 1207
C. Bolognesi 985
C. Bonfigli 1062
C. C. Ribeiro 625
C. Cachadinha 677
C. Carrasco 235
C. Cicero 865
C. Cordos 1083
C. E. Iribarren, Víctor 343
C. Galán-Marín 335, 992
C. Garcia Erviti, Federico 343
C. Göçer 1105
Author’s Index
1221
C. Liaño 235
C. Murphy 1185
C. Oltean-Dumbrava 1129
C. Pimentel-Rodrigues 1054
C. Rivera Gómez 335
C. Rosa-Roncero 992
C. Spanu 916, 1083
C. Talamo 558
C.S. Rodrigues 119
D. Bozsaky 647
D. D’Ayala 377
D. Kosicanova 838, 845
D. L. López 394
D. Ludoni 972
D. Lukasik 1123
D. Ocipova 953, 1123
D. Opincariu 512, 519
D. Pandit 60
D. R. Pacheco 343
D. Thomas 1076
D. Ural 217, 612
D. Watson 1129
E. de Angelis 892
E. Emam Ali 312
E. Ergen 45
E. Fodde 377
E. Kasapoğlu 148
E. Krídlová Burdová 160
E. La Mantia 764
E. Manisalı 25
E. Montagna 173
E. N. Oloto 429
E. P. Sichieri 475
E. Pani 180
E. Pizzi 978
E. Resenterra 573
E. S. Mazzucchelli 871, 878
E. Terpakova 358
E. Tomassoni 1062
E. Trocka-Leszczynska 910, 1097
E. Ülkeryıldız 226
E.A. Heneidy 312
F. Fascia 764
F. G. Branco 282
F. Garcia Erviti 1165
F. Pinto 107, 965
F. Sannino 801
F. Sarti 1000
F. Stazi 1062
F. Vranay 1123
F.A. Santos 119, 625
F.B. Alves 192
F.J. Balbás 52
F.Pedro 598
G. Agostinelli 558
G. Ballice 618
G. C. Salado 475
G. de Francisci 692
G. di Giovanni 273
G. Ding 1076
G. Ferri 107
G. Güven 45
G. Iannaccone 781, 978
G. K. C. Ding 305
G. Lobaccaro 850, 892
G. Loddo 972
G. Lombardo 857, 865
G. Masera 726, 850, 871, 892
G. Mastrilli 1198
G. P. Cossu 972
G. Paganin 558
G. Pal-Schmid 1027
G. Saglamer 739
G. Salvaterra 326
G.A. Garrigós Antonio 343
G.Sağlamer 1007
H. Andalib 265
H. Rahimi 1040
H.Foia 1007
I. Lança 1054
I. Lombillo 52, 235, 377
I. Marcu 916
I. Muraj 533
I.R. Martin 903
I.S. Agwa 312
J. a, d Pinto 454
J. António 598, 1069
J. Armengot Paradinas 1165
J. Ascensão 605
J. Balbás 235
J. Boaventura-Cunha 661
J. C. Lanzinha 661
J. F. Padial Molina 468
J. Junak 358
J. Jupp 541
Author’s Index
1222
J. M. W. Wong 699
J. R. Landart 506
J. Vanegas 1117
J.A. Faria 192
J.A. Lopez Martinez 992
J.M. Flor 625
J.M. Sánchez González 468
J.P.Martins 422
J.R. Aranda 52
K. A. Alangoya 565
K. Bala 1171
K. C. Goss 114
K. Crews 1076
K. F. Al-Daudi 584
K. Knizova 838
K. Konagai 365
K.G. Ahmed 774
L. Bragança 205
L. Breen 1129
L. Claveland 89
L. F. Fonseca 461
L. Godinho 1069
L. Kidalova 358
L. Malighetti 781, 892
L. Mollo 927
L. Nazari 818
L. Nazari 827
L. Samorani 526
L. T. Kóczy 290
L. Villegas 52, 235, 377
L. Zhou 200
L.M. Ramos 83
M. A. Hassanain 39
M. Adelaide Parisi 885
M. Aksoy 640
M. Al-Jamal 259
M. Almeida 205
M. Aly Hassan Zenhom 1157
M. Anbarcı 25
M. Ayhan 45
M. Balintova 491, 811
M. C. Altun 1105
M. C. R. Carvalho 119
M. Caini 684
M. D. Rodríguez 394
M. Dalprà 326
M. José Soler Severino 499
M. Kazemi 818, 827
M. Khaliluddin 39
M. Kovac 845
M. Kušnír 166
M. L. Trani 526
M. M. Daniel 1178
M. M. Sesana 1000
M. Nuhu Madaki 1171
M. Ö. Arıoğlu Salmona 32
M. Ondova 437
M. Pittaluga 972
M. Porhincak 99
M. Ruta 1000
M. Sendi 1034
M. Shafighnia 1040
M. Soler Severino 468
M. T. Birgönül 45
M. Tolon 217
M.A. Erberik 45
M.Baslo 640
M.Gharaati 265
M.M.H. Aggour 788
M.S Andalib 265
M.Y.Tewfik 788
Mª C. Ruiz 52
Mª Gema 343
N. Abdel-Kader 2
N. Arıoğlu 32
N. Doust 719, 726
M. de G. de la Quadra-Salcedo 83
M. de Lurdes Belgas Costa 282
M. E. İlal 226
M. Grecchi 781
M. H. Al-Jawadi 584
M. Imperadori 719, 726
M. Inan 580
M. J. S. Severino 351, 506
N. Junakova 811
N. Kata 52
N. Nikghadam 946
N. Stevulova 358, 437, 959
N. Türkeri 1105
O. A. Alagbe 253
Ö. Kurç 45
O. Mihai Pop 916
O. O. Ilesanmi 133
P. A. Mendes 1069
Author’s Index
1223
P. Bamberg 625
P. de Berardinis 273
P. Dursun 739
P. Elisei 916, 1083
P. H. Ribeiro Borges 461
P. Kapalo 166
P. M. A. Castro 625
P. Piella 965
P. Ruttico 978
P. Schmid 1027
P. Silva 205
P.G. Martinez 414
Q. Shi 200
R. Afghani Khoraskani 985
R. Albatici 573
R. Caponetto 692
R. I. Momtaz 932
R. Iovino 801
R. J. Hunt 1178
R. M. Aly Hassan Zenhom 1151
R. M. Barboni 173
R. Marvaldi 401
R. Masztalski 910, 1097
R. Montagna 173
R. Morganti 273
R. P. Guimaraes 119
R. Paparella 445, 684
R. Perego 185
R. Sauquet Llonch 1021
R. T. Belgasem Dboba 713
R. W. M. Wong 1136
R.H.Mohamed 788
R.Pintea 916
S. a, b Pereira 454
S. A. Al-Rjoub 259
S. Abd-Elbaky 245
S. Ahmad Bustani 1171
S. Assaf 39
S. B. Güler 32
S. Bilgen 640
S. Chattopadhyay 60
S. D’Urso 732
S. Damayanti 74
S. Ettouney 2
S. G. Yıldırım 1144
S. Gundes 1198
S. Kale 226, 1191
S. Kenai 407
S. Labarga Moreno 468
S. M. H. Ayatollahi 818, 827
S. M. Husain Bukhary 668
S. Marletta 899
S. Martín Blas 903
S. Meydan 591
S. Raic 533
S. S. Altaf 60
S. S. Moersidik 74
S. Sheweka 1046
S. Silva 205
S. Tiganas 512, 519
S. Todoran 916
S. Ulubeyli 154, 1111
S. Vilčeková 160
S. W. Sarwono 74
S. Zaid Alkilani 541
S.D. Irigoyen 414
S.H. Imam 140
S.M. Mofidi Shemirani 946
S.Rodrigues 598
T. Chatat 755
T. Matei 916, 1083
T. Poli 185, 850, 871
T. R. de Souza 461
T. S. Ng 699
T.a Teixeira 454
T.Poli 892
U. Elfiky 746
V. a, c Cunha 454
V. A. Nunes 461
V. Abrantes 10, 192, 605
V. Brezar 654
V. O. Harbulakova 959
W.S. Fahmy 312
Y. Chen 699
Y. Y. Al-Zoubi 259
Z. Aslay 612
Z. F. Abd El Kader 932
Z. Versic 533
Z. Vranayova 166, 838, 845, 953, 1123
International Association for Housing Science
Published by
Printed in Turkey, April 2012
Government Sponsor