i* i. .v .. . status of nye county ventilation ...danko. 6 nye county department of natural...
TRANSCRIPT
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IJ I4I ' so,@
Nye County Departmentof Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
Status of Nye County. I* .v I. .. ..
Ventilation Studies. . . , ,
George Danko,.1 . Davood Bahrami, UNR,[email protected]
John Walton, UTEP, walton~utep. eduNuclear Waste Technical Review Board
January 2004
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Outline
* Natural draft ventilation concept.
* MJLTIFLUX code verification.
* Ventilation sensitivity study.
* Post-closure natural draft ventilation study.- An integrated thermo-hydraulic drift airflow model was
perpared for 5000 years of pre- and post-closure.- Post closure natural ventilation will occur.- Cold-trap condensation is seen at the drift ends in the
current design.- Design changes will be needed to eliminate
condensation.2 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
1Ij 'k,,t
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, r '
What do we mean by ventilation?* Pre-closure ventilation and post-closure
air infiltration.* Concept:
- Enhance natural breathing of mountain'with rubble filled drifts or other means.,,
- Permanent, flow driven by waste heatinduced buoyancy.
- Combine with more flexible pre-closureventilation.
* Potential Advantages:Smaller repository footprint.,
- Lower temperatures.- Dryer, less condensation.- Lower cost.- Lower corrosion.- Improved drift shadow.
3 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Faciltes
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MULTIFLUX
* Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryporous/fractured-media flow and transport software model(NIJFT) as a module for simulating heat and moistureflows in the rock domain.
o Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module for thesimulation of transport processes in the airway system,including the waste packages.
* Modules coupled on the-rock-air interface:- Heat and moisture flows are balanced at interface.- Temperature and vapor pressure equalized at each surface node.
* Developed by George Danko, University of Nevada, Reno.
4 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
,,r
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is i
Code Verification (Benchmarking)
* Analytical solution of transient heat transfer from drift torock with heat conduction in rock.
* Boundary condition arbitrary function of time.* Carsiaw and Jaeger double integral solution.* Integrate along drift to give-two dimensional transient
solution.* Set parameters to maximize "action".* Excellent agreement between model and analytical
solution.* NWRPO-2003-05 Coupled Hydrothermal-Ventilation
Studies for Yucca Mountain Annual Report for April 2002- March 2003, George Danko.
5 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Sensitivity Study
* What factors and parameters are most important?* Modify: ventilation rate, thermal conductivity (k),
heat transfer coefficient (h), heat capacity (pCP)* NWRPO-2003-05 Coupled Hydrothermal-
Ventilation Studies for Yucca Mountain AnnualReport for April 2002 - March 2003, GeorgeDanko.
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E A Is
Sensitivity Study Conclusions
* Thermal loading does not change sensitivities.
* Ventilation rate:- Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity (density)
important at low flow rates (lower than 5 kg/s - 0.25m/s air velocity).
- Heat transfer coefficient important at high flow rates(higher than 1 kg/s 0.05 m/s air velocity).
* Thermal conductivity important and uncertain inlithophysal areas.
7 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Post Closure Ventilation Simulation
* Simulates current DOE "hot" repository design.
* U-Tube assumption for buoyancy flow:- Cold air goes down Solitario Canyon Fault zone.- Warm air goes up Ghost Dance Fault Zone.- Single drift.
* Flow rates centered on USGS (Gary LeCain) permeability.
* Results for a range of flow rates following 50 years offorced ventilation.
* Highest flow rates illustrate enhanced natural draftventilation.
8 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Repository
236
235
a0
:a234
233
232,
170 172 174Drift
studied Easting (kn) 5-
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal FacilitiesS9
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Natural Ventilation Flow SystemAir infiltration
343
Ghost Dance
Not to scaleDimensions in m
Solitario Canyon
10 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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. I ,
; Infiltration Airflow Rates100 . . . . . . . . I . . . . . I .
I . .I . . . . . i i
10-1~
-;,,102
1o4
7
13. a- -
0 a i 3
0 0 0- I
o Medilun:-.- Balanced
- Low- - Very low1051 ,I - .I - . . . . .
1 102 103 1Time [year]
I - X wp.
1 1 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Low..
In-Drift Model: CFD-ConvectiveLocation: WP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
_ 120 m ¢
2 100
o 80E
0 air flow60 Ib.
400 200 400 600
140 140 140
120 120 120
100 100 100
80 80 80
60 60 60
40 401 40800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
200 400 600 800onnI'U'-
0
x 150
cm per waste- 100
0 packageC0 50a08
00 200 400 600
Drft Length [ m ]
12
-i.11I
150
100
50
0 200 400 600 800
200
150
100
50
O ikk0 200 400 600 800
Dft Length m ]
100
80
60
40
20
0
200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800
n .__800 0 200 400 600 800
Drft Length [ m ]0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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| He ;*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Air Infiltration: LowIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
Location: WP
Year 60 Year750 Year1500 Year5000
C)I
0.
21
E
140
120
100
80
60
An .
140
120
100
80
60
An .
140
120
100
80
60
A n
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100
80
8 60
W 40
20
n
. w
100
80
60
40
20
100
80
60
40
20
nI
0 200 400 600 800
200 .
(0
x 150U,
0,X 100.
aA 50.a0O'O 0
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [in]
13
0 200 400 600 8000 .- 20
io ~~~~~115
I 0 200 400 600 800
15
100
50
10
I0
;O
O0
0
zUU
150
100
50
00 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m I
51 S0 200 400 600 800
Drft Length [ n I0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m]
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Low
Location: Drift wall
Year 60 Year 750
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year 1500 Year 5000
140
O9 120
2 1004)a- 80EF 60
140
120
100
80
60
400 200 400 600 8000 200 400 600 800
100
80
0 60
W 40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200
I;10
4 50
Cq
00
0O-0
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length m
14
0 200 400 600 800
100
80
60
40
20
n
100 - _ .
80
60
40
20
n O0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 8
200 00
3uu
250
200
150
100
50
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length I m I
200
150
100
50
1501
100
50'
0 ~~0 200 400 600 800
Drft Length I m ]
I
.
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length I m I
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Balanced (best estimate of anticipated flow rate)
Location: WPIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year 60
140
o0120
-100
0CL 80E ..
I- 60 :
40 -
S ^ n n o
Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
4U . 4UH' 4U ']
U ZUU 4UU vUU 8UU - I 200 400 600 8( 10 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
- 100
80
* 60
W 40
20
0 0 200 400 600 800
100
80
60
40
20
0, 0, 200 400 600 800
200
150
100
50
n
100
80
60
40
20 .
0.0 200 400 600 800
200 .
150
0 200 400 600 800
100
50 F200
150
100
50
. . .
*L LILu 3ni _ - I n aA _n I *0 200 400 600 -800
Drift Length m I0 . 2u- 0 400 600 800 0 - 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 `5
fift Length [m ] Dft Length m ] Drift Length [ m ] .
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Air Infiltration: BalancedIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
Location: WAP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
°P 120G-
= 100
@ 80E.
i 60
140 140 140
120 120 120
100 100 100
0 80 0
60 60 60
40 40 400 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200' 400 600 800
4'J200 400 600 8'
100
80
60
a: 40
20
n _
100
80
60
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
2 0 0 , -- I
0
200-r
200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800---̂
. ,UU, 200 . .
ID0
x 150
0,-t 1004)
0a0 50
0U.)
150
100
50
150
100
50
1501
1001
501
nI0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m ]
O _0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m ]
o-, . 0
0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m ]0 200 400 600 800
Drft Length [ m ]
16 16Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: BalancedIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Location: Drift wall
Year60 Year750 Year1500 Year5000
. 140
o 12002 100I!aC. 80
,F 60
40
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
AnI
140
120
100
80
60
410 ,
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100 100
80 '80
$ 60 60
' 40 40
20 20
0 00 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600. 800
200 300
250x 150.4 200
;-100 150d)100
(U 50 i 50O. _ __ __ .._0~~~~~~~~5
Ua
I C
4
10
30
n
UU
80
60
40
20
n0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Nu
150
100
50
U U WI#0 200 400 600 800
Drft Length [m I0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
DOi Length[m] D DOLengthImI Dft LengthImI
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Air Infiltration: MediumIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Location: WP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500
140
Z9 120a.2 100C)X. 80EI 60
400 200 400 600 800
140
120
100
60
An
Year 5000
140
120
100
80
60
400 200 400 600 8000 200 400 600 800
100
80
R 60
a 40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200
x 150(ncm
n 100C)
fuA
a 50C0
00 200 400 600 800
Drft Length [ n ]
18
100
80
60
40
20
0 200 400 600 8C
200
150
100
50
.
1c
4
10
10
Q
00 200 400 600 800
2001
100*
60
40
20
0I0 200 400 600 800
200
150
100
50
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ n]
150
100
50
Li
.
0 200 400 600 800Dift Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m ]
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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d9,
Air Infiltration: High
Location: WP In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
Z 120
2 1001!
ax 80
60
I 200 400 600 81
140
120
100
80
60
400 tzlZL
0 200 400' 600 800 P 200 400 600 800
10
8
_7 6
I
2
2015
o
10' 154)
cmo2
41)5
C0U-
0 I . .
0.
0 . -- . . , _ . ,
0
0 .
'IC
a
S
;4
2
i0I 20
15
0
0 -
a
0I
0I
n.L
200 400 600 80
10 I
30iO I. _..
t0
00 200 400 600 80
.
IO ., , .
;O
i01-
n
0
100 -100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 00 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
2 0 0 r - 2 0 0 , -
150
100IC
15
1
S
O
10
'OI
5 50
U. U.-
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800Dnft Length [ m ] Dift Length [m] Drft Length [ mJ I
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal FacilitiesI,19
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Relative Humidity and CondensateFormation
* Condensation predicted on downstream drift walland waste packages.
* Condensation disappears at higher flow rates.* Condensation decreases with decreasing
maximum temperatures.* Refined convective air flow pattern required to see
correct condensate formation.* Best viewed as engineering design challenge.
20 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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;W # X
Relative Humidity and CondensateFormation
Condensation predicted on downstream drift walland waste packages.
* Condensation disappears at higher flow rates.
* Conden's-ation decreases with decreasingmaximum temperatures.
* -Re fed convective air flow pattern required to seecorrect condensate formation.
* Best viewed as engineering design challenge.
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Summary
* Natural draft ventilation occurs with and withoutenhancement.
* Design changes will be needed to minimizecondensation.
* Active and passive ventilation can be optimized toreduce condensation and lower averagetemperatures:
- Run fans longer and/or faster?
- Enhance natural ventilation?- Modify thermal loading?
22 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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1.
Future Activities
We will.continue to contribute subject toconstraints with Nye County and UNkcooperation.
* Future studies:How to eliminate condensation?
funding
- Effects of partial roof collapse with air movementabove rubble.Effects of cold repository design.
- Effects of barometric.pressure pumping.- Will condensate at drift wall drip or imbibe into rock?- Can W-Ps be compartmentalized with alternative
emplacement design?- We are open to suggestions.
(
23 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal FacilitiesA
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I1)
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Additional Support Material
.25 Nyc County Departmentof Natural Resources and Federal Facla
Benchmark Geometry
26 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities A.. .. . . ..
, .
1.
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Wall Temperature Comparison
1--27 Nye Couny Depanment of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities WM#
MULTIFLUX Compared with the ANSYS-basedVentilation Model (BSC)
P. .. "Nu, .,u 9t-K
r . . . . . ... _ ,r _ -j" 1 \ Y tkAk kx V inktfA
Il ,i"Y f VI N 1 tJt I - 1 i t= i i_ I! / Z
N3 - / 1.. I
I . S S a a-N
I U * s * a I S a a * * , .I-N
Imi MD&$
Source: CAL-EBS-MD-000030 REV OID. p. 76
-
28 Nyc County Deparnmet of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities w
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5 kg/s Air Flow Results
10
1.0
-.20-
-30-
rz~~~~~~~~~~~~~- k--Z0, h-l.89 , 254e40 _ - 2.0. f 3, p=2540
..50 _- =1.6. h1.89.p=25d.......... k= 1.2, IF- 1 .89. p=254~_- 2.0. h 1.89. p= 19C
10o 10 10' 102The [year]
29 Nye County Departrnent of Natural Resources a
10
2i Federal Facilities
Panel 5 with the mountain-scale rockmass domain
Water table a t
Nye County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Faclities. 30
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Waste Package Emplacement Sequence
8 wastepackages
Enlarged drift
segment
31 X Nye County Departnment ofNatural Resources and Federal Faclites
Ajr Infiltration: Very low
Temperatures, and Relative lumidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-DriftModel: CFD-Convecdve
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-ais near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wall temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities32
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Air Infiltration: Low
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
* Wall temperature; (b) WaU relative humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near waU relative humidity; (e) WaU-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wall temperature difference; and(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
33 \1 .. Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities W
Air Infiltration: Balanced
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
* WaU temperature (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperture difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-waU temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities34
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Air Infiltration: Mfedium
Temperatures, and Rclative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTC-N=FT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-DriftModel: CFD-Convective
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity. (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wat temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities (35
Air Iniltration: Irgh
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTC-NLTFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near 'P temperature difference;(O Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-waU temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space 0
Rye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Fadlti (36
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Air Infiltration: Very low
. Parameter: Condensates
- . Thernal Model: NTCF-NUFI
; Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
-In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
(a) (b) (e)
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation.
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facbties37
Air Infiltration: Low
Parameter: Condensates
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
(a)
-- 4
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation. .,
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facditia38
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Air Inliltration: Balanced
Parameter: Condensates
Thermal Model: NTCE-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convecdve
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP. (e) condensate variation.
39 Nyc County Department of Naturol Resources and FederalFaIns
Air Iniltration: Mfedium
Parameter: Condensates
(a)
Thermal Model: NTC-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-DriftModel: CFD-Convective
(b) (e)
-- , --- . T-
wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,
(d) mist near *VP, (e) condensate variation.
._.. 'rJ
:__ -**-_ .* j
-1 -rl r2: v
- IS-
40 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
.
8
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Air Infiltration: High Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFTP Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
Parameter: CondensatesIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
(a) (b) (e)
i.. I -. ......
_- -- * * .. e I'*J -w
74' I - -- r
wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation.
41 Nye County Department of Narural Resources and Federal Facies a
Thermal Model: NTC-NUFTAir Initration: Very low
Temperatures, and Relative Huimidities Moisture Model: Robust-ApproximateIn-Drift Model: CD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
. . ... . .(b)) .'
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WP relative humidity distributions time and space
42 Nyc County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Facilites (
9'
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Air In:
Tempt
a4
fi ltration: Low Thennal Model: NTCF-NUFI
Tem eratures, and Relative Humi s Moisture Model: Robust-ApproximateIn Drift Model: CID-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
* -.-.. .....
'X ;~~~~~~~~~~~~4Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity.
(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
43 Nyc County Drpartment ofNatural Resources and Federal Facilities
Air nEaltration: Balanced
Temperatures, and Relative lumidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Dift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emuladon)
__ _
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air rlative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WP relative humidity distributions in tine and space
Nyc County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Facilities44
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Air Infiltration: Mledium
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Tbermal Model: NTCF-NUFI
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: C-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
45
*. i.t
__~
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-waD temperature difference; and (f0 WP relative humidity distributions in time and space 7
\ * I Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
Air nfiltration: High
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Tbermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
eEI
-- -~~~*4-
* Wall temperture; (b) Wal relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-waD temperature difference; and ( WPrelative humidity distributions in time and space
s f b
46 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Very low Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFI
Parameter: Condensates Moisture Model: Robust-ApproximateIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
, - * '-'" '1 (a) -
'~~~~~ *.- :: .
wall condensate. (b) WP condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
:. - . . .. .. (b)
,.. . .. ( )
()
n I h .1z
47 N .. Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
Air Inlrtration:
Parameter: Con
Low Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFrdeasates Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
(d)
(C) '.1.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .1 T ! :a.. :'t.
_ s_! ,| ,p,} - 4 lj 4x i. .. .
isate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist
variation.
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
* wall conder(d) condensate i
48---------
12
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n
Air Infiltration: Balanced
Parameter: Condensates
f~~~~~~~~~rl~~~~~~1
- .4 ~ _9
hermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
loisture Model: Robust-Approximate
i-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Esnulation)
p-._ i,..1: .. ...1: ; is
--. ..
:..- . . ...
."- *.,. . ,
(b)
~.
-- " (d)
i.. �.'A .� -1---"i .. --'i
__"
* wall condensate, (b) %'P condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
49 R ye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilides V
Air Iniltration: Medium
Parameter: Condensates
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approxunate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Esulation)
- l�--�
I: ....iI.A
(c)
~-" (d)I �LUL..* -I. ' I
-t.-I �
�
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
. NyeCountyDepartmentofNatural Resources and Federa Facilitiesi50
13
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Air Wnlltration. high Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFrMoisture Model: Robust-Approxiinate
Parameter: CondensatesIn Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
(~~~~~) - ~~~~~~~(b)
-1--t|1| 1 Az>(c)
*: . :.:.' . .; -:i : , i ~~~~. ....... ..4:-- ti . .. ..... .3
_b_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i i '-l
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate. (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
51 e Nyc County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Facities
Alternative, Compartmentalized Waste Package Emplacement with Post-ClosureBackfill and Air Cell Recirculation
I backfill/ Conical fitanisen
Dry stoage
,a
Nyc County Departroent of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities t52 Not to scale
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Nye CountyDepartment--of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
Status of Nye County Ventilation Studies
George Danko, Davood Bahrami, UNR,[email protected]
John Walton, UTEP, waltongutep.eduNuclear Waste Technical Review Board
January 2004
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Outline
* Natural draft ventilation concept.
* MULTIFLUX code verification.
* Ventilation sensitivity study.
* Post-closure natural draft ventilation study.- An integrated thermo-hydraulic drift airflow model was
perpared for 5000 years of pre- and post-closure.- Post closure natural entilation will occur.- Cold-trap condensation is seen at the drift ends in the
current design.- Design changes will be needed to eliminate
condensation.2 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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What do we mean by ventilation?* Pre-closure ventilation and post-closure
air infiltration.* Concept:-
- Enhance natural breathing of mountainwith rubble filled drifts or other means.
- Permanent, flow driven by 'waste heatinduced buoyancy.'
- Combine with' more flexible pre-closureventilation.
* Potential Advantages:- Smaller repository footprint.- Lower temperatures.- Dryer, less condensation.- Lower cost.- Lower corrosion.- Improved drift shadow.'
3 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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MULTIFLUX
* Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoryporous/fractured-media flow and transport software model(NUFT) as a module for simulating heat and moistureflows in the rock domain.
* Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module for thesimulation of transport processes in the airway system,including the waste packages.
* Modules coupled on the-rock-air interface:- Heat and moisture flows are balanced at interface.- Temperature and vapor pressure equalized at each surface node.
* Developed by George Danko, University of Nevada, Reno.
4 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Code Verification (Benchmarking)
* Analytical solution of transient heat transfer from drift torock with heat conduction in rock.
*i Boundary condition arbitrary function of time.* Carslaw and Jaeger double integral solution.* Integrate along drift to give two dimensional transient,
solution. I
* Set parameters to maximize "action".* Excellent agreement between model and analytical
solution.* NWRPO-2003-05 Coupled Hydrothermal-Ventilation
Studies for Yucca Mountain Annual Report for April 2002- March 2003, George Danko.
5 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Sensitivity Study
* What factors and parameters are most important?
* Modify: ventilation rate, thermal conductivity (k),heat transfer coefficient (h), heat capacity (pCp)
* NWRPO-2003-05 Coupled Hydrothermal-Ventilation Studies for Yucca Mountain AnnualReport for April 20&2 - March 2003, GeorgeDanko.
6 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
. -.
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S. E
Sensitivity-Study Conclusions
* Thermal''loading does not change sensitivities.* Ventilation rate:
- Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity (density)important at low flow rates (lower than 5 kg/s 0.25m/s air velocity).
- Heat transfer coefficient important at high flow rates(higher than 1 kg/s 0.05 m/s air velocity).
* Thermal conductivity important and uncertain inlithophysal areas.
7 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Post Closure Ventilation Simulation
* Simulates current DOE "hot" repository design.* U-Tube assumption for buoyancy flow:
- Cold air goes down Solitario Canyon Fault zone.- Warn air goes up Ghost Dance Fault Zone.- Single drift.
* Flow rates centered on USGS (Gary LeCain) permeability.* Results for a range of flow rates following 50 years of
forced ventilation.* Highest flow rates illustrate enhanced natural draft
ventilation.
8 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities,
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d .
Repository
. 236
235
I 234
233
232
170 172 174Drift
studied Easting (kn)
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities9
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Natural Ventilation Flow SystemAik inffiltration A i S face
r '0 43- G
I Ghost DanceI I I \
I
Not to scaleDimensions in m
Solitario Canyon
10 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Infiltration Airflow Rates100
10'
'-4M. 2
M1, 10-
Pa .4-
d 10,3
104
-*-Higlh
-a- Mediun-e Balanced-0- Low-- Very low
---- ---------- S I I I 10 s1 10I 102 103 i 4
Time [year]
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal FacilitiesS11
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Air Infiltration: LowIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Location: WP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
o 120
2 100
C. 80Ea6F 60
600#0 IIJI~ll I IIa … I
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
40
140
120
100
80
60air flow
40j .
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800
100
80
a 60I
W 40
20
0C
200<0
x 150u
- 100
,
o 50C0C.
100
80
60
40
20
O0 200 400 600 8
200r800 0 200 400 600 800
--- ,
00
I- zuo .
per waste
package
150
100
50
200
150
100
50
I L,,
150
100
50
Ik nn oi _
00 200 400 600
Drift Length [ m I800 0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length [ m ]0 200 400 600 800
DOrif Length [ m I0 200 400 600
Drift Length [ m 800
12 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
I. s .
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4.
Air Infiltration: LowIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
Location: WP
Year 60
140
o 120
100
C. 80E
60
400 200 400 600 . 800
100
80
60
a .40
20
00 200 400 600 800
2001 -
Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
.. I __ . . 4 I.tU.0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100
80
60
40
20
n
Innu- _
7 -80
60
40
20
0
<D10
x 150(h
*t 100
a 50C0C.)
0
.I
0 200 400 600 800
200 ,
150 .,
100
50
00 200 400 600 800
- Drift Length [ m ]
200 400 600 800
200 r
1501
0 200 400 600 800
1001
150
100
50
0 0 200 400 600 800
. . Drift Length [ m ]
501
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m
O I0 200 400 600 800- Drift Length [ m ]
13 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Low
Location: Drift wall- In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year60 Year750 Year1500 Year5000
140
o 120
i 100
C. 80E
F 60
140
120
100
80
60
400 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
I
lI
X 1Ce
1
C.)a
To
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 ~~~~~00 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600. 800
!00 300
250ISO
200
100 150
10050
50
0 00 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
DRft Length[m Dnft Length[m]
140
120
100
80
60
4010 200 400 600 800
100
80
6Q
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200r -
4U 200 400 600 8(
100 - _ . . .
80
60
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
nn.. -
10
140
120
100
80
60
150
100
50. . . _
ImmSRif j Or I a qrm - .
200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800Dnft Length[m] Drift Length[mI
14 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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I
Air Infiltration: Balanced (best estimate of anticipated flow rate)
Location: WPIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140 RII I . 140
o 120 120
E 100 100100
0a 80 80
06 60 - 60
40 400 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100
. 80
7 60
W 40
20
n
100
80 .
60
40
. 20 .
n
100
80
60
40
20
nI .'L _
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
200 - 200 , . "I
x 150 150.TIm
- 100 ; 100c
CCD 50 50C0U
n n
U-0. 200 400 600 800
on^
0 200 400 600 80015^1
"UUI -I
150
100
50
00 200 400 600 800
Dri Length [ m I
'uu I
150
100
50
n k k k0 200 400 600: 800
Drift Length [ m ]200 400 600 800Drill Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800. Drill Length m
15 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: BalancedIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)Location: WP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
0
10.
E4)
1
1
1
40 140 . 140
20 120 120
00 100 100
80 80 80
60 60 60
40 40 400 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200' 400 600 800
100
80
"R 60
Q 40
20
100
80
60
40
20
0n 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100
80
60
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200
150
100
50
(1
011I. 200 ZUUr
(O
1 15IDx 150cm
- 100(a
c41 50C00
150 150
100100
50 50[
II I a u _ If ,
0 200 400 600 800Dnft Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800Dnft Length [ m I
0 200 400 600 800Drft Length [ m I
16 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
... ,
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Air Infiltration: Balanced
Location: Drift wallIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year750 Year 5000Year60
140
oZ 120
2 100
ECL 80
0 .60I
AM I
Year1500
140
120
100
80
60
An . . ...
140
120
100
80
60
A n
0
- 100
80
R 60Ii
: 40
20
00
200 400 600 800 .0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
100
80
60
. 40
20
100
80
60
40
20
___ A . . -- - 0 _1-1-60 U'
200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 10
10
x.0
a)C
_
a)
C0U.
2UU
150
100 ' ,
50
0
.?uu -
250
200
150
100
50
200
150
100
50
1501
zUU f
1001
501
A4, ' -P0 200 400. 600
Drift Length [m800
0 ..... J*0_ O. o' ''-' " V I J0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Drift Length[mI Drift Length[mI Drift Length.m ]
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities17
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Air Infiltration: MediumIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Location: WP
Year 60 Year 750 Year 1500 Year 5000
140
°. 120aCD 100
. 80E
F 60
40
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
140
120
100
80
60
401 200 400 600 81
40 40 .
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 O
100
80
" 60
40
20
0
200I;
X 1500)
-100C01
' 50
C.)0
18
18
0 200 400 600 8C
100
80
60
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200, I
1c
4
10
10
0
!021
100~
80*
60
40
20
00 200 400 600 800
200, I
I0 0 200 400 600 800
150
100
150
100
50
A iL,50
n' I n n
0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800Ddft Length [ m ]
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800Drift Length [ m Drift Length [ m ]
Nye County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: High
Location: WP In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
Year60 Year750 Year1500 . Year5000
140
( 120
*" 100C)
0E
60
40
1201
1001
� I .I 80
60 ZO_1106��200 400 600 800
401' X 401 J.I 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
OR
100 .- . -
80
60 - - - -
40
20 - I
00 200 .400. 600 _8C
2001 I
100 . , II . I
80
- 60 - I -
40
- 20
0I0 0 200 400 600 80
. ,
* ,- 100
80
. 60
40
20
100
80
601
* 40
20-�
0 I O0 0 200 400 600 800 0
200, . I 200r(D
150x 150
- 100
C* oC
0n
200
150
100
I . - i
I - I .
7 . ... 1.
i
200 400 600 800.. .. . . .
150
100
50
150
1001
50
n .
50
*1 1n
0 200 400 600 800Drft Length [m I
0 2(C00 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800Iift Length[mI Dlft Lengthfm] Dift Length[m 1 I
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities l19
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Relative Humidity and CondensateFormation
* Condensation predicted on downstream drift walland waste packages.
* Condensation disappears at higher flow rates.* Condensation decreases with decreasing
maximum temperatures.* Refined convective air flow pattern required to see
correct condensate formation.* Best viewed as engineering design challenge.
20 Nye CountyDepartment of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities W
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, .
Relative Humidity and CondensateFormation
* Condensation predicted on downstream drift walland waste packages.
* Condensation disappears at higher flow rates.
* Condensation decreases with decreasing -
maximum temperatures.
- Refined convective air flow pattern required to seecorrect condensate formation.
* Best viewed as engineering design challenge.
21 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilties
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Summary
* Natural draft ventilation occurs with and without
enhancement.
* Design changes will be needed to minimizecondensation.
* Active and passive ventilation can be optimized to
reduce condensation and lower averagetemperatures:
- Run fans longer and/or faster?
- Enhance natural ventilation?
- Modify thermal loading?
22 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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V
Future Activities
* We will-continue to- contribute subj ect to fundingconstraints, with Nye County and UNRcooperation.
* Future studies:.- How to eliminate condensation?
Effects of partial roof collapse with air movementabove rubble.
- Effects of cold repository design.- Effects of barometric.pressure pumping.- Will condensate at drift wall drip or imbibe into rock?- Can WPs be compartmentalized with alternative
emplacement design?- We are open to suggestions.
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.1. t, .1
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Additional Support Material
25 Nye County Deparment ofNatural Resources and Federal Faie
Br G .
Bench-mark Geometry
26 Nye County Departrment ofNatural Resources and Federal Fa dlis
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Wall Temperature Comparison
21
L1 m
20. .
20.'
20.2
3o0 NIUMO FT,~nJdI371E.
1r.~~~~~ /. .yo~ .W:kSx_ _0 .
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2-5 3 3.5
27 Nye County Department of Naural Resources and Federal Facitzues
MULTIFLUX Compared with the ANSYS-basedVentilation Model (BSC)
Y _ _ _ _ _ _ t o/40** la I 2 . I -,*, -2. _ _ _ . L ' ,k I I V , r _
1g-''~~~_ j~, *W*M.I 1 - zz';
Sourcc: CAL-EBS-MD-00R30 REV OOD, p.p76
28 Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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5 kg/s Air Flow Results
Time Iyear]
29 NY= County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Fal
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Waste Package Emplacement Sequence
8 waste
packages
Enlarged drift
segment
31 Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities O
Ar Inliltraton: Very low
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTC-NUFI
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In.DriftModel: CFD-Convective
* , Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-xir near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wall temperature difference; and(h) WP relative humidity distributions in dme and space
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities32
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Air Inriltration: Low
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-DriftModel: CFD-Convective
_ , .,
*- Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference-(d) Air near wal relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wall temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space._U3. .
33 Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Faciznes (X ..
Air Infiltration: Balanced
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
'hermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
- -.- . - - - - - - - -
* . Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wal-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-wal temperature difference; and
(h) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
34 Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities OI
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Air Infiltration: Medium
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF.NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
in-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
__ . - - __ I - -
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humiditr (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference'(d) Air near wall relative humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity; (g) WP-waU temperature difference; and(h) WP reladve humidity distributions in dime and space
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Focies , 735
Akirlnfiltration: ligh
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTC-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
__
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall reladve humidity; (c) Wall-air near wall temperature difference;(d) Air near wall reladve humidity; (e) Wall-air near WP temperature difference;(f) Air near WP relative humidity, (g) WP-wall temperature difference; and(h) WP reladve humidity distributions in time and space
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Fcilitiea 3B
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Air Inridtration: Very low - Thermal Model: NICF-NUFIMoisture Model: Robust-Approxinate
Paramneter: CondensatesIn-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
r (a) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ () e
V~~~~~~
4;-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~-
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation.
37 Nye County Department of Noural Resources and Federa Faclities
Air Infiltrationf Low -- Tbermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Parameter: Condensates Moisture Model: Robust-Approxirnate'l-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
(a) (b) (e)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- :lti: -
W. . r _Wom
wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation.
38 Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
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Air Infiltration: Balanced
Parameter: Condensates
Ihermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Convective
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation.
\- Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Fad ia e39
Air Iniltration: Medium
Parameter: Condensates
mnal Model: NTCF-NUFr
4sture Model: Robust-Approximate
Drift Model: CFD-Convective
(e)(a) (b)
_|_"
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation. I sc
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities 40
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Air Infiltration: High
Parameter: Condensates
Tbermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFDConvective .
(a) (b) (e)
3**-----i�t'�-*
4 :11-IIt
'*1* �'
* I-
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist near wall,(d) mist near WP, (e) condensate variation. I
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facities .41
Air Infiltration: Very low
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFI
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulauon)
__-
* WaU temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; .(c) Wall-air temperature difference: (d) Air relative humidity; - .(e)WP-walltemperaturedifference; and (f)WPreladve humiditydistributions intimeandspace
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities42
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Air Infiltration: Low
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCr-NIJFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
U
F
43
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WP relative humidity distributions in time and space
Nyc County Departme ntf Natural Resources and Federal Facilitis e
Air Intiltration: Balanced
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-INJFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
_b_
* Wall temperature; (b) Wal relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WPreladve humidity distribudons in time and space,
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilitis44
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Air Infiltration: Medium
Temperatures, and Relative Humidities
'Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFI
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emuladon)
1'I'
I
45
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity; (c) Wall-airtemperature difference; (d) Airrelative hunidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (f) WPrelative humidity distributions inD me and space
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities
Air Infiltration: ligh
Temperatures, and Relative Hlumidities
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFh-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
__
* Wall temperature; (b) Wall relative humidity;(c) Wall-air temperature difference; (d) Air relative humidity;(e) WP-wall temperature difference; and (fl WPrelative humidity distributions in time and space
46 Nye County Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Faclities
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Air Iniltration: Very low
Parameter: Condensates
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: C -Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
II-
I: 1�------� �I: ¶
,.. . (b)
. . . -
;W .....
.- I_.
, !
._ !.. .. ! .,¢t :::Xr :. -.1
.11. ;:.i'l- I.Lz
__e~~~-' '-~------ __I _ ______
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
Nye County Deparrment of Narural Resources and Federal Faciliis47
Air Inriltration: Low
Parameter: Condensates
Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFr
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulatdon)
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
Nyc County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facilities )48
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Air Infiltration: Balanced Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFTMoisture Model: Robust-Approximate
Parameter: CondensatesIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
(- d)
wall condensate (b) WP condensate (c) mist
(d) condensate variation.
49 . Nye Cowiy Department of Natura Resources and Federal Faci itiei
Air nriltration: Mediutm Thermal Model: NTCF-NUFrMoisture Model: Robust-Approximate
Parameter: CondensatesIn-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
wall condnsate (ab WPcndnat c)ms
(d) l condensvrat,()ion nenae ()ms
so Nye Countyi Department ofNatural Resources and Federal Fclte
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Air Infiltration: high
Parameter: Condensates
I- . ...
__ :
Thermal Model: NTCP-NUFT
Moisture Model: Robust-Approximate
In-Drift Model: CFD-Diffusive (Porous Media Emulation)
(a) .. .". ,..-
. (b)
" (d)
..
(c)
1�
1:1 :11i : t _II _ '*' .I~ i* _'~ , _
__te
* wall condensate, (b) WP condensate, (c) mist(d) condensate variation.
Nye County Department of Natural Resources and Federal Facliles51
Alternative, Compartmentalized Waste Package Emplacement with Post-ClosureBackfill and Air Cell Recirculation
Nye County Departrent of Natural Resources and Federal Facztks;5Nut to stal
14