i. challenges to public leadership in the 21st century 2017

G-Cube and Young Leaders ProgramsNational Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan2017

Course Title : Governance and Leadership: Leading a Nation inthe Changing World

Professor : Ginandjar [email protected], www.ginandjar.com

Assistant Professor : Gatot [email protected]

GRIPS_2017 2www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar


INTRODUCTION: THE SEARCH FOR A BETTER GOVERNMENTPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FOCUS OF ANALYSIS

PARADIGM SHIFTTHE NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONREINVENTING (ENTREPRENEURIAL) GOVERNMENTTHE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMGOVERNANCEGLOBAL GOVERNANCENEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE AND NETWORKSGOOD GOVERNANCENETWORK AS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CAPITAL AND GOVERNANCE

GRIPS_2017 4

CONTENT:

www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar

DIGITAL REVOLUTION AND GOVERNANCE SOCIAL NETWORK=PEOPLE POWERE-DEMOCRACYE-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCEE-GOVERNMENTE-GOVERNANCERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO CONCEPT

DIGITAL REVOLUTION: NEW GLOBAL POLITICAL ANDECONOMIC LANDSCAPENEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTDIGITAL DIVIDE “ANALOG COMPLEMENTS”POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT

CONCLUSION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TOGOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FACING THOSE CHALLENGES


NATIONALRESOURCES

ORGANIZEII

MANAGEPUBLIC

GOODS

SERVICES

GOAL

GOAL

GOAL

ULTIMATEGOALS

NATURALRESOURCES

HUMANRESOURCES

RELIGION,ETHICS

CULTURE,HERITAGE,TRADITION

EMPLOYMENT POVERTY EDUCATION HEALTH JUSTICE DEMOCRACY ENVIRONMENT SECURITY

SOCIALJUSTICE

INDIVIDUALRIGHTS

FREEDOM

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION


POLITICALAUTHORITY SOCIETY

FOCUS OF ANALYSIS


THE FOCUS OF THE TRADITIONAL OR OLDPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS ON THE NATIONALADMINISTATIVE SYSTEM AS THE UNIT OFANALYSIS AND IT TENDS TO CONCENTRATE ONBUREAUCRACY AS A NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAS WELL AS THE BUREAUCRACY’S RELATIONSWITH THE ENVIRONMENT, PARTICULARLY THEPOLITICAL AUTHORITY AND THE PEOPLE.


WEBERIAN BUREAUCRACY STRUCTURE HIERARCHY EFFICIENCY ECONOMY COMPETENCE IMPARTIAL

(Weber, 1922)

EXPERTISESPECIALIZATION


IN THE 1980s AND EARLY 1990s, A FIRSTGENERATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMFOCUSED PRINCIPALLY ON SCALLING BACK THEBLOATED APPARATUS OF GOVERNMENT.

IN THE LATE 1990S ATTENTION SHIFTED TOWARDIMPROVING ADMINISTRATIVE CAPABILITY ORQUALITY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.

HENCE THE CALL FOR ADMINISTRATIVE ORBUREAUCRATIC REFORMS.


IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, HIERARCHICALGOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY WAS THEPREDOMINANT ORGANIZATIONAL MODELUSED TO DELIVER PUBLIC SERVICES ANDFULFILL PUBLIC POLICY GOALS.TODAY, INCREASINGLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES

FORCE PUBLIC OFFICIALS TO DEVELOP NEWMODELS OF GOVERNMENT.


IN MANY WAYS, TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYCHALLENGES AND THE MEANS OFADDRESSING THEM ARE MORE NUMEROUSAND COMPLEX THAN EVER BEFORE.


PROBLEMS HAVE BECOME BOTH MOREGLOBAL AND MORE LOCAL AS POWERDISPERSES AND BOUNDARIES (WHEN THEYEXIST AT ALL) BECOME MORE FLUID.


ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL SOLUTIONS HAVE GIVENWAY TO CUSTOMIZED APPROACHES AS THECOMPLICATED PROBLEMS OF DIVERSE ANDMOBILE POPULATIONS INCREASINGLY DEFYSIMPLISTIC SOLUTIONS.


HOLLOWING OUT OF THE STATE

PUBLICMANAGER

POLICY

LEGISLATORS

TRANSNATIONALORGANIZATIONS

MULTINATIONALCORPORATIONS

NONPROFITORGANIZATIONS

POLICY POLICYPOLICY

PUBLIC 1

PUBLIC 3PUBLIC 2

PUBLIC 4

PUBLIC 5

Source: Jonathan F. Anderson in Farazmand, Pinkowski, 2007GRIPS_2017 17

THE DEMAND FOR BETTER AND MOREEFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT HAS A LONGHISTORY. BUT SELDOM HAVE THE FORMS OFGOVERNMENT BEEN UNDER GREATERCHALLENGE.QUESTION: DO GOVERNMENTS KNOW WHAT

THEY ARE DOING? WHY SHOULD WE TRUSTTHEM?


(Ronald Reagan, 1980)


NEW PUBLIC ADMINSTRATIONREINVENTING (ENTERPRENEURIAL)

GOVERNMENTNEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENTFROM GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNANCE


GEORGE FREDERICKSON (1980), IN HIS NEWPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, ARGUED IN BEHALFOF MORAL VALUES AND SOCIAL EQUITY AS AGUIDING CONCEPT IN ADMINISTRATIVE ANDPOLITICAL DECISION MAKING.

THE NEW PUBLICADMINISTRATION


IT IS INCUMBENT ON THE PUBLIC SERVANT TOBE ABLE TO DEVELOP AND DEFEND CRITERIAAND MEASURES OF EQUITY AND TOUNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF PUBLICSERVICES ON THE DIGNITY AND WELL-BEINGOF CITIZENS.

(Ibid)


IT HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY SUGGESTED THAT SOCIALEQUITY BE A STANDARD BY WHICH PUBLICADMINISTRATORS, BOTH IN THE BUREAU ANDTHE ACADEMY, ASSES AND EVALUATE THEIRBEHAVIOR AND DECISIONS.

SOCIAL EQUITY, THEN, WOULD BE A CRITERIONFOR EFFECTIVENESS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONIN THE SAME WAY THAT EFFICIENCY, ECONOMY,PRODUCTIVITY, AND OTHER CRITERIA ARE USED.

(Frederickson, 2010)


REINVENTING (ENTERPRENEURIAL)GOVERNMENT

TODAY’S ENVIRONMENT DEMANDSINSTITUTIONS THAT ARE RESPONSIVE TOCUSTOMERS/COMMUNITIES: OFFERING CHOICES OF NONSTANDARDIZED

SERVICES; THAT LEAD BY PERSUASION AND INCENTIVES

RATHER THAN COMMANDS; THAT GIVE THEIR EMPLOYEES A SENSE OF MEANING

AND CONTROL, EVEN A SENSE OF OWNERSHIP.


IT DEMANDS INSTITUTIONS THAT EMPOWER CITIZENSRATHER THAN SIMPLY SERVING THEM.REINVENTING GOVERNMENT: HOW THE

ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT IS TRANSFORMING THEPUBLIC SECTOR (DAVID OSBORN AND TED GAEBLER,1992).


1. CATALYTIC GOVERNMENT:STEERING RATHER THAN ROWING.

2. COMMUNITY OWNED GOVERNMENT:EMPOWERING RATHER THAN SERVING.

3. COMPETITIVE GOVERNMENT:INJECTING COMPETITION INTO SERVICE DELIVERY.

4. MISSION-DRIVEN GOVERNMENT:TRANSFORMING RULE-DRIVEN ORGANIZATIONS.

5. RESULTS-ORIENTED GOVERNMENT:FUNDING OUTCOMES, NOT INPUTS.


6. CUSTOMER-DRIVEN GOVERNMENT:MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE CUSTOMER, NOTTHE BUREAUCRACY.

7. ENTERPRISING GOVERNMENT:EARNING RATHER THAN SPENDING.

8. ANTICIPATORY GOVERNMENT:PREVENTION RATHER THAN CURE.

9. DECENTRELAIZED GOVERNMENT:FROM HIERARCHY TO PARTICIPATION ANDTEAMWORK.

10.MARKET-ORIENTED GOVERNMENT:LEVERAGING CHANGE THROUGH THE MARKET.

(Osborne And Gaebler, 1993)


IN THE EARLY 1990's, A NEW MANAGERIAL APPROACHTO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD.IT STARTS FROM THE PREMISE THAT TRADITIONAL,

BUREAUCRATICALLY ORGANIZED PUBLICADMINISTRATION IS "BROKE" AND "BROKEN“, ANDCONSEQUENTLY THE PUBLIC HAS LOST FAITH INGOVERNMENT.

(Lemay, 2002)


MANAGERIALISM REFERS TO AN ENTREPRENEURIALAPPROACH TO PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, ONE THATEMPHASIZES THE RIGHTS OF MANAGERS TO RUN THEORGANIZATION AND THE APPLICATION OFREINVIGORATED SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTTECHNIQUES.

(Ibid)

“LET THE MANAGERS MANAGE”.NEO-LIBERAL IDEOLOGY.



CV



POLICY ANDSERVICE REGIME

FOCUS OF MANAGERIAL ACTION

POLICY ORGANIZATION ENVIRONMENT

PA Street-levelbureaucracy

Professionalpractice

Politicalmanagement

NPM "Costs ofdemocracy"

Organizationalperformance

Competitive marketbehavior

NPG Stakeholdermanagement

Boundary spanningand boundarymaintenance

Sustainable publicpolicy and services

AN EXPLORATORY MODEL OF THE INTERACTION OF PUBLIC POLICYIMPLEMENTATION AND PUBLIC SERVICES DELIVERY REGIMES AND MANAGERIALPRACTICE

(Osborne, 2010)


PARADIGM/KEY

ELEMENTS

THEORITICALROOTS

NATURE OFTHE STATE

FOCUS EMPHASIS RESOURCEALLOCATIONMECHANISM

NATURE OFTHE

SERVICESYSTEM

VALUE BASE

PUBLICADMINIS-TRATION

POLITICALSCIENCE AND

PUBLICPOLICY

UNITARYTHE

POLITICALSYSTEM

POLICY CREATIONAND

IMPLEMENTATION

HIERARCHY CLOSED

PUBLICSECTORETHOS

NEW PUBLICMANAGE-

MENT

RATIONAL/PUBLICCHOICE

THEORY ANDMANAGE-

MENTSTUDIES

REGULA-TORY

THEORGANI-ZATION

MANAGEMENT OFORGANIZATIONALRESOURCES ANDPERFORMANCE

THE MARKETAND

CLASSICAL ORNEOCLASSICAL

CONTRACTS

OPENRATIONAL

EFFICACY OFCOMPETITION

AND THEMARKET

PLACE

NEW PUBLICGOVERNANCE

INSTITUTI-ONAL ANDNETWORK

THEORY

PLURAL ANDPLURALIST

THEORGANI-

ZATION INITS

ENVIRON-MENT

NEGOTIATION OFVALUES, MEANING

AND RELATION-SHIPS

NETWORKSAND

RELATIONALCONTRACTS OPEN

CLOSED

DISPERSEDAND

CONTESTED

CORE ELEMENTS OF THE NPG IN CONTRAST TO PA AND THE NPM

(Ibid)


GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE

TOFROM


POLITICALDEMOCRACY

CHALLENGE THESTRUCTURE AND

VALUES OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION

SOCIETALTRANSFORMATION

TECHNOLOGICALPROGRESS


STRUCTURE HIERARCHY

NETWORK STAKEHOLDERS

PARTICIPATION

SOCIAL VALUESCORE VALUES

EFFICIENT EFFECTIVE ECONOMY

EQUITY FREEDOM DEMOCRACY HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABILITY


IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, GOVERNANCE IN THEPUBLIC SECTOR CONCERNS with theRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AUTHORITATIVEDECISIONS AND GOVERNMENTPERFORMANCE.

(Lynn, 2001, P.7)

GOVERNANCE


THE TERM GOVERNANCE IS DEFINED AS REGIMES OFLAWS, RULES, JUDICIAL DECISIONS, ANDADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES THAT CONSTRAIN, PRE-SCRIBE, AND ENABLE THE PROVISION OF PUBLICLYSUPPORTED GOODS AND SERVICES.

(Ibid, P.7)


GOVERNANCE, IS THE PROCESSES ANDINSTITUTIONS, BOTH FORMAL AND INFORMAL,THAT GUIDE AND RESTRAIN THE COLLECTIVEACTIVITIES OF A GROUP.

GOVERNMENT IS THE SUBSET THAT ACTS WITHAUTHORITY AND CREATES FORMAL OBLIGATIONS.

(Nye & Donahue, 2000, P.98)


Twentieth-centurymodel

Transnationalcorporations

Intergovernmentalorganization

Nongovernmentalorganization

Localbusiness

State and localgovernment

LocalNon-profit

Nationalcorporations

Nationalnonprofits

Private sector Public sector Third sector

Supranationallevel

Nationallevel

Subnationallevel

(Kamarack And Nye Jr., 2002)


CIVIL SOCIETY/MEDIA

JUDICIARY

LEGISLATIVE

EXECUTIVE

Source: Levy, 2007

SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ANDAUTONOMOUS OVERSIGHT AGENCIES


ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES ARE MOVINGTOWARD NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE;"GOVERNANCE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT", AMODE OF SOCIETAL STEERING THAT HAS BEENDE-BUREAUCRATIZED IN FAVOR OF EMERGENTHYBRIDIZED AND CONSOCIATIONALINSTITUTIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

(Ibid, P.109)


GOOD GOVERNANCE IS THE EXERCISE OFPOWER BY AN ORGANIZATION (ORGOVERNMENT) IN AN EFFECTIVE, EQUITABLE,HONEST, TRANSPARENT, AND ACCOUNTABLEWAY.

(Joachim K. Blatter in Bevir, 2007, P.359)

GOOD GOVERNANCE


GOOD GOVERNANCE IS INCREASINGLY SEEN ASESSENTIAL FOR ENSURING NATIONAL PROSPERITY BYINCREASING THE ACCOUNTABILITY, RELIABILITY, ANDPREDICTABILITY OF DECISION MAKING INGOVERNMENTS, CORPORATIONS, AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS.

(Ibid, P.359)


GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IS ABOUT THE SETTING,APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF RULES FORGLOBAL POLITICS.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IS NOT GOVERNMENT BUT AMINIMUM FRAMEWORK OF RULES NECESSARY TOTACKLE GLOBAL PROBLEMS, GUARANTEED BY A SETOF INSTITUTIONS INCLUDING BOTH INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

(Kjӕr, 2004)

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE


IN THE EARLY 1990S, MANY OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION'S LEADING SCHOLARS ANDPRACTITIONERS BEGAN, TO PROCLAIM "THENEW", WHICH WAS SIMULTANEOUSLY AVAILABLEIN TWO DISTINCT BRANDS:NPM, WHICH EMPHASIZED "MARKETS", ANDTHE NEW (PUBLIC) GOVERNANCE, WHICH

EMPHASIZED “NETWORKS".(Osborne, 2010, P.109)

NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE


ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OFGOVERNANCE IS NETWORKS.NETWORKS CAN SERVE A RANGE OF

IMPROMPTU PURPOSES, SUCH AS CREATINGA MARKET PLACE OF NEW IDEAS INSIDE ABUREAUCRACY OR FOSTERINGCOOPERATION BETWEEN COLLEAGUES.


GOVERNANCE AND NETWORKS

PUBLIC-PRIVATE NETWORKS COME IN MANYFORMS, FROM AD HOC NETWORKS THAT AREACTIVATED ONLY INTERMITTENTLY SUCH ASCOPING WITH NATIONAL DISASTER, TOPARTNERSHIPS IN WHICH GOVERNMENTS USEPRIVATE FIRMS AND NONPROFITS TO SERVE ASDISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR PUBLIC SERVICESAND TRANSACTIONS.


SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT HAS BEENDEFINED AS A PROCESS WHEREBY FUTUREGENERATIONS RECEIVE AS MUCH CAPITALPER CAPITA AS — OR MORE THAN — THECURRENT GENERATION HAS AVAILABLE(SERAGELDIN 1996A, 1996B).

NETWORK AS SOCIAL CAPITAL


TRADITIONALLY, THIS HAS INCLUDED NATURALCAPITAL, PHYSICAL OR PRODUCED CAPITAL, ANDHUMAN CAPITAL. TOGETHER THEY CONSTITUTETHE WEALTH OF NATIONS AND FORM THE BASISOF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH.


IN THIS PROCESS THE COMPOSITION OF CAPITALCHANGES. SOME NATURAL CAPITAL WILL BEDEPLETED AND TRANSFORMED INTO PHYSICALCAPITAL. THE LATTER WILL DEPRECIATE, AND WEEXPECT TECHNOLOGY TO YIELD A MORE EFFICIENTREPLACEMENT. THIS CENTURY HAS SEEN A MASSIVEACCUMULATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL.


IT HAS NOW BECOME RECOGNIZED THAT THESETHREE TYPES OF CAPITAL DETERMINE ONLYPARTIALLY THE PROCESS OF ECONOMICGROWTH BECAUSE THEY OVERLOOK THE WAY INWHICH THE ECONOMIC ACTORS INTERACT ANDORGANIZE THEMSELVES TO GENERATE GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT.THE MISSING LINK IS SOCIAL CAPITAL.

(Grootaert, Van Bastelaar, 2001)


SOCIAL CAPITAL REFERS TO THE NORMSAND NETWORKS THAT ENABLE PEOPLE TOACT COLLECTIVELY.

(Ibid)


THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING ECONOMIC GROWTHREQUIRES THE COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT TYPESOF CAPITAL. SOCIAL CAPITAL IS ONE OF THEM, BUT ITHAS A UNIQUE FEATURE IN THAT IT ALSO ENHANCESTHE EFFICIENCY OF THE COMBINATION PROCESSITSELF. IN OTHER WORDS IT IS NOT JUST AN INPUT INTO THE

PRODUCTION FUNCTION, BUT IT IS ALSO A SHIFTFACTOR (OR EXPONENT) OF THE ENTIRE PRODUCTIONFUNCTION. AS SUCH IT IS MORE AKIN TOTECHNOLOGY.


THE CREATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL HAS BEENEMBRACED AS A SOLUTION FOR SOCIALPROBLEMS AS DIVERSE AS URBAN POVERTYAND CRIME, ECONOMICUNDERDEVELOPMENT AND INEFFICIENTGOVERNMENT.


SOCIAL CAPITAL WOULD EMERGE THROUGHAN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS, STARTING OUTIN INTERACTIONS PRODUCING PRIVATEGOODS AND ULTIMATELY GRADUATING TOGROUPS PRODUCING PUBLIC GOODS.


IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, CONTENTIS NO LONGER SUFFICIENT – EVERYONE HASACCESS TO A MULTITUDE OF CONTENT. YOUCANNOT COMPETE ON WHAT EVERYONEKNOWS. IT IS HARD TO COMPETE WHENEVERYONE IS SO SIMILAR.

(KREBS, 2008)


THE NEW ADVANTAGE IS CONTEXT – HOWINTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTENT ISINTERPRETED, COMBINED, MADE SENSE OF,AND CONVERTED TO NEW PRODUCTS ANDSERVICES.

(Ibid)


CREATING COMPETITIVE CONTEXT REQUIRESSOCIAL CAPITAL – THE ABILITY TO FIND,UTILIZE AND COMBINE THE SKILLS,KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF OTHERS,INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE ORGANIZATION.

(Ibid)


SOCIAL CAPITAL IS WHAT CONNECTS VARIOUSFORMS OF HUMAN CAPITAL. IT IS THESEPATTERNS OF CONNECTIONS THAT PRODUCEADVANTAGE FOR ONE GROUP, ANDCONSTRAINT FOR ANOTHER.IN THE NETWORKED ECONOMY, THE ONE

WITH THE BEST CONNECTIONS WINS!(Ibid)


IT IS NOT WHAT YOU KNOW, IT IS WHOYOU KNOW

(WOOLCOCK, NARAYAN, 2000)

IT IS NOT WHAT YOU CONTROL, BUTWHAT YOU CAN ACCESS

(KREBS, 2008)


SOCIAL CAPITAL WILL PRODUCE GOODGOVERNANCE TO THE EXTENT THAT IT MAKESCITIZENS ‘SOPHISTICATED CONSUMERS OFPOLITICS’.

GRIPS_2017 63

SOCIAL CAPITAL ANDGOVERNANCE


ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITYASSOCIATIONS WILL HELP DO THIS BYPROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR CITIZENS TODISCUSS CIVIC AFFAIRS, INCREASE THEIRAWARENESS OF POLITICAL ISSUES AND ARGUEABOUT WHETHER OR NOT THE GOVERNMENTIS DOING EVERYTHING THAT IT SHOULD TOIMPROVE THEIR WELFARE.


SOCIAL CAPITAL WILL MAKE DEMOCRACYWORK IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES BY MAKINGCONSOCIATIONAL DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE.


FACEBOOK TWITTERBLOGS YOUTUBE LEAKS WikiLeaks → Julian Assange

NSA Leaks → Edward Snowden

GRIPS_2017 67

SOCIAL NETWORKS=PEOPLE POWER


ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES– Terrorism– Drugs– Human trafficking– Weapons

HOAX– False information– Fake news– Hate mongers


DIGITAL REVOLUTIONChanges the global political,economic and social landscape


GRIPS_2017 70

SMART CITYSmart Cities To Create Huge Business Opportunities With A Market Value Of $1.5 Trillion In 2020

Note: The graph represent the market share of each segment in the smart city marketSource: Frost & Sullivan Analysis

These numberrepresent the entiresmart solutions eco-system in eachsegment for bothurban and non-urban panoramas

Smart Educationincludes eLearningservices for schools,universities,enterprises, andgovernment entities

Other SmartInfrastructure suchas sensor networks,digital managementof water utilities notincluded in othersegments

1

2

3


E-DEMOCRACY (ELECTRONIC DEMOCRACY)REFERS TO THE USE OF INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES TOENHANCE AND IN SOME ACCOUNTS REPLACEREPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY.

(Andrew Chadwich in Bevir, 2007, P.256)

GRIPS_2017 72

E-DEMOCRACY


THEORISTS OF E-DEMOCRACY VARY, BUT MOSTUNITE AROUND THE BELIEF THAT SOME OF THETRADITIONAL LIMITS TO CITIZENSHIP INCONTEMPORARY LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC POLITIES—PROBLEMS OF SCALE, SCARCITY OF TIME, THEDECLINE OF COMMUNITY, AND THE LACK OFOPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY DELIBERATION—CANBE OVERCOME BY NEW FORMS OF ONLINECOMMUNICATION.

(Ibid, P.256)


DIRECTDEMOCRACY

REPRESENTATIVEDEMOCRACY

PARTICIPATORYDEMOCRACY

DIRECTDEMOCRACY

From Mary Reid, “Who Needs Elected Representative?” (2005)

THE EVOLUTION OF DEMOCRACY

ELECTRONICREVOLUTION


E-GOVERNMENT AIMS TO MAKE THEINTERACTION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT ANDCITIZENS (G2C), GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESSENTERPRISES (G2B), AND INTER-AGENCYRELATIONSHIPS (G2G) MORE FRIENDLY,CONVENIENT, TRANSPARENT, ANDINEXPENSIVE.“

(Obi, 2007, P.27)

GRIPS_2017 75

E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE


THE UNITED NATIONS DEFINES "E-GOVERNMENT" AS"...THE USE OF ALL ICT BY GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDEINFORMATION AND SERVICES TO CITIZENS. IT IS ABROADER CONCEPT THAN IN CASES WHERE IT REFERSTO ONLY G-2-G NETWORKING."ANALOGOUS TO E-COMMERCE, WHICH ALLOWS

BUSINESSES TO TRANSACT WITH EACH OTHER MOREEFFICIENTLY (B2B) AND BRINGS CUSTOMERS CLOSER TOBUSINESSES (B2C).

(Ibid, P.27)

E-GOVERNMENT


THE PUBLIC SECTOR'S USE OF INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, WITH THE AIM OF:IMPROVING INFORMATION AND SERVICE DELIVERY,ENCOURAGING CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE

DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, ANDMAKING GOVERNMENT MORE ACCOUNTABLE,

TRANSPARENT AND EFFECTIVE.(Ibid, P.28)

E-GOVERNANCE


THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO RAISE THEQUALITY OF THE SERVICES GOVERNMENTS DELIVERTO CITIZENS AND BUSINESSES.IT IS HOPED THAT IT WILL ALSO REINFORCE THE

CONNECTION BETWEEN PUBLIC OFFICIALS ANDCOMMUNITIES THEREBY LEADING LO A STRONGER,MORE ACCOUNTABLE AND INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY"

(Ibid, P.28)


FROM THE LISTED DEFINITIONS ON E-GOVERNMENTAND E-GOVERNANCE, THE FIRST IMPRESSIONSHOULD BE THAT THEY HAVE THE SAME MEANINGOR ARE INTERCHANGEABLE.E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE ARE

ACTUALLY NOT MEANT TO BE USED AS SYNONYMS.THE CONCEPT OF E-GOVERNANCE IS A BROADERONE, AND THE RESULT OF AN EVOLUTION OF THEWAY THE STATE INTERACTS WITH IT CITIZENS.

(Ibid, P.28)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO CONCEPTS


THE TERM E-GOVERNMENT REFERS TO THE USAGE OFICT AS TOOLS THAT WILL ALLOW THE STATE TOCOMMUNICATE WITH ITS CITIZENS, AND THE STATEAGENCIES BETWEEN THEM.THE TERM E-GOVERNANCE REFERS TO ICT USED IN

ORDER TO BOOST THE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF THECITIZENS IN THE POLITICAL PROCEDURES OF THEIRCOUNTRY, GIVING A CHANNEL TO "HEAR THEIR VOICE"IN A DYNAMIC PROCESS OF CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK.

(Ibid, P.29)


GIVEN THIS DIFFERENCE, IT CAN BE SAID THAT THECONCEPT OF E-GOVERNANCE IS CLOSELY RELATED TOTHE CONCEPT OF E-DEMOCRACY, WHICH CONSIDERSTHE USAGE OF ICT FOR ENSURING THE PARTICIPATIONOF THE RELEVANT ACTORS IN THE POLITICAL LIFE ANDPROCESSES OF A COUNTRY.

(Ibid, P.29)


FIRST HALF OF THE 21ST CENTURY WILL SEE THEPOSSIBILITIES OF BILLIONS OF PEOPLE CONNECTEDBY MOBILE DEVICES, WITH UNPRECEDENTEDPROCESSING POWER, STORAGE CAPACITY, ANDACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE, ARE UNLIMITED.

GRIPS_2017 83

ICT: NEW OPPORTUNITIES FORECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT



Connectivity



AND THESE POSSIBILITIES WILL BE MULTIPLIED BYEMERGING TECHNOLOGY BREAKTHROUGHS INFIELDS SUCH AS:ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,ROBOTICS,THE INTERNET OF THINGS,AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES,3-D PRINTING,NANOTECHNOLOGY,BIOTECHNOLOGY,MATERIALS SCIENCE,ENERGY STORAGE, ANDQUANTUM COMPUTING.


THOSE TECHNOLOGIES TREND WILL CHANGEPOLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GLOBALLANDSCAPE THAT REFLECTS WHAT HAS BEENIMAGINED ONLY IN SCIENCE FICTION.


THEY ARE OPENING VAST NEWOPPORTUNITIES TO MANKIND BUT ALSOCHALLENGES, NOT THE LEAST TO PUBLICPOLICY AND PUBLIC LEADERSHIP.


IN 2008, ONE OF THE WORLD’S LEADINGINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ECONOMISTS,JEFFREY SACHS, WROTE THAT MOBILE PHONES ANDWIRELESS INTERNET WILL “PROVE TO BE THE MOSTTRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGY OF ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT OF OUR TIME.”

(WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, 2015, P.36)


COUNTRIES THAT ARE ABLE TO SWIFTLY ADJUST TOTHIS EVOLVING DIGITAL ECONOMY WILL REAP THEGREATEST DIGITAL DIVIDENDS, WHILE THE REST ARELIKELY TO FALL BEHIND.WHILE THESE BARRIERS REMAIN, DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN GLOBAL MARKETSSHOULD ENSURE THAT THEY ARE NOT EXCLUDEDBECAUSE OF WEAK OR ABSENT REGULATIONS.

(WORLD BANK, 2016, P.4)


THE IMPACT OF ICTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH,ALONG WITH TARGETED INTERVENTIONS TOINCREASE THEIR IMPACT ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION,WILL HELP TO RELIEVE THE PLIGHT OF THOSE INABSOLUTE POVERTY AND IMPROVE THE WELL-BEING OF CITIZENS EVERYWHERE.



TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, MEASURED AS THESHARE OF ICT CAPITAL STOCK, HAS ASTATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ONINEQUALITY, AND THE EFFECT OFTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE WAS GREATER THANTHAT OF FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION.

(Ibid, P.32)


Changes in GDP, investment, and exports due to regulatory restrictions on data flows

Source: Bauer and others 2014. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2016-Fig6_5.Note: The fi gure shows percentage changes according to simulations using a GTAP model. EU-28 =current member countries in the European Union; GTAP = Global Trade Analysis Project.


A LANDMARK STUDY BY THE WORLD BANK IN2009 DEMONSTRATED THE INCREASINGIMPACT OF DIFFERENT ICTS ON ECONOMICGROWTH.

(Ibid)


THE STUDY MEASURED THE CAUSAL IMPACTOF FIXED TELEPHONY, MOBILE TELEPHONY,INTERNET USE, AND BROADBAND USE ONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GROWTHOVER 26 YEARS (FROM 1980 THROUGH 2006)ACROSS 120 DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES.

(Ibid)


Falling global absolute poverty and rising ICT penetration

(Ibid)


THE DECREASE IN GLOBAL INCOMEINEQUALITY HOWEVER MASKS THE INCOMEINEQUALITY INCREASES OBSERVED AMONGAND WITHIN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES.

(Ibid, P.36)


DIGITAL DIVIDE


THE LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ISBY NO MEANS DEFINITIVE, BEINGCONTINUOUSLY SHAPED BY THE EVOLUTIONOF TECHNOLOGY (CONNECTIVITY) AND THECOUNTRY’S CHOICE OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL,AND GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS.



IN THIS CASE, THE THRESHOLD WAS AT 24PERCENT OF THE POPULATION: COUNTRIESWOULD EXPERIENCE THE FULL GROWTHIMPACTS OF ICTS ONLY ONCE PENETRATIONPASSED THAT POINT.



IT IS THE GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY TOPROMOTE THE APPLICATION OF ICT BY THEPUBLIC SECTOR AND BUSINESS, BUTIMPORTANTLY TO PROVIDE THE CUSHION(SAFETY NETS) FOR THOSE WHO ARE UNABLETO PARTICIPATE AND LEFT BEHIND.


THE NETWORK EFFECTS AND EXTERNALITIESTHAT MULTIPLY THE IMPACTS OF ICTSREQUIRE MINIMUM ADOPTION THRESHOLDSBEFORE THOSE IMPACTS BEGIN TOMATERIALIZE.

(Ibid)


ONE ANALYSIS FOUND A POSITIVE IMPACT OF2.8 PERCENT INCREASE ON GDP FROM A 10PERCENT INCREASE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONSINFRASTRUCTURE, BUT ONLY ONCE AMINIMUM THRESHOLD DENSITY WASREACHED.

(Ibid)


SIMILARLY, A 2009 ANALYSIS DETERMINEDTHAT INCREASING RETURNS TO BROADBANDINVESTMENT OCCURS WHEN A CRITICALMASS OF PENETRATION—ABOVE 20 PERCENT(20 SUBSCRIPTIONS PER 100 PEOPLE)—ISREACHED.

(Ibid)


IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR SOME GOVERNMENTSARE BEGINNING TO RECOGNIZE THE ROLE OFMOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS INIMPLEMENTING PUBLIC TRANSFERPROGRAMS.

(Ibid)


OVER 30 COUNTRIES HAVE SOME FORM OFCONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMTO SUPPORT LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS.

(Ibid)


MANY OF THESE PROGRAMS ARE BEGINNINGTO UTILIZE MOBILE MONEY PAYMENTS TOELIMINATE FINANCIAL LEAKAGE ANDTRANSACTION COSTS.

SIMILARLY, ICTS PROVIDE A WAY TO SAVEAND THUS SMOOTH CONSUMPTION,PARTICULARLY IN THE FACE OF EXTERNALECONOMIC SHOCKS.

(Ibid)


TO MAXIMIZE THE DIGITAL DIVIDENDS REQUIRESBETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TECHNOLOGYINTERACTS WITH OTHER FACTORS THAT AREIMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPMENT—WHAT ISCALLED “ANALOG COMPLEMENTS.”


GRIPS_2017 109

“ANALOG COMPLEMENTS”


CONSISTING OF:REGULATIONS THAT CREATE A VIBRANT BUSINESS

CLIMATE AND LET FIRMS LEVERAGE DIGITALTECHNOLOGIES TO COMPETE AND INNOVATE;SKILLS THAT ALLOW WORKERS, ENTREPRENEURS,

AND PUBLIC SERVANTS TO SEIZE OPPORTUNITIESIN THE DIGITAL WORLD; ANDACCOUNTABLE INSTITUTIONS THAT USE THE

INTERNET TO EMPOWER CITIZENS.THOSE ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF LEADERSHIP IN

THE PUBLIC SECTOR.(Ibid)


WHILE AFFORDABILITY IS ONE BARRIERTO ADOPTION, OTHER FACTORSINCLUDE EDUCATION AND CULTURE.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENTTO CREATE THE ENVIRONMENT ANDEMPOWER PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TOBENEFIT FROM TECHNOLOGICALADVANCES.


AFFIRMATIVE PUBLIC POLICY IS REQUIRED TO:1. FOCUS PUBLIC RESOURCES AND INCENTIVES

FOR BUILDING BROADBAND INTERNET ACCESSOUT TO RURAL AND UNDERSERVEDCOMMUNITIES.

2. CONNECT SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES TOBROADBAND INTERNET SERVICE AND ENSUREWIDESPREAD CONNECTIVITY WITHIN SCHOOLS.

3. REMOVE EXCESS TAXATION ON DEVICES ANDACCESS, AND CONSIDER TARGETED SUBSIDIESFOR CERTAIN POPULATIONS.


4. DEVELOP ROBUST ICT TRAINING CURRICULAAND PROGRAMS. INCREASING DIGITAL LITERACYAND TRAINING MORE INDIVIDUALS IN HOW TOUTILIZE ICTS WILL HELP DRIVE FAMILIARITY ANDADOPTION, EVEN FOR BASIC ICTS SUCH ASFEATURE PHONES.

5. FOCUS ON CLOSING THE GENDER GAP IN ICTS.GENDER GAPS EXIST IN ICT ADOPTION: FEWERWOMEN AND GIRLS THAN MEN AND BOYS USEMOBILE PHONES AND THE INTERNET.



POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT

GREATER CONNECTIVITY HAS ALSO LED TOINCREASED POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT.MUCH ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

DEMONSTRATES THE POWER OFTECHNOLOGY TO ORGANIZE ANDDISSEMINATE POLITICAL MESSAGING.



THE ARAB SPRING UPRISING, DEMONSTRATESTHE GROWING IMPACT OF ICTS ON POLITICALACTION AND ACTIVITY.

(Ibid)

THE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT JOKOWI IN 2014IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE.


SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY

NEW IDEAS

NEW HORIZONS

UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES

LIMITED ONLY BY HUMANIMAGINATION

DEMOCRATIZATION

EMPOWERMENT

PARTICIPATION

RELEASING POTENTIALHUMAN RESOURCES

FREE FLOW OF:

SERVICES

GOODS

IDEAS

GLOBALIZATION

UNPRECENTEDPROSPERITY AND WELFARE


(ibid)GRIPS_2017 118www.slideshare.net/Ginandjar

FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT IN HOW WE PRODUCE,CONSUME AND RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER,DRIVEN BY THE CONVERGENCE OF THEPHYSICAL WORLD, THE DIGITAL WORLD ANDHUMAN BEINGS OURSELVES.

(https://www.weforum.org/)


LACK OF NATURAL RESOURCES

LACK OF HUMAN RESOURCES

LACK OF ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES

UNFINISHED NATION BUILDING

YESNO

YESNOYESNOYESNO

GRIPS_2017 120

FACING THOSE CHALLENGES


i. challenges to public leadership in the 21st century 2017

Leadership & Management