• Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment.–Body temp, heart rate, water balance.–Serves as link between nervous and

endocrine systems.

–Stimulates Pituitary gland:• Master Gland

Fig. 10.2

• ADH: Anti-diuretic hormone–Acts in kidneys.–Causes water retention to dilute blood.–Negative feedback

• Oxytocin:–Uterine contraction and milk production.–Positive feedback

• TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone– Stimulates thyroid to produce it’s hormones.

• ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone– Stimulates adrenal cortex

• Gonadotropic hormones:– Stimulate gonads

• Make gametes and sex hormones

• Prolactin–Milk production as well as fat and

carbohydrate metabolism.

• Growth hormone:–Stimulates protein production in tissues.–Leads to growth.–Amount affects height of individual.–Abnormalities can lead to disease.

• Thyroid–T3 and T4 hormones-both

contain iodine.–Deficiency in Iodine =

Goiter.

• Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate.

• Diseases:– Cretinism– Myxedema– Graves disease

• Calcitonin is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels.– Stimulates Ca uptake and storage in bones.

• Parathyroid:–Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• Increases blood Ca levels and decreases the level of blood phosphate.

• Pg 192 regulation of Ca levels.

Fig. 10.7

• Adrenal Glands:–Sit on top of kidneys.–React to stress.–Two Parts:

• Cortex (outside part): Under ACTH control.

• Medulla (inside part): Under direct nervous control.

Adrenal Medulla:

– Make Epinephrine and norepinephrine.–Short term response to stress.–Fight or flight.

• Increase heart rate• Blood sugar increases• Muscle strength and endurance increases.

Adrenal Cortex:

– Make mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

–Also makes a small amount of male and female sex hormones.

–Long term response to stress.

Adrenal Cortex:• Glucocorticoids

–Regulate metabolism of fats, protein and carbohydrates.

–Cortisol: raises blood sugar levels.• Stimulates breakdown of proteins to make sugar.

• Promotes breakdown of fats rather than sugars.

• Counteracts the inflammatory response.

Adrenal Cortex:• Mineralocorticoids:

–Regulate salt and water balance.

–Aldosterone• Targets kidney cells.• Uptake of Na, and excretion of K.

Fig. 10.8

Fig. 10.9

• Addisons Disease:• Hyposecretion (low)• Low blood pressure.• Dehydration.• Bronzing

–Cushing Syndrome:• Hypersecretion• High Blood pressure.• Metabolism disorders.

• Pancreas–Pancreatic islet cells

• Insulin and glucagon• Antagonistic hormones = Balance

–Insulin: stimulates uptake of glucose.–Glucagon: stimulates glucose release.

Fig. 10.12

• Diabetes Mellitus–Two types.

• Insulin dependent (IDDM)

• Non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)

• Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones:–Gonads (Testes and Ovaries)

• Testosterone (androgen)–Hair growth, voice changes, muscle buildup, etc.

• Estrogen and progesterone.–Hair growth, fat buildup, body development, and mensus cycles.

• Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones:–Thymus: hormones involved in immune

system function.

–Pineal Gland: Melatonin and sleep cycles.

–Leptin: Made by adipose tissue and regulates eating.

–Growth factors:–Prostaglandins:

• Chemical signals and hormones work at different distances.–Autocrine: act on the same cell.–Paracrine: act on nearby cells.–Endocrine: travel some distance to target

cells.

–Pheromones: Chemical signals between individuals. Can regulate behavior and cycles.• Perfumes and colognes.

• Endocrine System and Homeostatsis:

–Regulation of digestion.–Regulate fuel metabolism.–Regulate blood pressure and volume.–Regulate ion balance in blood.–Regulate response to external enviroment.

Fig. 10.14

Fig. 10.15