Vijay kumar

William His first uses the term hypothalamus in 1893.

Ramon y cajal described connection b/w hypothalamus and posterior pituitory (hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract) in 1894.

Diencephalic structure present ventrally in he brain.

Separated from thalamus by hypothalamic sulcus and medial border is illdefined which separates hypothalamus from subthalamus.

4 grams in weight. Contains clustered set of nuclei which has

diffuse connections with cortex, basal forebrain, limbic structures, brain stem nuclei.

Hypothalamus acts as integrator of autonomic & endocrine functions with behavior.

It was called as head ganglion of autonomic nervous system.

Regulation of five basic physiologic needs. - Blood pressure , ECF osmolality - Body temperature - Energy metabolism - Reproduction - Responses to stress

Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel

Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel

Review of medical physiology-W.F.Ganong

Divided into 3 regions:

Anterior region: preoptic region - Supra chiasmatic nucleus - Preoptic nucleus

Middle region : -Dorsomedial nucleus - Ventromedial nucleus - Paraventricular nucleus - Supraoptic nucleus - Arcuate nucleus

Posterior region: - Mamillary bodies - Tuberomammillary nucleus.

Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th edition

Visceral functions: - Integration of neuroendocrine reflexes. - Gastric motility and gut secretion. - Central autonomic player. - Cardiovascular & respiratory regulation - HPA axis and stress modulation. - Energy metabolism and thermo regulation. - Role in reproductive function. - ECF osmolality - circadian & ultradian rhythm generation to

regulate above above functions.

Brain functions: - Sleep & wakefullness - hypothalmo-cerebellar –hypothalamic circuits

role in somato-visceromotor integration. - Integrator for emotional & autonomic functions - Role in memory: Mammillary nucleus as an

entity of Papez circuit. - Role in reward and motivation.

Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel

Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel

Hetherington & Ranson’s work in 1940’s BK Anand & Brobeck’s work in 1950’s Dual centric model of feeding proposed by

stellar in 1954 Role of different neuropeptides in feeding was

discovered during 1996-1998 by various reseachers.

Medical physiology-Guyton 11th edition

Medical physiology-Guyton 11th edition

Charles W. Bourque

Saper, Clifford B ,Annual Review of Neuroscience; 2002; 25

Saper, Clifford B ,Annual Review of Neuroscience; 2002; 25

CNS pathways that integrate the clock signal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with other cues to produce the circadian rhythms ofphysiology and behavior

Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

Neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that these connections may be involved in feeding, cardiovascular,osmotic, respiratory, micturition, immune, emotion, and other nonsomatic regulation.

Jing-Ning Zhua et al 2006

Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th edition

Principles of neural science by Eric kandel Fundamental neuroscience by squire 2nd edition Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th

edition Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in

Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005 B.K.Anand et al ,Journal of applied physiology

vol-192, 1967 Charles W. Bourque, Nature reviews

neuroscience volume 9 , july 2008

Medical physiology .Guyton –Hall 10th edition Review of medical physiology- Ganong

Thank you