Hydrology, Water

Resources and Ecology

in Headwaters

Edited by

K. KOVAR National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

U. TAPPEINER Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Stermvartestrafie IS, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and European Academy Bozen/Bolzano, Weggensteinstrafie 121 A, 1-39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy

N. E. PETERS US Geological Survey, 3039 Amwiler Road, Suite 130, Atlanta, Georgia 30360-2824, USA

R. G. CRAIG Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA

Proceedings of the HeadWater'98 conference held in Meran/Merano, Italy, from 20 to 23 April 1998. This conference was jointly organized by: the European Academy Bozen/Bolzano, Italy the Standing Committee on Headwater Control (SCHC) the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) the International Committee on Mountain Hydrology (ICMH) The conference was sponsored and supported by: the European Union (DG XII), UNESCO (Division of Water Sciences), the FAO/European Forestry Commission (EFC) (Working Party on the Management of Mountain Watersheds), the International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR), the International Erosion Control Association (IECA), the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) (Working Group on Forest Hydrology), the World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWC).

IAHS Publication no. 248 in the IAHS Series of Proceedings and Reports

Published by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 1998 IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX 10 8BB, UK IAHS Publication no. 248 ISBN 1-901502-45-7

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

IAHS is indebted to the employers of the Editors for the invaluable support and services that enabled the editors to work effectively and efficiently.

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IAHS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The use of trade, firm, or corporate names in the publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by IAHS of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.

The conference organizers would like to express their thanks to all who assisted in organizing the conference. They especially would like to thank the members of the Scientific Advisory Committee who were: Rachael Craig (USA) Jaap Kwadijk (The Netherlands) Norman (Jake) Peters (USA) Yoshihiro Fukushima (Japan) Herbert Lang (Switzerland) Gert Schultz (Germany) Harald Grip (Sweden) Chris Leibundgut (Germany) R. B. Singh (India) Dieter Gutknecht (Austria) Rosario Mosello (Italy) Evzen Stuchlik (Czech Republic) Andrej Hocevar (Slovenia) Peter Nachtnebel (Austria) John Tenhunen (Germany) Michael Kuhn (Austria) Franz Nobilis (Austria)

The conference organizers would also like to express their thanks for financial support obtained from: the European Union (DG XII), the President of the Government of South Tyrol (Sudtirol/Alto Adige), the South Tyrol/Alto Adige Administration (Department of Environmental and Nature Protection, Water Resources and Energy), the City of Meran/Merano Administration, the Tourist Authority of Meran/Merano.

The Editors wish to acknowledge the conference authors for their patience and cooperation during the editing process.

The papers were checked and reformatted by Penny Kisby (IAHS Press, Wallingford, UK) using files papers provided by the Editors; Penny Kisby assembled the final camera-ready pages.

Printed in The Netherlands by Krips repro Meppel.