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Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure:
Opportunities for Wider Penetration
Abdul-Aziz Rashad
Technology Director Energy Applications
1st International Hydrogen Forum
San Jose, Costa Rica
8-13-2018
Copyright © 2017 Praxair Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
Praxair Overview
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▪ A Fortune 250 company with 2017 sales of
$11.4 billion
▪ One of the largest industrial gases companies
worldwide and the largest in North and South America
▪ Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (15th
Consecutive Year)
▪ CDP Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index (10th
Consecutive Year)
▪ Named among “25 Noteworthy Companies” by
DiversityInc
▪ Named among “Top 500 Best Employers in US” by
Forbes Magazine
Countries
26,000Employees
+50
1,000,000Customers
Mexico & Central America
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13 Air Separation Units
8 CO2 Plants
5 Hydrogen plants
13 Nitropet operations
29 On-Site plants
87 Retail stores
4 Chemical gases
plants
16 Packaged gases
plants
100km supply pipelines
Major Markets Served
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Aerospace
Metals
Leader in advancing supply systems and equipment, and
in developing applications technologies; about 4,000 active
patents
Food &
Beverage
Chemicals Healthcare
Electronics Manufacturing
Energy
Supply Options
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PIPELINE DISTRIBUTION
▪ Oxygen nitrogen, hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, air
ON-SITE PLANTS
▪ Cryogenic: oxygen, nitrogen, argon
▪ Non-cryogenic: membrane nitrogen,
VPSA oxygen
▪ Process gases: hydrogen, helium,
carbon dioxide
On- SitePACKAGED GASES (CYLINDERS)
▪ All gases
BULK LIQUID GASES (MERCHANT)
▪ Oxygen, nitrogen, argon,
carbon-dioxide, hydrogen, helium
Major End User Markets for H2
Emerging FCEV applications today served with tube trailer/ LH2.
Lowest cost and largest hydrogen demand is from pipeline enclaves.
Industry Key Applications Volume
■ Hydro-processing
■ Chemicals
■ Biofuels
■ Float glass mfg
■ Power Gen. / FCEV
■ Heat treating
■ Laboratories
■ Thin-film solar
■ Semi-conductorsElectronics
Low< 10 TPD
Medium10-30 TPD
High50-500+ TPD
Refining
Other
Glass
Supply Systems
■ Small on-site
■ Cylinders
■ Tube trailers
■ Liquid H2
■ Tube trailer
■ Liquid H2
■ Small on-site
■ Liquid H2
■ Small on-site
■ Pipeline
■ Large on-site
■ Pipeline
■ Large on-site
Industrial/
Transport
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Praxair Hydrogen Production in US
▪ Over 60 H2 production facilities
– 4 liquid H2 plants
▪ Total Operating Capacity
– Hydrogen ~1,700 MMscfd
– Liquid Hydrogen >110 tpd
▪ Experience across range of production and
purification technologies
– SMR/POx/ATR, methanol cracking, electrolysis,
amine, PSA, membranes, cold box
– Hydrogen compression and liquefaction
100 MMscfd hydrogen plant
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Capabilities across R&D, Engineering, Construction and Operations
30 tpd H2 liquefier plant
Praxair Hydrogen Distribution (US)
▪ Cylinders for very small users
▪ 175 Gaseous H2 tube trailers (300 kg H2/truck)
▪ 60 Liquid H2 trailers (4500 kg H2/truck)
▪ 7 H2 Pipeline systems
– Largest one in USGC ~320 miles
▪ H2 storage cavern
– Spot supply and back-up
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H2 supply
H2 to Customers
Salt
Dome
Cap
Rock
H2 supply
H2 Storage
H2 Production
Cavern Storage
Gulf Coast H2 Pipeline
Past & Present Technology Programs in H2 Fueling
Production and Liquefaction
Small-scale H2 production technologies (120 kg/day)
▪ Membrane reactors
– Ceramic membranes for syngas production followed by Pd
membranes for H2 separation
▪ Compact SMR
– Concentric coils of reactors and heat exchangers
▪ GE’s cyclic reformer
– Praxair provided H2 PSA
H2 Compression
▪ Centrifugal compressors for pipelines
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Growing markets requiring merchant hydrogen
Fuel Cell
Power
Lubricant Recycling
Sustainable Fuels
Trans Mix Desulphurization
• Electric power generation for mobile applications
• Hydrogen supply and system design
• Recycling of engine lubricants oil by hydrogenation
• Install and operate high pressure pumps or
compressors
• Removal of sulphur from mixed liquid fuels
• Install and operate high pressure pumps or
compressors
• Hydrogenation of vegetable oil and tallow
• Produce diesel and jet fuels
• Hydrogen supply and system design
Plug Power Installation: Virginia
Site installation
Product Compression
Product Storage
Dispensing
Sysco Food Distribution
• Plug Power fuel cell forklifts
• Installed 2011
• Hydraulic compression
• 35 Mpa (350 bar)
• 280 Kg/day
Praxair LAX Fueling Station Demonstration
▪ Capacity – 24 kg/day
– On-site electrolysis unit
– Recip. Compressor
– Cascaded storage tanks (60 kg H2)
– Dispenser
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▪ Operation
– Operated for 4 yrs
– Fast fills: 3 to 5 minutes/car
– Average traffic 25 – 30 vehicles/month
H2 Fueling Challenges and Opportunities
Production and Distribution
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1. Intermittent source;
Low capacity factor
1. Supplement with grid
1b. Can not operate intermittently
1c. Poor Capex efficiency
1a. Frequent start-ups undesirable
2. H2 compressor is expensive
2. High Press. H2
2a. Reduce Capex or
eliminate it altogether
2c. Reduce Capex
Liquid H2 Pathway
Gaseous H2 Pathway
1a. High Capex efficiency
4. Scale 25 – 50 MT/d
4a. Need 70 – 140 MW sources
5. Preferred for 250+ MT/d
5a. Need multiple 250+ MW
sources In close distances
6. Preferred path for
initial penetration of FCEVs
7. Preferred long-term path2b. Centrifugal compressor
4b.. 60 – 120 MW units
3. Consumes 1/3rd of H2 energy
3a. Advanced liquefaction cycles
H2 Fueling Challenges and Opportunities
Fueling Station
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Liquid H2 Pathway
Gaseous H2 Pathway
1. Compressor reliability1. High pressure
Local pipeline?1a. Eliminate compressor
4. >1000 kg/d capacity
2. Stringent purity specs; below detection
limits for some; expensive QA/QC
2. Need more sensible specs
3. Liquefaction energy wasted
3. Recover refrigeration
LH2 tankLH2 pump
H2 compressor
High pressure
H2 receivers
LH2 vaporizer 5. $$$/kg and h
6. $$/kg and h
In Summary…
▪ Economical & reliable renewable H2 supply is critical for success
– Consider supplementing renewable electricity from grid
– Large storage solutions
– Back up onsite generation with tube trailers
▪ Think about other H2 applications that can be served with same production /distribution assets
▪ Prioritize large anchored fleets, e.g. buses. Demand is higher, may justify onsite generation
– Low station utilization for demos/ car stations better served with merchant
▪ FCEV applications should continue to grow
– Needs government support due to low initial demand & infrastructure investment
▪ Explore merits of centralized renewable production with local high pressure pipeline grid vs distributed
production
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Praxair Linde Merger
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