hydrogen – a fuel of the future and more: challenges …
TRANSCRIPT
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HYDROGEN – A FUEL OF THE FUTURE AND MORE: Challenges and problems
Paolo FORNASIERO
Workshop on Material Challenges in Devices for Fuel Solar Production and Employment, Trieste, May 20, 2014
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Energy and quality of life
2011Energy consumption
2011Human development index
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The end of the cheap oil
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Global density of pollution
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DangerDangerDangerDanger
CrisisCrisisCrisisCrisis
OpportunityOpportunityOpportunityOpportunity
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Hydrogen : motivation
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DOE State of the States: Fuel Cells in America 2014
Darwin on the road
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4Q 2013 Navigant Research
Consumption : future trends
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6000 fuel cell vehicles
$385 million investment
Tokyo 2020 : Hydrogen Town
H4
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Snímka 9
H4 After the Tokyo Olympics are over, the electricity and hot water generated with hydrogen energy are expected to be furnished to a school, and commercial and other facilities to be constructed on the village site. The plan is set to be the largest experiment employing the new energy source. The Tokyo government hopes to take advantage of the 2020 Olympics as an opportunity to advance the realization of a society based on hydrogen energy.Hydrogen filling stations and pipes around the village will be constructed. Fuel cells installed at each station will generate electricity and heat through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in the air. Buses will also run on fuel cells.About 17,000 athletes and other guests will stay in the Athletes’ Village.Hp; 19. 3. 2015
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California Fuel Cell Partnership. 2014 Update: Hydrogen Progress, Priorities and Opportunities (HyPPO) Report
23 stations operating in California in 2015 68 stations in 2018-2019
H2 stations : California case
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Large reformer H2 vehicle
NG H2
Large reformer Truck Delivery
C-H2
Refuelling stationDewar
Pump dispenser
compressed H2
H2 vehicle
compressed H2
Electrolyser compressor storage dispenser
H2 vehicle
compressed H2
On-line reformer compressor storage dispenser
NG
Large reformer
H2
Pipeline Delivery
H2 vehicle
compressed H2
compressor storage dispenser
Truck Delivery Dewar
L-H2NG H2
H2 vehicle
liquid H2
dispenser
H2 economy : Infrastructures requirements
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New distribution systems (technical requirements and costs)
H2 storage systemsCompressed Gas Storage Tanks
(Heavy and space / safety concern)
Metal hydrides(Heavy, performance)
Hydrogen vehicles: technical requirement
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Possibility of H2 storage in SWCN (up to 67 wt %)A.C. Dillon et al. Nature 386 (1997) 377.
A.Chambers et al. J. Phys.Chem. B 102 (1998) 4253.
H2O / H2 storage in carbon nanofibers (< 2 wt%) R.T Yang et al. Carbon 38 (2000) 623.
Omar M. Yaghi et co-workers, SCIENCE VOL 300 16 MAY 2003
Hydrogen Storage in MicroporousMetal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Zn4O(BDC)3 (BDC 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)
Hydrogen storage – on board
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Taken from B. C. H. Steele & A. Heinzel, Nature, 414 (2001) 345
Fuel Cells
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H2 production
from
fossil fuels
Steam Reforming
Partial Oxidation
Autothermal Reforming
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Today: Steam Reforming
�High metal loading(until 15% wt)
�High coking deposition(catalyst deactivation)
�High operative temperature(highly endothermic reaction, 600-900 °C)
Ni basedCatalyst
Hydrocarbons nCOHm
nOnHHC mn ++→+ 22 )2
(
e.g. Methane
TEM pictureI. Alstrup, Haldor Topsøe A/S.
Catalyst deactivation:C filament formation
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H2O
CO, CO2,H2
FuelAirH2O
CO, H2CO2, H2,H2O
Reformer
Fuel Cell
WGSR PROX
miniaturization technology
O2
On board H2 production
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Catalyst Design: Pd@CeO2 system
Science 309 (2005) 752
Science 341 (2013) 771
Science 337 (2012) 713
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Cs
Ru
CNTs
Ru
Graphitized-CNTs
Ru
Graphitized-CNTs
Conductive support + promoter + Ru
LOW T ACTIVITY!
Storage
H2 production
FC utilization
180°C
90°C
A. K. Hill et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 172-173, 2015,129–135
Hydrogen from ammonia
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Partial Oxidation
nCOHm
On
HC mn +→+ 22 22
Alternative reaction route
� is mildly exothermic and is much more energy efficient;
� a smaller reactor can be used to achieve high CH4conversion and selectivities to CO and H2 with short contact time;
� no need for large amounts of expensive superheated steam
It may be carried out with a much broader range of compounds, from Natural Gas to heavy residues and even coal
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Autothermal Reforming
Alternative reaction route
22224 eCOdCOcHbOOaHCH ++→++
Its main benefit lies in compensating for the endothermic reaction of Steam Reforming with the exothermic reaction of Partial Oxidation
�no extra heating�no extra cooling
e.g. Methane
It is probably the most interesting among coming developmentsin H2 production processes from hydrocarbons.
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Water splitting in 2 steps:
Oxygen from reducible oxide exposed to concentrated sun light
Hydrogen from water reduction at lower temperature, via oxidation of reduced oxide.
1
2
1
2
Perovskites
DOE target, still difficult to reach:26% Solar to Hydrogen (STH) efficiency
Multiple reduction chamber
Overcome pumping problemsto diminish O2 pressure
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress14/ii_c_2_mcdaniel_2014.pdf
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H2 production
from
renewable resource
Steam Reforming of alcohols
Aqueous Phase Reforming
Photocatalytic H 2O splitting
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Methanol
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerol
Sugars (Glucose) (Xylose)
Sugar Alcohols(Sorbitol)
Liquid-Phase Reforming
Single Reactor System
Low Temperature
160 – 265 oC
Relatively Low Pressure
Less Than 68 bar
Simple Vapor-Liquid Separator
Hydrogen-Rich GasLess than 100 ppm CO
Liquid-Water
Aqueous-Phase Reforming
(APR) Process
�Eliminates Energy required to vaporize water�Allows processing bioproducts that cannot be vaporized without decomposition�Compatible with processing wet feedstocks, avoiding need for an initial dehydration step�Operates at low T compared with conventional reforming, reducing energy costs�Water gas shift reaction occurs simultaneously with reforming�Pressurized product is compatible with membrane or p swing H2purification
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Glycerol reforming on
Pt-supported catalysts
R.R.Soares et al., Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 45(2006)3983
COHHOC 34 2833 +→
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Photocatalytic H2 production
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Nature 238:37Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 (2007) 401-425Topics in Catalysis 49 (2008) 4-17
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TiO2 nanocrystals for photo-assisted H2 production
J. Am. Chem. Soc 134 (2012), 6751–6761
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% {001} % {101}
4.5 95.5
26.6 73.4
54.3 45.7
TiO2 nanocrystals for photo-assisted H2 production
P. Fornasiero et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc 134 (2012), 6751–6761
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high volumes of hydrogen (up to 2.1 mmol h–1 g–1) under simulated solar illumination.
The {101} facets of anatase are more active than the {001}.
TiO2 nanocrystals for photo-assisted H2 production
J. Am. Chem. Soc 134 (2012), 6751–6761
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3D TNTA supported Pd NPs preparation and application
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60V 10min 60V 60min 60V 180min
3.2- 3.5 µµµµm 4.2- 4.7 µµµµm1.5- 1.8 µµµµm
Anodrization solution: NH 4F + Ethylene Glycol
Ti Anode
Ti Cathode
CBA
FED
2D TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTA) substrate supported Pd NPs
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32
The ElectroChemical Milling and Faceting process
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 8500
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HRTEM analysis of the Pd/TNTA disk electrode
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 8500
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� The evolution of gases from a water/ethanol solution upon si mulated sunlightirradiation for different typs TiO 2 nanotube array catalysts. (EtOH 50%, 80ml,150WXe lamp, 180mW cm -2)
Blue line: 3D TNTAs-web + 0.1mg/cm 2 Pd. Green line: 3D TNTAs-web withoutPd.
Red line: Flat TNTAs + 0.1mg/cm 2 Pd. Black line: Flat TNTAs without Pd.
Photoassisted H2 generation from EtOH solution
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R. M. N. Yerga , M. C. A. Galván , F. del Valle , J. A. V. de la Mano , J. L. G. Fierro, ChemSusChem 2009 , 2 , 471
Band position relative to water redox potential
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Fe2O3 polymorphs for photo-assisted H2 production
Solar-to-Fuel Efficiency
0.16%
0.86%
0.48%
Advanced Functional Materials 2014
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Au and Ag on εεεε-Fe2O3 polymorphs for photo-assisted H2
production
40
30
20
10
0
H2
Evo
lutio
n (µ
mol
/cm
2 )
24201612840Irradiation time (h)
Au/Fe2O3
Ag/Fe2O3
Fe2O3
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NH2
NH2
+O
HN
N
Conventional synthesis:
Very toxic andcarcinogenic
� T = 100 – 200 °C
� Strong acidic conditions
� Strong oxidants
Synthesis of benzimidazole
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NH2
NH2
+O
HN
N
Conventional synthesis:
Very toxic andcarcinogenic
� T = 100 – 200 °C
� Strong acidic conditions
� Strong oxidants
Synthesis of benzimidazole
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Alternative processes:
� Less toxic reagents
� Renewable and cheap solvent
[H]ads
hν, cat
Synthesis of benzimidazole
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29/03/2015 41
Potential Environmental Impact of a Hydrogen Economy on the StratosphereTromp T.K. et al. Science 300 (2003), 1740
Latitudinal and seasonal distribution of column ozone depletion (%) due to an assumed fourfold increase in H2, simulated by the Calteh/JPL 2-D model