Hydrocarbons and

Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the

Aquatic Environment

Environmental Science Research

Editorial Board

Alexander Hollaender Associated Universities, Inc. Washington, D.C.

Ronald F. Probstein Massachusetts Institu te of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts

Bruce L. Welch Environmental Biomedicine Research, Inc. and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Recent Volumes in this Series

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Volume 9 - PERCEIVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: Research and Applications Edited by Kenneth H. Craik and Ervin H. Zube

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Volume 16 - HYDROCARBONS AND HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Edited by B. K. Afghan and D. Mackay

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Hydrocarbons and

Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the

Aquatic Environment

Edited by

B.K.Afghan National Water Research Institute

Burlington, Ontario, Canada

and D. Mackay

University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Associate Editors

H. E. Braun A. S. Y. Chau J. Lawrence D. R. S. Lean

O. Meresz J. R. W. Miles R. C. Pierce G. A. V. Rees

R. E. White D. M. Whittle D. T. Williams

PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

International Symposium on the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydro­carbons in the Aquatic Environment, McMaster University, 1978. Hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment.

(Environmental science research; v. 16) Proceedings of the symposium, held May 23-25, 1978, and organized by the

National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, and the Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto.

Includes index. 1. Hydrocarbons-Environmental aspects-Congresses. 2. Halocarbons-Environ­

mental aspects-Congresses. 3. Hydrocarbons-Analysis-Congresses. 4. Halocarbons­Analysis-Congresses. 5. Water-Pollution-Environmental aspects-Congresses. I. Afgha, B. K. II. Mackay, D. III. Canada. National Water Research Institute. IV. University of Toronto. Institute for Environmental Studies. V. Title. QH545.H92I54 1978 574.5'263 79-26462 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3619-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3617-4

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3617-4

Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, held in Ontario, Canada, May 23-25,1978.

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. lOOll

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfJ1ming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE ANALYSIS OF

HYDROCARBONS AND HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS

H.E. Braun O. Meresz J.R.H. Miles R. Pierce G.A.V. Rees G. Rosenblatt R.E. Hhite D. T. Hilliams

Program Committee

B.K. AFGHAN General Chairman

D. MACKAY Co-Chairman

B.F. Scott Secretary and Budget Director

R. Knechtel Arrangements

ORGANIZED BY

A.S.Y. Chau J. Lawrence D.R.S. Lean F.I. Onuska D.M. \.Jhittle J.J. Lichtenberg T. Meiggs J. McGuire

National Hater Research Institute Canada Centre for Inland Haters

Burlington, Ontario

and

Institute of Environmental Studies University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario

v

CO-SPONSORS

National Health and Welfare Ottawa, Ontario

Water Quality Branch (Ontario Region) Burlington, Ontario

Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratories Burlington, Ontario

Contaminants Control Branch, EPS Ottawa, Ontario

Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment Rexdale, Ontario

SUPPORTERS

Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ontario

Wastewater Technology Centre, EPS Burlington, Ontario

International Joint Commission Windsor, Ontario

National Research Council Ottawa, Ontario

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food

International Standards Organization

Chemical Institute of Canada, Analytical Chemistry Division

Great Lakes Fisheries Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan

vi

PREFACE

This volume contains papers selected from those presented at the International Symposium on the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, May 23-25, 1978. The Symposium was organized by the National Water Research Institute of Environment Canada and the Institute for Environmental Studies of the University of Toronto.

The purpose of the Symposium and of this volume was to bring together information on the analyses, behaviour and effects of hydro­carbons and halogenated hydrocarbons on the aquatic environment. This class of contaminants presents many difficult analytical pro­blems, and to a large extent our ability to identify environmental problems and assess their severity, depends on the availability of proved analytical techniques. By exposing workers in this field to the techniques and results of others we hope that progress can be made towards solving the many problems caused by these substances.

The papers in this volume are divided into five categories: two plenary session addresses given by J.P. Bruce and O. Hutzinger, 11 papers describing quantitative analytical results, 12 papers on analytical methods, 9 papers on incidence, monitoring and pathways; and finally, 13 papers on drinking water, health and biological effects.

We were fortunate in having the support of the many organizations and individuals listed after this preface. In particular we thank B.F. Scott and R. Knechtel for their help in organizing the Symposium, S. Paterson, C. Straka, B. Reuber, A. Bobra, R. Wan, S. Austin, G.E. Toll and B. Missen for their help in publishing the proceedings, and the session chairmen and associate editors for their help at the Symposium and later in reviewing and assembling these proceedings. The success of the Symposium and this volume is largely attributable to the enthusiasm and efforts of these individuals. We are deeply indebted to them.

B. Afghan and D. Mackay

Keynote Address J.P. Bruce

CONTENTS

Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment: Some Thoughts on the Philosophy and Practice of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

O. Hutzinger and A.A.M. Roof

The Sampling and Measurement of Hydrocarbons in Natural Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.W. de Lappe, R.W. Risebrough, A.M. Springer, T.T. Schmidt, J.C. Shropshire, E.F. Letterman, and J.R. Payne

A Fast Quantitative Analysis of a Wide Variety of Halogenated Compounds in Surface-, Drinking-, and Groud-Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G.J. Piet, P. Slingerland, G.H. Bijlsma, and C. Morra

Adsorption of Insecticide Residues - ImDortance in Environmental Sampling and Analysis . . . .

J.R.W. Miles

Methodology for the Isolation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Qualitative, Quantitative, and Bioassay Studies ............ .

R.F. Severson, M.E. Snook, R.F. Arrendale, and O.T. Chortyk

Benzo(a)pyrene in the Marine Environment: Analytical Techniques and Results ....

B.P. Dunn

Chromatographic and Spectral Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Air and Water Environments . . . . . . . .

M. Katz, T. Sakuma, and H. Tosine

IX

1

9

29

69

81

91

109

121

x

Presence and Potential Significance of o-o'-Unsubstituted PCB Isomers and Trace Ar~clor® 1248 and 1254 Impurities

D.L. Stalling, J.N. Huckine, and J.D. Petty

Analysis of Mirex in Lake Sediments: Problems and Solutions ..... .

A.S.Y. Chau

Chloro-Organic Compounds in the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin

P.H. Peterman, J.J. Delfino, D.J. Dube, T.A. Gibson, and F.J. Priznar

The Determination and Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Source and Treated Waters ....• .....

R.I. Crane, B. Crathorne, and M. Fielding

Multicomponent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis of Inland Water and Sediment . . . . .

W.H. Griest

An Evaluation of Purging Methods for Organics in Water ........•.......

K.W. Lee, R.G. Oldham, G.L. Sellman" L.H. Keith, L.P. Provost, P.H. Lin and D.L. Lewis

CONTENTS

131

141

145

161

173

185

Determination of Purgeable Organics in Sediment . • • . .. 201 D.N. Speis

Analysis of Headspace Gases for Parts Per Billion Concentrations of Volatile Organic Contaminants in Water Samples by Gas Chromatography . . . . .

D.A.J. Murray

Evaluation of Analytical Techniques for Assessment of Treatment Processes for Trace Halogenated Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .

M. Pirbazari, M. Herbert, and W.J. Weber, Jr.

The Examination and Estimation of the Performance Characteristics of a Standard Method for Organochlorine Insecticides and PCB . . . . . . .

I.W. Devenish and L. Harling-Bowen

A System for the Preparation of Organohalogen Reference Materials with Marine Lipid Matrices . . . .

M.D. Mackinnon, W.R. Hardstaff, and W.D. Jamieson

207

217

231

255

CONTENTS

Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Hydrocarbons and Halohydrocarbons

A.G. Harrison

Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on WCOT Glass Capillary Columns . . . . . . . . . .

F.I. Onuska and M. Comba

Automatic Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water Via GC/MS . . . . . . . . . . .

D. Beggs

Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Environmental Samples . . . . . . . . . .

W.J. Cretney, P.A. Christensen, B.W. McIntyre, and B.R. Fowler

Reproductive Success of Herring Gulls as an Indicator of Great Lakes Water Quality

D.B. Peakal1, G.A. Fox, A.P. Gilman, D.J. Hallett, and R.J. Norstrom

Pesticide Monitoring in the Prairies of Western Canada . . . . . .

Wm. D. Gummer

Importance of Particulate Matter on the Load of Hydrocarbons of Motorway Runoff and Secondary Effluents . . . . . . . .

F. ZUrcher, M. ThUer, and J.A. Davis

Organochlorines in Precipitation in the Great Lakes Region . . . . . . . . . . .

W.M.J. Strachan, H. Huneault, W.M. Schertzer, and F.C. Elder

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment: Gulf of Maine Sediments and Nova Scotia Soils . . . .. ....

R.A. Hites, R.E. Laflamme, and J.G. Windsor, Jr.

Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Dutch Water Samples Over the Years 1969 - 1977

R.C.C. Wegman and P.A. Greve

A Model System for the Investigation of Methods of Herbicide Speciation . . . .

R.D. Guy and D.R. Narine

xi

265

285

303

315

337

345

373

387

397

405

417

xii CONTENTS

Anthropogenic C1 and C2 Halocarbons: Potential Application as Coastal Water-Mass Tracers . . . . . . . .. 435

G.R. Helz

Prediction of Volatilization Rates of Chemicals in Water . . . . . . . .

J.H. Smith and D.C. Bomberger

Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds: Formation, Detection, and Toxicity in Drinking Water

P.B. Joshipura and P.N. Keliher

Screening South African Drinking-Waters for Organic Substances Hazardous to Health

J.F.J. van Rensburg and A.J. Hassett

Trihalomethane Levels at Selected Water Utilities in Kentucky, U.S.A ...

G.D. Allgeier, R.L. Mullins, Jr., D.A. Wilding, J.S. Zogorski, and S.A. Hubbs

Formation of Trihalomethanes During Chlorination and Determination of Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M. Kajino and M. Yagi

Trihalomethane Levels in Canadian Drinking Water D.T. Williams, R. Otson, P.D. Bothwell, K.L. Murphy, and J.L. Robertson

Aquatic Organism Pathobiology as a Sentinel System to Monitor Environmental Carcinogens . . . .

R.A. Sonstegard and J.F. Leatherland

Bacterial Degradation of Crude Oil and Oil Components in Pure and Mixed Culture Systems

A.M. Bobra, A.G. Clark, and J.R. Brown

Induction of Mixed Function Oxidase Enzymes in Fish by Halogenated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

D.E. Willis, M.E. Zinck, D.C. Darrow, and R.F. Addison

Halogenated Biphenyl Metabolism . . . . S. Safe, C. Wyndham, A. Parkinson, R. Purdy, and A. Crawford

Toxicity of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogenated Derivatives in an Aqueous Environment . . . . .

D.T. Boyles

445

453

461

473

491

503

513

521

531

537

545

CONTENTS

Fish Tumor Pathology and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution in a Great Lakes Estuary . . . .

J.J. Black, M. Holmes, P.P. Dymerski, and W.F. Zapisek

Bioaccumulation of Arene and Organochlorine Pollutants by Cipangopaludina chinensis (Gray, 1834) (Mollusca:Gastropoda) from Ponds in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Ontario

L. Kalas, A. Mudroch, and F.r. Onuska

The Correlation of the Toxicity to Algae of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons with Their Physical-Chemical Properties .....

T.C. Hutchinson, J.A. Hellebust, D. Tam, D. Mackay, R.A. Mascarenhas, and W.Y. Shiu

Index .

xiii

559

567

577

587