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Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles Water District Perspective A Los Angeles Water District Perspective By: Ted Johnson, Chief Hydrogeologist By: Ted Johnson, Chief Hydrogeologist Water Replenishment District of Southern California January 24, 2013 – for LABGS

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Page 1: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles Water District PerspectiveA Los Angeles Water District Perspective

By: Ted Johnson, Chief HydrogeologistBy: Ted Johnson, Chief HydrogeologistWater Replenishment District of Southern California

January 24, 2013 – for LABGS

Page 2: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Focus on 2 LA Groundwater Basins:Central Basin and West Coast Basin (CBWCB)

San Gabriel MtnsSan Gabriel MtnsArea = 420 mi2 43 Cities 4 Million People

( )

San Gabriel ValleySan Gabriel Valley Puente Hills

Merced Hills

San Gabriel MtnsSan Gabriel MtnsArea = 420 mi2,  43 Cities,  4 Million People

Coyote HillsSanta Monica Mtns

San Gabriel RiverLos Angeles River

Los Los AngelesAngeles

Long BeachLong Beach

Palos Verdes Hills> 400 Water WellsPumping 240,000 acre feet/yr 

(78 billion gallons/yr)Pacific Ocean

(78 billion gallons/yr)

Page 3: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

LA County Population Growth

5,700% increase in 110 years

Page 4: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

1904 LA Groundwater Contour Map

1904 Groundwater Contour Map (Mendenhall, 1905).  Gray shading indicates areas of flowing artesian wells

Page 5: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

West Basin Key Well 3S/14W-22L01

10

201900s1900s‐‐1950s1950s

Excessive PumpingExcessive Pumping

30

-20

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10

r Ele

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vel)

Excessive Pumping Excessive Pumping caused caused  50 Feet of 

G d t L l

-60

-50

-40

-30

Gro

undw

ate

(feet

from

s

Groundwater Groundwater OVERDRAFTOVERDRAFT

Groundwater Level Drop (2.5 ft/yr)

-80

-70

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2010Central Basin Key Well 2S/13W-10A01

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OVERDRAFTOVERDRAFT

20

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-80

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Drop (8 ft/yr)

-120

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Page 6: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Groundwater Management Solutions SEAWATER BARRIER WELLS: LA County installed injection wells 

along 16 miles of coastline to form a barrier to halt seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifers. Started in 1950s.

NEW REPLENISHMENT WATER: WRD formed in 1959 by a localNEW REPLENISHMENT WATER: WRD formed in 1959 by a local election to perform managed aquifer recharge to make up the annual overdraft. 

CONTROL EXTRACTIONS: Legal Action (adjudication) in 1960s reduced pumping to 281,835 acre feet per year (still greater h l f ld) l d l hthan natural safe yield).  Relied on WRD replenishment water to make up the  difference and create an operational safe yield.

Page 7: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

West Basin Key Well 3S/14W-22L01

10

20 West Basin Key Well 3S/14W-22L01

10

20RESULTS of 

-30

-20

-10

0

er E

leva

tion

sea

leve

l)

-30

-20

-10

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er E

leva

tion

m s

ea le

vel)Groundwater

Management …

70

-60

-50

-40

-30

Gro

undw

ate

(feet

from

70

-60

-50

-40

30

Gro

undw

ate

(feet

from

Management …

-80

-70

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010Central Basin Key Well 2S/13W-10A01

100

-80

-70

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010Central Basin Key Well 2S/13W-10A01

100

0

20

40

60

80

Elev

atio

nea

leve

l)

0

20

40

60

80

Elev

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(fe

et fr

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-60

-40

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ater

(fe

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Levels & Drought Protection

-120

-100

1935

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-100

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Page 8: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Where do CB and WCB get their Water?

â Imported River Water:  60%

â Groundwater: 40% 

â Recycled Wastewater:  Growing uses (irrigation, industrial applications groundwaterapplications, groundwater recharge) 

Page 9: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Over 400 Groundwater Production Wells Operated by Various Cities and other Public/Private Entitiesby Various Cities and other Public/Private Entities

Central Basin

West Coast Basin

Page 10: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Quaternary & Late Pliocene Coastal AquifersSand & Gravel Folded & FaultedSand & Gravel.  Folded & Faulted.

Groundwater Wells Tapping Coastal Aquifers

one

ewoo

d Fault Z

Mid Pliocene “Bedrock”Repetto & Lower Fernando Fms.

New

port‐In

gle

N

Page 11: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

But There’s Oil & Gas in the Basins tooSi l HillSignal Hill

Page 12: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Over 30 Mapped Oil Fields and 9,700 Oil/Gas Wells in WRD Service AreaOil/Gas Wells in WRD Service Area

Central BasinBasin

West Coast Basin

Page 13: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Cross‐Section through LA showing Petroleum Target ZonesPetroleum Target Zones

South NorthSouth

MilesMiles

Recent, Pleistocene and late Pliocene.General area of Fresh Groundwater

es

1

2

3

Miles

1

2

Mid Pliocene  to Mid Miocene.General Targets for Petroleum Recovery

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

7

8Mesozoic Schist, Granite, Slate, Metasediments , Bedrock – No Petroleum

6

7

8

Modified from Davis – Namson, 1998Southern California Cross Section Study

Page 14: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Oil Wells & Water Wells in LA Over 100 Years of Co‐Existing

Page 15: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

So Why All The Concern Over Fracking?

Page 16: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

National Issue

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Are There Risks to Groundwater?

“There have been over a million wells hydraulically fractured in the history of the industry, and there is not one, not one, reported case of a freshwater aquifer h i b i d f h d li f i ”

INDUSTRY:

having ever been contaminated from hydraulic fracturing. Not one” Rex W. Tillerson, the chief executive of ExxonMobil ‐ Congressional hearing on drilling (NYTimes, 8/3/2011).

ENVIRONMENTAL:NRDC, May 2012, 12‐05A> 30 potential groundwater 

i i fcontamination cases from hydraulic fracturing

SCIENCESCIENCE:“The effects of unconventional oil and gas development…on regional water quality have not been previously described despite the fact that oil and gas development in the United States began nearly 150 years ago ”development in the United States began nearly 150 years ago...USGS, April 2012, Fact Sheet 2012‐3049

Page 18: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

What is Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)?

â Method to enhance oil or natural gas production.g p

â Inject fluids (water, sand, chemicals) under high pressure tochemicals) under high pressure to break open rock to enhance permeability and oil/gas flow.

â Improvements in horizontal drilling technologies have led to g gsignificant increase in fracking for gas, especially in the eastern and middle United States

Vertical and Horizontal wells and Fracking

middle United States. 

Page 19: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shale_gas.pdf

Page 20: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Conventional  vs. Unconventional Frackingâ Conventional:  Fracking in permeable reservoirs like sandstone and limestone to improve oil/gas flows.  Has been done by oil companies for > 50 years. Vertical or slant wells.  Lower pressure and water. Common in CA and elsewhere.

â Unconventional: Newerâ Unconventional:  Newer fracking in hard tight rock that is porous but not permeable (i e shale) Slant or horizontal(i.e. shale). Slant or horizontal wells used to expose more formation to mine. TX, PA, NY, WY MO CO OH CA next?

http://www.geomore.com/shale‐gas‐and‐fracking/

â High‐Rate Gravel Packing:  Small scale fracking near the well bore to i ll l k i fl h il/ ll d/

WY, MO, CO, OH.  CA next?

install gravel pack to improve flows at the oil/gas well and/or to prevent formation sand entry (like a gravel pack in a water well).

Page 21: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Why Frack?â Câ Creates a new energy resource.  Unconventional drilling and fracking into now accounts for more than half the natural gas production in the U.S. Estimated 100 year supply.

ââ Allows extended production in older oil and gas fields. http://energytomorrow.org/blog/natural‐gas‐the‐70‐percent/#/type/all

â Allows recovery of petroleum from tight formations previously believed to be un‐produceable.

â Reduced price of natural gas.

â Creates jobs in energy industry.

Page 22: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Injection FluidsâWater is the main fluid.  Average 5 million gallons per job for unconventional; < 400,000 for conventional; < 100,000 gravel pack.

â Sand/Silica (proppant) keeps fractures open; otherwise would close.   

â Assorted chemical additives are site specific.  Many purposes: inhibit p y p pcorrosion, remove drilling mud, prevent scaling, reduce viscosity, etc.

http://fracfocus.org/water‐protection/drilling‐usage

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Fracking Operations

Groundwater

Shale Oil/Gas Target Zone 

http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/hfwatercycle.html

Page 24: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Unconventional Fracking Operations

Groundwater

Shale Oil/Gas Target Zone 

http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/hfwatercycle.html

Page 25: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Fracking Operations

Groundwater

Shale Oil/Gas Target Zone 

http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/hfwatercycle.html

Page 26: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Potential Threats to Groundwater

Groundwater

Shale Oil/Gas Target Zone 

http://www.epa.gov/hfstudy/hfwatercycle.html

Page 27: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Potential Threats to Groundwater

CasingGroundwater

Casing Failure

Excessive Fracking

Faults may act as a conduit

Minor

Shale Oil/Gas 

Threats:  Chemicals, Saline Water, Natural Gas, Earthquakes 

Old  Gas/Oil Well – Not Abandoned Properly

Minor Earthquakes

Page 28: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

National Research on Fracking

USGS Groundwater Study

Page 29: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Ways to Minimize Riskâ Baseline Monitoring.

â Proper well design to prevent leaksprevent leaks. 

â Identify all artificial pathways and seal off. 

Injection Well

Deep Monitoring 

Wells Water Supply WellsVapor Probes

Seismic Monitoring

â Proper waste collection and disposal.  

Fresh

Groundwater

Nâ Monitor injection pressures, intervening “dead zone” aquifer, flowback ponds deep and

No 

Activity

“Dead” Zoneflowback ponds, deep and shallow groundwater monitoring, seismic monitoring.

Fracking Target Formation Shale Gas / Tight Oil 

“Dead” Zone

â Vapor probes for soil gas monitoring at surface.  

Page 30: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

FracFocus.org – Tracks Fracking & Chemicals

http://www.hydraulicfracturingdisclosure.org/fracfocusfind/Map.aspx

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Listed California Fracking Locations

646 listed in California, 11 in the WRD area (8 offshore).http://www.hydraulicfracturingdisclosure.org/fracfocusfind/Map.aspx

Page 32: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

FracFocus.orgFracFocus.org Chemical Listing

Page 33: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

DOGGR Regulates CA Oil, Gas, Geothermalâ Permitting agency for oil and gas wells in the State.  Oversee well constructions and abandonments to protect CA groundwater.  

â Class II Injection Well Program to regulate injecting fluids for oil or gas operations.   Strict requirements for well completion.

â No specific regulations (yet) for hydraulic fracturing. In Progress…

Page 34: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

Recent CA Action / Legislationâ Gov Brown increasing DOGGR staff by 18 to step up regulation andâ Gov. Brown increasing DOGGR staff by 18 to step up regulation and permitting process.

â DOGGR released preliminary regulations (Discussion Draft) afterâ DOGGR released preliminary regulations (Discussion Draft) after holding State‐wide workshops  (www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx) 

â 2012 SB 1054 (P l ) F il d W ld i tifi ti f il/â 2012 SB 1054 (Pavley) – Failed.  Would require notification of oil/gas drilling if the well will penetrate an underground water source.  

â 2012 AB 591 (Wi k ki) F il d W ld i di l fâ 2012 AB 591 (Wieckowski) – Failed.  Would require disclosure of fracking chemicals and locations of fracking operations in the State.

ââ 2012 AB 972 (Butler) – Failed. CA moratorium on fracking .

â 2013 SB 4 (Pavley) and AB 7 (Wieckowski). Defines fracking, requires disclosure of nearby faults, requires State to develop fracking rules, requires notification of fracking jobs and chemicals. 

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Local Concern over Fracking

LA Times

Inglewood Oil Field ‐ LAWeekly.comInglewood Oil Field  LAWeekly.com

Press Telegram

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Inglewood Oil Field Fracking Controversy

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Lawsuit Filed on CA Fracking over CEQA

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WRD Monitoring Wells & Oil Fields

300 Wells at 50 LocationsMinimum Depth 60 ft

Maximum Depth 1,990 ft

Page 39: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

WRD Nested Monitoring Wells

Injection Well

Water Supply Wells

Nested Monitoring 

Well WellsWells

Fresh

Groundwater

No 

Activity

“Dead” Zone

Oil / Gas Fracking Target Zone Oil / Gas  Reservoirs

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Groundwater Level Hydrograph:Deeper Zones Anomalously Lowp y

Page 41: Hydraulic Fracturing and Groundwater: A Los Angeles … and Forms/Hydraulic Fracturing and LA... · âHigh‐Rate Gravel Packing: ... < 100,000 gravel pack. â Sand/Silica (proppant)

GROUNDWATER QUALITY TESTING

Over 100 chemicals tested in each well twice per year, or over 50,000 results on water

quality annually.

Have not yet sampled specifically for fracking chemicals

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Water Quality Results near Oil Fieldsââ Generally Good Water Quality or Typical of Greater Depths (color, odor, salinity). 

â A few wells have elevated concentrations at depth:â A few wells have elevated concentrations at depth: 

Boron

Arsenic Arsenic

TCE

TBA TBA 

â Sources have not yet been identified.  Could be natural or may be associated with current or legacy oil field operations at surfacebe associated with current or legacy oil field operations at surface or reservoirs.  Difficult to determine.

â Additional testing for exotic compounds may help determine sources. Penn State Univ. recent study found radium and barium related to fracking flowback water in Marcellus Shale. 

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Fracking is used for Water Wells Too!

http://www.nhcontractors.net/2012/01/hydrofracking‐nh/

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â Hydraulic Fracturing is a method used over 50 years to enhance oil and gas

Summaryâ Hydraulic Fracturing is a method used over 50 years to enhance oil and gas recovery.  Newer methods are proving fruitful but controversial nationwide. 

â Fresh groundwater, oil and natural gas have been successfully produced in the CBWCB for over 100 years. 

â h d b h kâ The two reservoirs are separated by thick layers of low permeability strata so that with appropriate precaution, construction, regulation and monitoring the activities in one do notand monitoring, the activities in one do not necessarily affect the other.  

â WRD continues monitoring and working withâ WRD continues monitoring and working with regulatory agencies for responsible fracking rules. We don’t want to unnecessarily hamper the energy industry, we just want to protect the gy y, j pgroundwater quality in our service area.    

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Contact Ted Johnson ‐ [email protected]