Name Roll no Ihtesham Ali BE-13F-12Shahroz Ahmed BE-13F-29Inzamam-ul-haq BE-13F-13Tanveer Ahmed BE-13F-10Asad Mukhtar BE-13F-26Sadam Husain BE-13F-39

PROJECT NO. 1

Hydal Power Plant

What Is Power PlantA power generation plant is a facility designed to produce electric energy from another

 form of energy.

What Is Hydal Power

The procedure to generate electricity with the help of

water is called hydal power.

POWER GENERATION CAPACITY=> The total power generation capacity in Pakistan is of the order of 17,457 MW.

=> This includes the hydropower generation capacity of 5,013 MW, the thermal power generation capacity of 12,169 MW and the nuclear power generation capacity of 462 MW.

Þ Hydel power is also the least expensive form of electricity.

POWER DEMAND OF PAKISTANAccording to a study, the provincial power demands in Pakistan are:

Punjab:The current power demand in the Punjab is about 7,027 MW. Which is expected to rise to 29,103 MW in 2024-25 under the most conservative growth rate of 6.1%.Sindh:The current power demand of 2,642 MW in Sindh is expected to rise to 10,993 MW in 2024-25.Kpk & Gilgit Baltistan:The current power demand of 1,697 MW in NWFP is expected to rise to 7,018 MW in 2024-25.Balochistan:In Balochistan, the current power demand of 474 MW is expected to rise to 1,964 MW in 2024-25.

HYDROPOWER GENERATION PROJECTSThere are five major hydropower generation projects in Pakistan: namely, Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak and Chashma and Ghazi Barotha which have a capacity of 3478, 1000, 240, 187 and 1450 MW respectively. There are also several smaller hydel schemes whose combined capacity is about 108 MW.

GENERATION COST

The generation cost of hydel energy is the lowest among all the options. The average cost of hydel energy generation in Pakistan is 19.95 paisas per kilowatt-hour.

UTILIZATION FACTOR

The utilization factor of hydel energy in Pakistan  was approximately 17–76 %. The utilization factor of the two largest contributors i.e. Tarbela and Mangla was approximately 42% and 32%, respectively.

Parts Of Hydal Power PlantÞTurbineÞGeneratorÞIntakeÞPenstock

ÞTransformerÞPower HouseÞPower Lines

 

Turbine=> A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. 

=> Water turbines are mostly found in Embankment dams to generate electric power from water kinetic energy.

Theory of operation:ÞFlowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades.ÞIn this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine.ÞThe precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected.

Power:The power available in a stream of water is;                                              where:•   power (J/s or watts)•   turbine efficiency•   density of water (kg/m³)• acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s²)•  head (m). For still water, this is the difference in height between the inlet and outlet surfaces. Moving water has an additional component added to account for the kinetic energy of the flow. The total head equals the pressure head plus velocity head.• = flow rate (m³/s)

Pumped storage:Some water turbines are designed for pumped storage hydroelectricity. They can reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine for power generation during peak electrical demand.

Efficiency:Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90%.

SHAFTA coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.

GeneratorGenerators - As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets inside the generator. Giant magnets rotate past copper coils, producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons.

Intake: Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water through the penstock, a pipeline that leads to the turbine. Water builds up pressure as it flows through this pipe.

INTAKE & PENSTOCK

TransformerTransformer: The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC and converts it to higher-voltage current.

Power HousePOWER HOUSE IS A PLACE WHERE THE ELECTRICITY

PRODUCED & TRANSMIT TO SUB-STATION.

Power LinesPower lines: Out of every power plant come four wires: the three phases of power being produced simultaneously plus a neutral or ground common to all three.

Sub-StationSubstations are a familiar sight alongside highways and in cities. Substations take the electricity from power plants and from the transmission lines and transform it from high to lower voltage.

DistributionElectricity from transmission

lines is reduced to lower voltages at substation, and

distribution companies then bring the power to your home

and workplace.