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Hybrid Water Treatment System
Shehla Batool
Department Of Env ironmental Sc ience
Quaid I Azam Univers i ty
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Introduction
• Water not only supports life but also development.
• Ground water reliance as a source of potable water
• According to World Health Organization (WHO), out of all the
groundwater contaminants the most severe health effects on global
scale are caused by Arsenic and Fluoride
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Fluoride Contamination
According to WHO (2014), almost 27 countries around the world have been affected by Fluoride (F-)contamination, affecting about 200 million people.
Source: Sachin et al., 2015
• Fluoride exposure causes
• Fluorosis; skeletal, dental and non-skeletal
• Degeneration of neurons, deceased aerobic metabolism and altered free radial metabolism in liver, kidney and heart
• It is also known to inhibit DNA synthesis
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Arsenic Contamination
Arsenic (As) contamination reported over 70 countries, affected about 150 million people, ( 90 million in South East Asia i.e. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Source: Sachin et al., 2015
• Highest priority contaminant and Group1 human
carcinogen by International Agency for Research on
Cancer
• As causes Arsenicosis, characterized by
• hypo/hyper pigmentation or keratosis
• Cardio vascular Diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus or Impaired Cognitive
Function in early childhood
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• Pakistan ranks 4th in the world in Arsenic and fluoride contamination
• Most affected are the Sindh and Punjab Provinces (PCRWR,2006)
• Most affected is the rural population • QAU is undergoing a mega
transboundary project to determine As and F- contamination.
Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination in Pakistan
Source; PCRWR, 2006
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Fluoride and Arsenic Pollution in Punjab, Pakistan
6
79%
11%
10%
Total Arsenic
As <10 µg/L
As 10-50 µg/L
As >50 µg/L86%
10%
4%
Total Fluoride
F <1.5 mg/L
F 1.5-3 mg/L
F >3 mg/L
Source; Field Survey 2015- 2017, Department of Environmental Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University
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Affected Population of Punjab
Source; Field Survey 2015- 2017, Department of Environmental Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University
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Removal Technologies
• Essentially the technologies/ methods applied for removal are same for both As and F-. These include;
• Chemical Precipitation or Coagulation
• Adsorption
• Ion Exchange
• Membrane Filtration
• Most recent trend is the use of biogenic sources for removal, inspired by the concept is waste minimization/utilization. Although, their removal efficiency is high but these materials cannot be up-scaled due degradation of biogenic media resulting in high TOC, turbidity, and production cost.
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The Technology
• Arsenic, fluoride , iron removal is achieved by using indigenous, low cost materials that work under normal conditions
Decontamination through
precipitation
• A ceramic filter is used to filter the precipitates
• It is also made from local materials and lasts up to 1 year
Filtration • The waste produced will
be collected and converted to useful products; Valorization
Waste Reduction
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Hybrid Water Treatment System (HWTS): The Product
Water purification scathes
Tap
Perforated filter casing
Clean Water
• Decontaminates arsenic and fluoride to their respective WHO limits
• A low cost (20$) system• Easy to maintain as no special precaution or
training is required and is easy to use, • requires minimal maintenance, only cleaning of
filter with scrub and collection of waste• Does not require an external energy input.• It minimizes waste through valorization
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Determination of Effective Dose
• Batch experiments were performed using real water samples collected from study area
• A locally manufactured precipitant was used
0.00209
0.00365
0.002010.00156
0.00644
0.00478
0.00398
0.00278
00
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
As
con
c. (
mg
/L)
Time (sec)
As Removal (1.7mg/L)
Dose = 0.35g Dose = 0.25g Dose = 0.5g
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Determination of Effective Dose
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
30secs 60 sec 90 sec 120 secs
Axi
s Ti
tle
Axis Title
dose = 0.2g/L
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Filter Modifications
• Ceramic Filters were used as filtration media
• These were provided by ALPA Services
• So far four modifications have been done
• Results of first filter
Parameters Original 1st Run 2nd Run 3rd Run 4th Run
pH 7.3 8.5 8.5 8.9 9.4
EC (µS/cm) 1284 1105 1118 1202 1384
TDS(mg/L) 915 788 788 852 994
SO4(mg/L) 90 90 90 90 90
Fe(mg/L) 2 Bdl bdl bdl bdl
As(mg/L) 2.5 .05 0.1 0.2 0.1
F-(mg/L) 12 12 12 12 12
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System Modification
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System Efficiency
Microbes
E.coli, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform -
Turbidity
>25 NTU -
Decontamination
2.5mg/L As; 5mg/L F-; 5mg/L Fe 1mg/L As Individually
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External Validation
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External Validation
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Target Areas
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
• Cluster 1 is the Study, Kudpur, Bahadru, Ludiuttar
• Cluster 2, 3, 4 are the sub segments
• Each cluster belongs to a group of villages that are interconnected and greatly influence one another
Source: QAU and USAID Joint Survey
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Market Validation in the Clusters
• We approach the village through village council (panchayat)
• So far we have tested almost 18883 samples and collected data from almost 175 villages
• For product introduction water is tested and product is demonstrated in these council meetings
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Market Validation
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Competitor Product Price Analysis
113.21
56.60 51.89
283.02
42.45 18.87
REVERSE OSMOSIS ULTRA/MICRO FILTRATION
LOW COST TREATEMENT
SYSTEMS
HYBRID SYSTEMS BUCKET TRATMENT UNITS
HYBRID WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEM
Co
st (
USD
)
Product Type
• We have been working in collaboration with the ALPA Services (Pvt.) ltd.
• We have developed hybrid water treatment system as the most cost effective solution
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Cost Structure