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ByBy

Shehzad Ahmad KangShehzad Ahmad Kang

PhD Scholar P.B.G.PhD Scholar P.B.G.

Email ID: shehzadpbg@gmail.comEmail ID: shehzadpbg@gmail.com

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Hybrid Seed Production in Hybrid Seed Production in BrassicaBrassica napusnapus (Canola) (Canola)

IntroductionIntroduction

Brassica Brassica genus consists of approximately genus consists of approximately 100 species, including 100 species, including Brassica napus Brassica napus L., L., commonly known as oilseed rape. It is commonly known as oilseed rape. It is originated in either the Mediterranean originated in either the Mediterranean area or Northern Europe. It is thought to area or Northern Europe. It is thought to have originated from a cross from two have originated from a cross from two closely related diploid species, closely related diploid species, Brassica Brassica oleracea oleracea and and Brassica rapaBrassica rapa..

(Jessop & Toelken 1986)(Jessop & Toelken 1986)

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Conti…Conti…

An important phenomenon in biology, the An important phenomenon in biology, the hybrids show better growth and fertility hybrids show better growth and fertility over their parents (Darwin, 1876). Such over their parents (Darwin, 1876). Such hybrid vigour or heterosis was hybrid vigour or heterosis was rediscovered nearly a century ago as an rediscovered nearly a century ago as an amazing agricultural fact that has been amazing agricultural fact that has been found to occur in many crop species found to occur in many crop species (Shull, 1908). (Shull, 1908).

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Conti……Conti……

Sprague and Tatum (1942) discovered the Sprague and Tatum (1942) discovered the concepts of general combining ability concepts of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). General combining ability and Specific General combining ability and Specific combining ability are associated to combining ability are associated to additive and non additive genetic effects additive and non additive genetic effects respectively (Rojas and Sprague, 1952). respectively (Rojas and Sprague, 1952).

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Conti…Conti…

The importance of heterosis in agriculture The importance of heterosis in agriculture is clear from the impressive increases in is clear from the impressive increases in yield calculated follow the entry of hybrids yield calculated follow the entry of hybrids to crop production over past 50 years to crop production over past 50 years (Duvick, 1999). Heterosis enhances crop (Duvick, 1999). Heterosis enhances crop production by at least fifteen percent production by at least fifteen percent which in combination with modern, higher which in combination with modern, higher seed yielding seed yielding (Fu, 2007).(Fu, 2007).

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Conti…..Conti…..

Inbred lines and better agronomic Inbred lines and better agronomic techniques have resulted in constant techniques have resulted in constant increase in performance (Duvick, 2001). increase in performance (Duvick, 2001). Additive gene effects mainly contributed Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance because the mean to hybrid performance because the mean squares of GCA were higher as compared squares of GCA were higher as compared to SCA {Qian to SCA {Qian et alet al. (2007)}. (2007)}

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What is Hybrid Seed & its UsesWhat is Hybrid Seed & its Uses

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Hybrid SeedHybrid Seed

““A seed developed after crossing two A seed developed after crossing two

selected homozygous pure lines (Self selected homozygous pure lines (Self

pollinated crops) or inbred lines (Cross pollinated crops) or inbred lines (Cross

pollinated crops)”.pollinated crops)”.

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ROLE / IMPORTANCE OF HYBRIDSROLE / IMPORTANCE OF HYBRIDS

High yield High yield {Sincik et. al. (2011)} {Sincik et. al. (2011)}

Price stabilityPrice stability

Extension in Canola oil availability Extension in Canola oil availability

{{Sing Sing et. al.et. al. (2010)} (2010)}

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Characteristics of Hybrid SeedCharacteristics of Hybrid Seed

High yielded

Larger hybrid seed size boosts early vigor

for quicker ground cover {Turi Turi et. al.et. al. (2011)} (2011)}

Uniform maturity and excellent

standability makes harvest easier {{Prat  Prat  et et

alal. (2002)}. (2002)}

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Hybrid heterosis increases yield and oil

content to maximize profitability{Hu Hu

(1999)}(1999)}

Improved stress tolerance reduces the

seasonal variability

Unique hybridization system optimizes

hybrid seed quality

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Uses of Hybrid SeedUses of Hybrid Seed

Used only to raise FUsed only to raise F11 crop crop

Not useful as FNot useful as F2 2 crop because of crop because of

segregationsegregation

Useful under high and precise input Useful under high and precise input

systemsystem

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Breeding ObjectivesBreeding Objectives

High yield (High yield (Malek et al. et al. (2012)(2012)

Earliness Earliness {Vaghela {Vaghela et. al.et. al. (2011)} (2011)}

More Seed weight More Seed weight {{Prat  Prat  et alet al. (2002)}. (2002)}

More No. of seeds/podMore No. of seeds/pod

More No. of pods/plantMore No. of pods/plant

Disease/insect pest resistanceDisease/insect pest resistance

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Steps involved in Hybrid Steps involved in Hybrid Seed ProductionSeed Production

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Steps involved in Hybrid BreedingSteps involved in Hybrid Breeding

Development of inbred linesDevelopment of inbred lines

(07 Generations of selfing)(07 Generations of selfing)

Combining ability testing{Combining ability testing{Grant, W. D. Grant, W. D.

BeversdorfBeversdorf.. 1985} 1985}

Induction of male sterility and fertility Induction of male sterility and fertility

restoration systems in selected lines (restoration systems in selected lines (

Pathania A. A. et alet al..

Hybrid seed productionHybrid seed production

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STEPS INVOLVED IN INBRED LINE STEPS INVOLVED IN INBRED LINE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Selfing up to FSelfing up to F77

e.g. e.g. Brassica napus Brassica napus (canola)(canola) Controlled selfing Controlled selfing Identification of flowerIdentification of flower Flower baggingFlower bagging

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STEPS INVOLVED IN COMBINING STEPS INVOLVED IN COMBINING ABILITY TESTINGABILITY TESTING

No. of combinations: n (n – 1)/2No. of combinations: n (n – 1)/2

n : 12 (12 – 1)/2 = 66n : 12 (12 – 1)/2 = 66

(Only direct crosses are required)(Only direct crosses are required)

Synthesis of FSynthesis of F1 1 {Saha,. S. C. 2011Saha,. S. C. 2011}}

EmasculationEmasculation

PollinationPollination

Evaluation of FEvaluation of F11hybridshybrids

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EXPLANATION OF SPECIFIC COMBING EXPLANATION OF SPECIFIC COMBING ABILITYABILITY

Inbred line development {Etedali and Inbred line development {Etedali and

Khandan,2012}Khandan,2012}

Combining ability testing (Combining ability testing (Chapi Chapi et alet al. (2008). (2008)))

Male sterility induction(Renard,M.Male sterility induction(Renard,M. et al. 1993)et al. 1993)

GeneticGenetic

CytoplasmicCytoplasmic

Chemical e.g EMS,Mustred gas (Inhibition of Chemical e.g EMS,Mustred gas (Inhibition of

male flowers) (male flowers) (Sumie et al. 2003)Sumie et al. 2003)

ManualManual

EmasculationEmasculation

Clipping of male flowersClipping of male flowers

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SELECTION CRITERIA OF HYBRIDSSELECTION CRITERIA OF HYBRIDS

Indeterminate (Continuous Indeterminate (Continuous

growth/tall)growth/tall)

Determinate (Dwarf)Determinate (Dwarf)

Disease resistanceDisease resistance

Insect pest resistanceInsect pest resistance

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•Acceptable morphological Acceptable morphological characteristicscharacteristics Seed Weight Seed Weight ((Nasrin Nasrin et. al.et. al. 2011 2011))

Shape/Size Shape/Size ((Faraji,.A 2012)Faraji,.A 2012)

ColourColour Oil Contents Oil Contents (Azizinia 2012)(Azizinia 2012)

Yield per acre Yield per acre (Rameeh 2012)(Rameeh 2012)

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PURITY MAINTENANCEPURITY MAINTENANCE

Highly uniformHighly uniform

Leaf colourLeaf colour

Plant heightPlant height

Pod shapePod shape

Pod lengthPod length

Pod colourPod colour

Stem colourStem colour

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Fertile flower of male canola inbredshowing stigma and stamen

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Sterile flower of female Sterile flower of female canola inbredcanola inbred

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PollinationPollination

Cross pollination requires pollen movement from the male to the female inbred plants. Placement of bees in the field during flowering assists pollen flow to maximize cross pollination.

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Canola FieldCanola Field

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Crossed podsCrossed pods

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Differences between hybrid andopen-pollinated Variety

Hybrid canola generally has a higher yield potential(45 mon/acre) than in-bred OP varieties(27 mon/acre). This improved yield is achieved through a combination of superior traits, such as larger seeds assisting with early vigor and better stress tolerance.

The early vigor of hybrids provides competition with weeds (Lakshmi et al. (2001) ).

Hybrids can produce more biomass, making them a better choice for grazing when grown as a dual purpose crop.

Seeds of hybrid is around two and a half times more expensive than OP canola seed.

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Canola HybridsCanola Hybrids

Pioneer Seed Company:Pioneer Seed Company: 44Yo6,45Y77,46Y78,Hybrid mustard44Yo6,45Y77,46Y78,Hybrid mustard

ICI Seed Company:ICI Seed Company: Hyola 76,Hyola 50,Hyola 571CL,Hyola 401

Auriga Seed Corporation: Omega 3, Shahkaar

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OP Varieties of CanolaOP Varieties of Canola

NARC Islamabad:NARC Islamabad: Westar, Shiralee, CON-I,Westar, Shiralee, CON-I,

CON-II, Pakola CON-II, Pakola

AARI Faisalabad:AARI Faisalabad: Punjab sarsoon, Faisal canolaPunjab sarsoon, Faisal canola

ReferencesReferences Azizinia, S. 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Yield Component Azizinia, S. 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Yield Component

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Chapi, O.G., A.S. Hashemi, E. Yasari and G.A. Nematzadeh. 2008. Chapi, O.G., A.S. Hashemi, E. Yasari and G.A. Nematzadeh. 2008. Diallel analysis of seedling traits in Canola. Int. J. Plant Breed. Diallel analysis of seedling traits in Canola. Int. J. Plant Breed. Genet. 2 (1): 28–34Genet. 2 (1): 28–34

Darwin, C.R. 1876. The Effects of Cross- and Self-fertilization in the Darwin, C.R. 1876. The Effects of Cross- and Self-fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom, John Murray. Longman, Essex, UK. Vegetable Kingdom, John Murray. Longman, Essex, UK.

Duvick, D.N. 1999. Heterosis: feeding people and protecting Duvick, D.N. 1999. Heterosis: feeding people and protecting natural resources. In The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in natural resources. In The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops (Coors, J.G. and Pandey, S., eds), pp. 19–29, American Crops (Coors, J.G. and Pandey, S., eds), pp. 19–29, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. Science Society of America.

Duvick, D.N. 2001. Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development Duvick, D.N. 2001. Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development of hybrid maize. Nat. Rev. Gene. 2: 69–74. of hybrid maize. Nat. Rev. Gene. 2: 69–74.

Fu T D. 2007. The quality improvement of rapeseed. Fu T D. 2007. The quality improvement of rapeseed. Crop Crop ResearchResearch, 3, 159-162. (in Chinese), 3, 159-162. (in Chinese)

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Conti……Conti…… Grant, W. D. Beversdorf. 1985. Heterosis and combining ability Grant, W. D. Beversdorf. 1985. Heterosis and combining ability

estimates in spring-planted oilseed rape (estimates in spring-planted oilseed rape (Brassica napusBrassica napus L.). L.). anadian Journal of Genetics and Cytologyanadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 1985, 27(4): 472-478., 1985, 27(4): 472-478.

Hu, M.H. 1999. Some correlated aspects on the utilization of Hu, M.H. 1999. Some correlated aspects on the utilization of heterosis in tuber mustard (heterosis in tuber mustard (Brassica junceaBrassica juncea L. var. tumida). L. var. tumida). Zhejiang-Nongye-Kexue 5:234-236.Zhejiang-Nongye-Kexue 5:234-236.

Jessop J.P., H.R. Toelken, 1986. Flora of Australia. Part 1: Jessop J.P., H.R. Toelken, 1986. Flora of Australia. Part 1: Lycopodiaceae-Rosaceae. South Australian Government Printing Lycopodiaceae-Rosaceae. South Australian Government Printing Division: Adelaide, Australia.Division: Adelaide, Australia.

Lakshmi, K., L. Kant and S.C. Gulati. 2001. Genetic analysis for Lakshmi, K., L. Kant and S.C. Gulati. 2001. Genetic analysis for yield, its components and oil contents in Indian mustard (yield, its components and oil contents in Indian mustard (Barssica Barssica junceajuncea L. Czern and Coss). Ind. J. Plant Breed. 61(1): 37-40. L. Czern and Coss). Ind. J. Plant Breed. 61(1): 37-40.

Malek,M.,A.,M.,A. M. R. Ismail, , M. Y. Rafii, and M. Rahman,2012. , and M. Rahman,2012. Synthetic Brassica napus L.: Development and Studies on Synthetic Brassica napus L.: Development and Studies on Morphological Characters, Yield Attributes, and Yield. The Sci. W.J. Morphological Characters, Yield Attributes, and Yield. The Sci. W.J. 2012 (6). 2012 (6).

Nasrin, M., F. Nur, M.K. Nasreen, M.S.R. Bhuiyan, S. Sarkar and Nasrin, M., F. Nur, M.K. Nasreen, M.S.R. Bhuiyan, S. Sarkar and M.M. Islam, 2011. Heterosis and combining ability analysis in M.M. Islam, 2011. Heterosis and combining ability analysis in Indian mustard. (Brassica juncea). Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 6(1): Indian mustard. (Brassica juncea). Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 6(1): 65-71.65-71.

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Conti…Conti… Prat ,. P.E. and Prat ,. P.E. and M. M. v. L. Campagne,. 2002,M. M. v. L. Campagne,. 2002, Hybrid seed Hybrid seed

production and the challenge of propagating male-sterile plants. production and the challenge of propagating male-sterile plants. Trends in Plant Science, Volume 7, Issue 5, 199-203Trends in Plant Science, Volume 7, Issue 5, 199-203

Pathania A and S. R.Bhat. 2003, Cytoplasmic male sterility in Pathania A and S. R.Bhat. 2003, Cytoplasmic male sterility in alloplasmic alloplasmic Brassica junceaBrassica juncea carrying  carrying Diplotaxis Diplotaxis catholicacatholica cytoplasm: molecular characterization and genetics of  cytoplasm: molecular characterization and genetics of fertility restoration. Theo and App. Genet.  Volume 107, pp 455-fertility restoration. Theo and App. Genet.  Volume 107, pp 455-461461

Qian, W., O. Sass, J. Meng, M. Li, M. Frauen, C. Jung. 2007. Qian, W., O. Sass, J. Meng, M. Li, M. Frauen, C. Jung. 2007. Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napusBrassica napus L.): I. Crosses L.): I. Crosses between spring and Chinese semi-winter lines. Theor. Appl. Gene. between spring and Chinese semi-winter lines. Theor. Appl. Gene. 115(1): 27-34 115(1): 27-34

Rojas, BA. and G.F. Sprague. 1952. A comparison of various Rojas, BA. and G.F. Sprague. 1952. A comparison of various components in corn yield traits: General and specific combining components in corn yield traits: General and specific combining ability and their interaction with locations and year. Agron. J. ability and their interaction with locations and year. Agron. J. 44:462-466.44:462-466.

Renard,M.Renard,M. M. Denis, R. Delourme, J. P. Gourret and C. M. Denis, R. Delourme, J. P. Gourret and C. Mariani.1993.Mariani.1993. Expression of Engineered Nuclear Male Sterility in Expression of Engineered Nuclear Male Sterility in Brassica napus (Genetics, Morphology, Cytology, and Sensitivity to Brassica napus (Genetics, Morphology, Cytology, and Sensitivity to Temperature), Amr Soci of Pl. Biologists,vol. 101 no. 4 1295-1304Temperature), Amr Soci of Pl. Biologists,vol. 101 no. 4 1295-1304

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inheritance for Regeneration in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Int. J. inheritance for Regeneration in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Int. J. Agr and Pl. Prod. Vol., 3 (4), 145-153Agr and Pl. Prod. Vol., 3 (4), 145-153

Faraji,.A.2012. Oil concentration in canola (Faraji,.A.2012. Oil concentration in canola (Brassica napus L.) as a Brassica napus L.) as a function function of environmental conditions during seed filling period. Int. of environmental conditions during seed filling period. Int. J. Pl. Prod. 6 (3),J. Pl. Prod. 6 (3),

Rameeh, V., 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Plant Height and Rameeh, V., 2012. Combining Ability Analysis of Plant Height and Yield Components in Spring Type of Rapeseed Varieties (Brassica Yield Components in Spring Type of Rapeseed Varieties (Brassica napus L.) Using Line × Tester Analysis. Int. J. Agric. Forest. 2(1): napus L.) Using Line × Tester Analysis. Int. J. Agric. Forest. 2(1): 58-6258-62

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Sprague, G.F. and L.A. Tatum. 1942. General vs. specific Sprague, G.F. and L.A. Tatum. 1942. General vs. specific combining ability in single cross of corn. J. Am, Soc. Agron. 34: combining ability in single cross of corn. J. Am, Soc. Agron. 34: 923-932.923-932.

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Conti….Conti…. Saha,. S. C. 2011. Performance of Source Nursary of Pollen Parent Saha,. S. C. 2011. Performance of Source Nursary of Pollen Parent

and Cms Lines of and Cms Lines of Brassica napus L. J.Agri.sci.Brassica napus L. J.Agri.sci. Vol. 3, No. 2. Vol. 3, No. 2. Singh, M., L. Singh and S.B.L. Srivastava, 2010. Combining ability Singh, M., L. Singh and S.B.L. Srivastava, 2010. Combining ability

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Turi, N.A., Raziuddin, Farhatullah, N.U. Khan, G. Hassan, J. Bakht, Turi, N.A., Raziuddin, Farhatullah, N.U. Khan, G. Hassan, J. Bakht, S. Khan and M. Shafi, 2011. Combining Ability for Yield Related S. Khan and M. Shafi, 2011. Combining Ability for Yield Related Traits in Brassica juncea. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1241-1248Traits in Brassica juncea. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1241-1248

Vaghela, P.O., D.A. Thakkar, H.S. Bhadauria, D.A. Sutariya, S.K. Vaghela, P.O., D.A. Thakkar, H.S. Bhadauria, D.A. Sutariya, S.K. Parmar and D.V. Prajapati. 2011. Heterosis and combining ability Parmar and D.V. Prajapati. 2011. Heterosis and combining ability for yield and its component traits in Indian mustard (Brassica for yield and its component traits in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). J. Oilseed Brassica, 2(1): 39-43.juncea L.). J. Oilseed Brassica, 2(1): 39-43.

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