hybrid power management (hpm) - nasa .hybrid power management ... to power generation,...

Dennis J. Eichenberg

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Hybrid Power Management (HPM)

NASA/TM2007-214913

August 2007

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070030206 2018-07-10T23:35:29+00:00Z

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Dennis J. Eichenberg

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Hybrid Power Management (HPM)

NASA/TM2007-214913

August 2007

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NASA/TM2007-214913 1

Hybrid Power Management (HPM)

Dennis J. Eichenberg National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Summary The NASA Glenn Research Centers Avionics, Power and Communications Branch of the

Engineering and Systems Division initiated the Hybrid Power Management (HPM) Program for the GRC Technology Transfer and Partnership Office. HPM is the innovative integration of diverse, state-of-the-art power devices in an optimal configuration for space and terrestrial applications. The appropriate application and control of the various power devices significantly improves overall system performance and efficiency. The advanced power devices include ultracapacitors and fuel cells. HPM has extremely wide potential. Applications include power generation, transportation systems, biotechnology systems, and space power systems. HPM has the potential to significantly alleviate global energy concerns, improve the environment, and stimulate the economy.

One of the unique power devices being utilized by HPM for energy storage is the ultracapacitor. A capacitor is an electrical energy storage device consisting of two or more conducting electrodes separated from one another by an insulating dielectric. An ultracapacitor is an electrochemical energy storage device, which has extremely high volumetric capacitance energy due to high surface area electrodes, and very small electrode separation. Ultracapacitors are a reliable, long life, maintenance free, energy storage system.

This flexible operating system can be applied to all power systems to significantly improve system efficiency, reliability, and performance. There are many existing and conceptual applications of HPM.

Introduction The central feature of HPM is the energy storage system. All generated power is sent to the

energy storage system, and all loads derive their power from the energy storage system. There can be multiple power sources, each optimized for a particular operating condition. There can be multiple loads as required, each connected to the energy storage system. A hybrid power management controller maintains optimal control over each of the components of the entire system. This flexible operating system can be applied to all power systems to significantly improve system efficiency, reliability, and performance.

An HPM energy storage system must be extremely reliable, have an extensive life, and must have a very high efficiency, since all generated power is sent to the energy storage system and all loads derive their power from the energy storage system. The ultracapacitor is an ideal candidate for an HPM energy storage system. Ultracapacitors have many advantages over batteries.

Batteries can only be charged and discharged hundreds of times, and then must be replaced. Ultracapacitors can be charged and discharged over 1 million times. The long cycle life of ultracapacitors greatly improves system reliability, and reduces life-of-system costs.

NASA/TM2007-214913 2

Long ultracapacitor life significantly reduces environmental impact, as ultracapacitors will probably never need to be replaced and disposed of in most applications.

The environmentally safe components of ultracapacitors greatly reduce disposal concerns.

High ultracapacitor power density provides high power during surges, and the ability to absorb high power during recharging. Ultracapacitors are extremely efficient in capturing recharging energy.

Ultracapacitors are extremely rugged, reliable, and maintenance free. Ultracapacitors have excellent low temperature characteristics. Ultracapacitors provide consistent performance over time. Ultracapacitors promote safety, as they can easily be discharged, and left

indefinitely in a safe discharged state. HPM has been successfully applied to the NASA Hybrid Electric Transit Bus (HETB) project

(ref. 1). This is a 40-ft transit bus with a unique hybrid drive. At over 37,000-lb gross weight, this is the largest vehicle to ever use ultracapacitor energy storage. The ultracapacitor technology utilized for the HETB is being applied to satellite actuation to replace unreliable hydraulic systems. The motor and control technology utilized for the HETB is being applied to space power systems.

HPM has been utilized to provide power for drop tower research. HPM is being considered for space missions, such as the exploration of the moon and Mars, and deep space missions, such as the exploration of Europa.

Through the NASA Glenn Research Center Technology Transfer and Partnership Office, HPM is being applied to power generation, transportation, safety, and biotechnology systems. Some specific examples include photovoltaic power generation, electric vehicles, and safety systems. Through the Exploration Office, HPM is being applied to the next generation of space vehicles, rovers, and surface power systems.

Objectives The objective of HPM is to improve power system efficiency, reliability, and performance for

a wide variety of space and terrestrial applications. Applications include power generation, transportation systems, biotechnology systems, and space power systems.

Discussion Peak power requirements of most loads are many multiples of their steady state value. This

requires a power source large enough to handle the peak power requirement. An excessively large power source reduces system efficiency. The severe nature of transient loads reduces power system life and reliability. HPM can significantly improve power system efficiency, life, reliability, and performance.

The unique aspects of HPM are indicated clearly in the HPM system diagram shown in figure 1. The central feature is the energy storage system, in which an ultracapacitor is an ideal candidate, due to its long cycle life, high reliability, high efficiency, high power density, an