HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

BY: Rishav Raj Avinash

Ravi ShankarSidharth raoSiddhant Kr.

kandoi

Introduction toHybrid Electric vehicles

Electric Drive Vehicles

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s)

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Battery Electric Vehicles

Driving Range

• EVs can travel 100-220 miles per charge, depending on the model.

Powered by an Electric Motor

• Battery stores electrical energy that powers the motor.

• Battery charged by plugging into outside electric power source.

• Zero tailpipe emissions

Hybrid Electric VehiclesPowered by Engine and Electric Motor• IC engine uses conventional fuel.• Battery charged by regenerative braking and

engine.• Power from electric motor allows smaller

engine and better fuel economy.

Types of EVs-• Mild hybrid: Cannot power the vehicle using the electric motor alone.

• Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor and larger batteries can drive the vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low speeds.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Fuel-Efficient System Design

• Parallel PHEVs connect the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling.

• Series PHEVs use only the electric motor to drive the wheels. The internal combustion engine is used to generate electricity for the motor.

Powered by an Electric Motor and Engine• Internal combustion engine uses alternative or

conventional fuel.

• Battery charged by outside electric power source, engine, or regenerative breaking.

• During urban driving, most power comes from stored electricity. Long trips require the engine

Parallel Hybrid Gasoline motor

Batteries which powers an electric motor

Both can power the transmission at the same time

Electric motor supplements the gasoline engine

Series Hybrid Gasoline motor turns a generator.

Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission.

At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor.

Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles

Fuel Economy: Better than similar conventional vehiclesLow Emissions: Lower than similar conventional vehiclesFuel Cost Savings: Less expensive to operate than a conventional vehicleEnergy Security: Reduced India’s reliance on imported petroleumFueling Flexibility: Fuel from gas stations

Use electricity not petrol. Energy comes from a power outlet via a cord to the

car Energy stored in a battery and is used for low

power. For high power, battery powers the motor. Throttle position sensor(TPS)-monitors voltage,

using Hall sensors.

Working of HEV

Block diagram of HEV

Components of Electric Drive

Inverter Motor Battery

BLDC Motor Brushless-low maintenance High efficiency Faster dynamic response High-speed range.

….a

…b

…c

Back emf equations as :-

MATLAB Simulation

Battery Types 

• Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Similar performance to NiCad battery but its energy and power

densities are higher and it charges faster.

Battery can require cooling if charged fast

Lithium Ion Precise voltage control is needed when charging battery because

if too high, battery can be damaged and if too low, battery will be undercharged.

Light in weight.

Battery as a function of temperature

Charging of HEV

Types of charging

• Level 1-2 to 5 miles of range per hour of charging

• Level 2-10 to 20 miles of range per hour of

charging

• DC charging-60 to 80 miles of range in 20 minutes of charging

Level 1 Charging• provides charging through a 120-

volt (V) AC plug and requires electrical installation.

• Used generally at some residential locations.

• J1772 standard con nector & J1772 receptacle are used.

• no additional charging equipment is required.

J1772 EVSE connector

J1772 EVSE receptacle

Level 2 Charging

• offers charging through a 240-V (typical in residential applications) or 208-V (typical in commer cial applications) electrical service.

• requires installation of charging equipment and a dedicated circuit of 20 to 80 amp (A) .

DC Charging

• offers charging through a 480-V AC input to the EVSE.

• enables rapid charging at sites such as heavy traffic cor ridors and public fuelling stations.

• A DC fast charger can add 60 to 80 miles of range to a PEV in 20 minutes.

 

Charging circuit diagram

Modern Hybrid cars Reva-i Designed by Mahindra in May 2010. joint venture between Bangalore

based Maini Group and USA based AEV LLC,

Priced between Rs3, 49,705 - Rs4, 28, 419.

Toyota Prius Designed by Toyota India in May 2010. Priced between Rs.27, 38,500

to Rs.29, 40,500.

Comparison Chart of Conventional Gasoline Vehicles & Reva-i

Reva-i Gasoline Vehicles

1.)On-board energy consumption:-100 Wh/km 1.) Fuel economy:-15 km/L

2.)Charging Efficiency:-90% 2.) Fuel Cost:-70/L

3.) Electricity consumption:-111 Wh/km 3.) Driving Cost(fuel only):-4.66/km

4.) Electricity Cost:-4/kWh

5.) Driving Cost(electricity only):-0.44/km

Braking

Employs mechanical brake system & regenerative braking(including dynamic braking).

Mechanical brake system-for rapid deceleration.

During regenerative braking, the direction of current is reversed.

Traction motors become traction generator & converts K.E to electrical energy.

This energy fed back to battery,30% energy are recovered.

traction motors are disconnected from supply and is connected to a external resistance during dynamic braking.

Power control circuit

System Proposed

ultra-capacitor bank control system for EV has been proposed

allows higher accelerations and decelerations of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy, and minimal degradation of the main battery pack.

uses an IGBT Buck-Boost converter connected to ultra-capacitor bank at Boost side & to main battery at Buck side.

Buck-Boost Converter

Buck

Boost T1 D1

T2 D2

Ls L

TRACTION POWER

C VCAP

7 Farads

ULTRA CAPACITOR

BANK ultra (144

capacitors in series)

+

_

+

BATTERY

PACK

+

_

ILOAD

IBATT

ICOM

ICAP

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan(NEMMP) The NEMMP 2020 is a well researched document and relies on

study conducted jointly by the Government and the Industry which indicates that high latent demand for environmentally friendly electric vehicle technologies exists in the country.

Suggests 6-7 million units of new vehicle sales of the full range of electric vehicles, along with resultant liquid fuel savings of 2.2 – 2.5 million tonnes can be achieved in 2020.

Will result in substantial lowering of vehicular emissions and decrease in carbon di-oxide emissions by 1.3% to 1.5% in 2020 as compared to a status quo scenario.

Conclusions

HEV is a vehicle that uses two sources of power- gasoline and battery.

For low power application, battery drive is used.

For high power application, gasoline engine is used.

Hybrid vehicle emits 50% less emission than normal gasoline vehicle-reduces pollution.

Most efficient in urban areas.

Wish you a Clean & Green Future

QUESTIONS?