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HYBRID CARIntroductionThe word hybrid means something that is mixed together from two thingsHybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) typically combine the IC engine with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicleThe combination offers low emmision, with the power, range and convenient fueling and they never need to plug inWorking

HEVs are powered by two energy sourcesThey have two to three times more fuel-efficient than conventional vehiclesHEVs have series design, a parallel design or a combination of bothIn a parallel design, the energy conversion unit and electric propulsion system are connected directly to the vehicles wheelsIna series design, the primary engine is connected to a generator that produces electricityParallel HEV Design

In parallel configuration has a mechanical connection between the hybrid power unit and the wheels as in a conventional vehicle but also has an electric motorIt uses internal combustion engine for highway riding and electric motor for acceleration, hill climbing etc

Series Hybrid

HEV in series configuration uses the heat engine or fuel cell with a generator to produce electricity for the battery pack and electric motorSeries HEVs have no mechanical connection between the hybrid power unit and the wheelsHybrid Vehicle ComponentsThe following components are primarily used in the hybrid vehiclesElectric traction motors/controllersElectric energy storage systemHybrid power unitFuel systems for hybrid power unitsTransmissions

To help reduce emissions and improve vehicle efficiencies the following systems and components are being improvedEmission control systemsEnergy management and systems controlThermal management systemLightweight and aerodynamic bodyLow rolling resistanceReduction of accessory loadsHybrid electric vehicle motors/controllersIt converts electrical energy into mechanical energyIt gives high torque at low speedsHybrid electric vehicle batteriesLead-Acid batteriesNickel-cadmium batteriesNickel-Metal hydride batteriesLithium ion batteriesHybrid electric vehicle power unitSpark ignition enginesCompression ignition enginesGas turbine engineFuel cells

Fuel systems for hybrid electric vehicleTwo primary fuels used are petrol and dieselThe opportunity for fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas , ethanol , hydrogen is greatEmission Control systems for hybrid electric vehiclesHEV reduce emission by increased fuel economy, use of alternate fuels, and improved power unit and after treatment technologiesA well tuned SI engine produced less amount of emissionsEnergy management system A HEV uses two or more sources of on-board powerA power control strategy is needed to control the flow of power and to maintain adequate reserves of energy in the storage devicesAlthough it adds complex to conventional vehicles , it allows components to work togetherHybrid Vehicle BenefitsLow emission and high efficiencyHigh fuel economyOutstanding performanceEnergy securityHybrid Electric VehiclesCommercial applications

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