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E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
HVAC Technologies in Multifamily
Buildings
Jonathan Heller Ecotope
Dan Auer King County Housing Authority
Emerging Technologies Showcase September 14, 2016
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
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Multifamily HVAC:
Heat Pump Technologies
Jonathan Heller
Sep 14, 2016
Range of
Multifamily
The Future?
Woody Walk-up
Woody Walk-up: Western WA
EUI ~ 36kBtu/SF/yr
10
14
12
Domestic Hot Water
Lights and Plug Load
Apartment Heat
Midrise
Seattle Mid-rise Baseline:
EUI ~ 40kBtu/SF/yr
10
10 10
5
5
Domestic Hot Water
Apt Lights and Plugs
Common Electric
Apartment Heat
Common Space Heat
Variable Speed Inverter Heat Pump
Outdoor Heat Pumps
Indoor Ducted Units
Design Considerations
1.Fan noise – remote from sleeping areas
2.Maintenance access – filters. Mechanical
closet or access panels.
3.Ducting – dropped ceilings or soffits.
Keep all ducts inside heated envelope.
4.High cost for equipment, installation,
architectural integration ($10-15K).
5.VRF vs. Single-zone. Where line length
or space restrictions apply.
Fan Coil Energy Use
165
120
8 15 15
96 85
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
PSC FanCoil
ECM FanCoil
VRF WallCassette
VRFCeiling
Cassette
VRF FloorCassette
VRF LowProfileDucted
VRFMediumStatic
Ducted
Watt
s
Fan Coil Type
(Fan Watts for delivery of 8000 Btuh cooling)
Reasons to use Ducted vs. Ductless
1. Large multi-room spaces that can
not be adequately served from a
single ductless heat pump
location
2. Aesthetics – architect/owner does
not like the look of ductless heat
pumps
Ductless Heat Pumps (DHP)
Midrise Integration of DHPs
Refrigerant Line Routing
Savings: 1/3 of What?
1980s 2-Bedroom Garden-style in Tri-
Cities with electric heat and window air-
conditioners (~2500kWh/yr heating)
vs.
2016 Apartment in mid-rise in Seattle with
electric heat and no cooling.
(Studio ~500kWh/yr, 1-Bed ~1000kWh/yr
2-Bed ~1500kWh/yr)
Cooling Energy Take-Back
Are They Ugly?
Like This Better?
How About This?
Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP)
Emerging Technology: Inverter
Packaged Heat Pump (IPHP)
Façade Integration
Summary
Ducted Ductless IPHP
Energy Savings 30% 33% 20%
Non-Energy Benefits
Aesthetics,
Cooling,
Balancing,
Higher Rent
Cooling,
Quiet, Ease of
Integration,
Higher Rent
Cooling,
Simple,
Quieter?
Technology Readiness Fair Excellent ?
Ease of Adoption Low High High
Cost $10-15K $3-8K $1-2K
Value Poor-Fair Fair-Good Unknown
Needed Research Areas
Metering or Billing Analysis of DHPs in multifamily.
•How much do they save?
•Quantify heating and cooling effects.
Lab testing of IPHPs.
•How noisy are they?
•Low Temperature performance.
•Part Load/ Seasonal Performance.
•Controls options.
Pilot Field Test of IPHPs
•Aesthetics issues.
•Integration issues.
•Tenant acceptance.
•Measurement of savings.
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
HRV and ERVs in Retrofit Multifamily Weatherization
Dan Auer King County Housing Authority
September 14, 2016
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Low income weatherization
• King County Housing Authority
• Focus on small multifamily buildings, garden style, with individual entrances
• Weatherization protocol:
• Comply with ASHRAE 62.2 ventilation standards
• Test in – test out
• Evaluate Energy conservation measures with DOE approved energy simulation software, trued up with actual billing history
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Retrofit economics
• Existing fan 60 watts
• Run time 10 minutes per day
(The curse of multifamily property managers)
• New fan, 15 watts
– Run time 8 hours per day
Utility rebates are typically for the fan motor efficiency. This is
undeveloped program territory for most utility programs
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Retrofit economics
Cost Sheet
Fan energy (watts) 15 Cost/kWh $0.090
Run hrs/day 24 Climate HDD 5000
Est annual on time
% 100% kWh/CFM 46
Energy (kWh) Cost
Fan operation 131 $12
Make up air 1,150 $104
Total 1,281 $115
Exhaust only ventilation costs; make up air is the energy penalty
Energy analysis of retrofitting exhaust only system to ERV
Cost effective!
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
In the Past
Located in mechanical room, usually a HRV
Out of sight - out of mind
Never maintained, abandoned
Today
• Located in the living room ceiling, not out of sight • ERVs require no plumbing • Inexpensive to install with the positive attributes
• Fresh filtered air, lower utility bills • Trained maintenance staff • Mandated maintenance schedule
• A developed product that has been on the market for a few years. It has not been implemented in a lot of programs but recent market activity suggests it is ready for attention
• The energy efficiency is unique to energy recovery systems and could be better developed. I do not believe there is a Energy Star certification for ERVs.
• Apartments suffer from a poor indoor air quality. Exhaust only systems bring contaminants from neighbors ERVs bring fresh air into the apartments, the effect is profound.
• The product is technically sound. Works well, and needs maintenance. • There needs to be a road map developed to implementation. There are some
ready partners including: • Puget Sound Energy and their Multifamily Air sealing Program; contact Mac
Snow at 425-424-6798 • Building Performance Center in Bellingham training multifamily energy
auditors to recognize opportunities for installation, call John Davies at 360-734-5121 X103
• Housing Authorities across the Pacific Northwest.
Smaller ERVs for Apartments
New Technologies
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Questions?
41
Jonathan Heller President Ecotope 206-596-4704 [email protected]
Dan Auer Project Manager, Multifamily Weatherization King County Housing Authority 206-214-1246 [email protected]
E3T Energy
Efficiency
Emerging Technologies
Upcoming Showcase Webinars
42
Controls in Multifamily Buildings – September 22, 2016
Register at: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/4533610074900203266
CO2 Heat Pump Update – September 27, 2016
Registration available soon
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