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Abstract

The researchers of the Physical Ge ography section, Institute of Geography, MAS have undertaken physical geography regional study in the Khuvsgul Mountain area in 2000-2004. This paper shows some results of reliefs distribution and morphogenetic types of the geomorphological study in the Khuvsgul Mountain area.

,

, . , -, . , , , , - . , . , 2 .

- .

, . 3491 .

, . (3106.2) . , , (3038.2), (2977.3) 3000 . , , .

, . , , . , , , 3000 . , , , (300- ) .

. 2500 , , , . . (2859 ), (2923 ), (2773 ) .

16

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2900 3351 . 2500-2900 , 1000 .

, , , . ( ) , . , , . . .

. .. (1888), .. (1906), . (1970), .. (1972), .. (1976) .

. 4200 2, 4200 2, 3000 2, 16.5 . , , , . , , , , . , , 2300-2800 , . 1600-1750 70 (..).

( 1) . -, , -

- 4 , 23 . . :

I. -

, , , . , . : , , (H=2800-3500 , h=1200-1500 ), , , , (H=2700-3200, h=1000-1200 - ), , , , (H=2600-3100, h=1000- ), , (H=2500-700 , h=800-1000- ), (H=2200-2500 , h=800-1000 ), , (H=2100-2500, h=700-1000), , , (H=2000-2400, h=600-800), , , , (H=2000-2300, h=600- ), (H=1700-2000., h=200-

17

500, ), (H=1400-1700, h=200- ) .

II.

, , . , . , , , , , , , , .

III. -

- , , . -

, . , , , , . , 1300-1600 , 50-100 . , , , .

IV. -

, , , .

1. (, , ) .

1.

0.5-0.6 /2 . : 5.5 /2. , , , ,

18

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, .

2. , . , .

3. . . , , , , . .. (1969) 2600 2, 1700 . , , , .

4. -, -, - . -, -, -, - . , , , . , , .

5. . , , , , ,

. ( ) , , , , .

6. -- - . , -, - , , , . - , , , , , -- , , .

7. . . , , , , .

8. - , . , , - , , .

9. . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , -- .

19

.

:1.

, . , -, .

2. - -

. , .

3. -, , -, 4 23 - , , , , - , - , , , -, - , , .

1. .. . .,1998.

2. . .,1982.

3. . - . 10. .

4. . . .,1992.5. .,

. .,1970.

6. . - . .,1969.

7. . . .,1969.

8. .. , ., 1968.

9. . - . ., 2001.

10. . . ., 2004.

20

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. , . , .

- ,

1.

- ( ., 1977; 1977; 1977) . , 2001 - , , , , 30000 , 5 (, 2007). 1 (..., 2007).

1990- 780000 9 , 10 . ( ., 2001; ., 2001; Prokopenko et al., 2001).

1645 - , . , .

2.

1-2 25 81 HDP-01 ( 1). , ,

1.

21

1 - .

3.

, 3 . 250-300 ( ., 2002). 1-2 - . 5 : 5-6 , 2 8-9 , 3 22-23 , 4 21-23 , 5 180 ( ., 2002).

1- 1-4- . 1- .

3.1.

1- 50 (, 2001; Tomurhuu ets., 2003; , 2003; , 2003; Narantsetseg ets., 2003, Prokopenko et al., 2005). 2 ( 2).

(7.5GY5/1) ,

. , (7.5Y4/2, 10Y3/1) , 20-140 - 2-4 (HB105; 13; 14; 19 20) 1-4 1-2 (Prokopenko et al, 2005).

( 3). - (Bryophyta) . . - (. 11, H02-6 HV04-14). . . , - , . . , , ( , 2003).

100- , . .

22

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2. (- )

3. (C-D )

23

3.2.

20-81 - 4 HDP04 . HDP04 2004 239,3 (50o57.368 .; 100o21.571 .) 81 . 57,2 - - , 78,5 - - . HDP-04 9 49 , .

, 30-60 - . , , , . - 0,1-1 2-10 - , . 6 . 0,5 2-5 - (4166-4161 , 4145-4141 , 4036-4033 , 3980-3979 ) .

HDP-04 49 . . . 1 ( 4). : / /

1. 1-2

2. 5-10

3. 2-5 4. 1-3

. .

6392-6186 - 34 8 . .

2385-2335 - 50 . 2383 - ( 4). : ( ):

1. , 0,5 2. , 2 3. , 2,5 4.

, 2 5.

, 2 6. , 3 7. , 3

. 2349-2341 2356-2351 - . . 200 . - 14

24

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HDP-04 57.2 78.5 / / 480-400 200 (..., 2007).

, , .

4. ,

25

22- - HDP-04 3113-3033 18-1 ( 4). 1

. , .

780 , .

100 , .

, 820 .

2385-2335 - 2349-2341 2356-2351 - 480-400 200 .

:

1. . . .: , 1989, 120 .

2. ., .. // . 1977. - . 13-14.

3. .., .. // . - 1977. - . 14-16.

4. .., .. // ( ). - - , 5. - 1977 . - . 80-90.

5. .., .., .., .., .. ., 2001. - . , . 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 35-47.

6. .., .. 1998. 12 500 , . - . . , 1998., . 6, 1, . 73-87.

7. .. 2003. : : 2001-2002 .

8. .., .., ., ., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ., ..

26

`` , , : ``

, , 2001, . 42, 1-2, . 8-34.

9. -. .: // . 2007., 10.

10. . - . 2007.

11. .., .., .. . 15-14 . . , 2003., . 390, 1, . 109-112.

12. .., .., .. . // . 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 384-390.

13. .., . ., . . // . 2002., .382, 2, . 261-263.

14. ., ., ., . . - , 2003.. 2: 67-88

15. Chun Jong-Hva & Cheong Daekyo. Paleoclimatic implications of Late Quaternary core sediments from the southern part of the lake Hovsgol, Mongolia. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. V. 41, No. 4, p. 511-522., 2005.

16. Kashiwaya Kenji., Tsukamoto Takuya., Kawai Talayoshu. A study on Environmental Changes Inferred from lake bottom sediments of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. Abstract volume of the International Workshop: Terrestrial sediment Information and Long Term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. Kanazawa, Japan, p., 100, 2003.

17. Narantsetseg Ts., Vorobyova S.S., Tomurhuu D., Oyunchimeg Ts., Fedotov A.P., Chebykin E.P. Diatom analysis in sediment of lake Khubsugul: its implication to the paleoclimate changes // Abstact Issue on Geology and Geoecology of Mongolia Mongolian Geoscientist. 2003., 19, - P. 82.

18. Nara F., Naraoka H., Watanabe T., Soma Y., Soma M., Horiuchi K., Tani Y. and Kawai T., Oda T, Nakamura T. Response of phytoplankton productivity to climate change recorded by sedimentary photosynthetic pigments in Lake Hovsgol (Mongolia) for the last 23,000 years: Quaternary International. 136, p. 71-81, 2005.

19. Prokopenko A.A., Kuzmin M.I., Williams D.F. et al. Basin-wide sedimentation changes and deglacial lake-level rise in the Hovsgol basin. NW Mongolia. Quaternary International, 2005., v. 136, p. 59-70.

20. Tomurhuu D., Fedotov A.P., Oberhaensli H., Narantsesteg Ts., Oyunchimeg Ts. The char-acteristics of the uppermost sediments of the Lake Hovsgol, north Mongolia: its implication to the paleoenvironmental changes. International Workshop on terrestrial Sediment Information and long term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. November 24-28, 2003., Kanazawa, Ja-pan, p. 99.

27

., .

,

[email protected]

,

, , , , , , . (Diatomeae) , , , ( ., 1997).

1904 - ( ., 1998) . Kh99/01 ( ., 2001), HB105 ( ., 2003), 8, 22 (Prokopenko et al., 2005), HDP-04 .

, , , , , .

(N 50.5936, E 100.3532, 169 ) 2004 02-1 1-10 - 112 ( 1). 60 , , (), (Shepard, 1954). 1000X 150 300 , 1 (Per Boden, 1991). Krammer, Lange-Bertalot (1991a, 1991b, 1997, 1997b) .

.1 02-1

28

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.

H02-1 , 2 ( 2). - (65-85%), (15-35%) . .

, 11 . , . (5-25%), (15-30%) . .

1 . .

. 14- H02-1 (Kashiwaya et al., 2003; Tomurhuu et al., 2003;). - , (Prokopenko et al.,2005).

.

2. (H02-1)

. . Cyclotella ocellata pant, Stephanodiscus alpinus, Cyclotella bodanica eul . Amphora Ehren, Fragilaria ling, Cocconeis Ehren ( 3).

H02-1 5 ( 2). :

1. 160.0-112.0 . (Cyclotella ocellata pant, Stephanodiscus alpines) , 1.44 /1 . .

2. 112.0-102.0 . 1 3.6-22.8 . 1 0.10-0.35 .

3. 102.0-80.0 . . 22.7-83.3 . 1 0.13-1 .

29

3.

4. 80.0-60.0 . 1

0.15-0.59 , 18.9-59.5 .

5. 60.0-0 . . 1 9.9-68.6 . 12-0 - Cyclotella ocellata , 1 9.9-46.6 , Cyclotella bodanica 0.58-1.0 , Stephanodiscus alpinus 0.13-0.58 . 1 0.06-0.79 40-20 1 2.4 . .

1. Cyclotella ocellata pant- . .

2. , , , . .

3. . . . 02-1 , .

4. . :

A. Cyclotella ocellata pant

B. Cyclotella bodanica eul

C. Stephanodiscus alpinus

30

`` , , : ``

Cyclotella bodanica eul 02-1 . 40-80

. , ( 2001). .

1. .., .., .. ., , // . . 38, 51, 957-980, 1997.

2. .., .. 12500 , . . 6, 1, 73-87, 1998.

3. ., .., ., ., .. . - , 14, ., 123-134, 2003.

4. .., .., .., .. , , , 42, 1-2, 384-390, 2001.

5. Kashiwaya ., Tsukamoto T., Kawai T. A study on environmental changes inferred from Lake Bottom sediments of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. Abstract volume of International Workshop: Terrestrial sediment information and Long Term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. Kanazawa, Japan, p. 100, 2003.

6. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997a. Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae//Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. and Mollehauer, D. (eds) Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 876 pp.

7. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997b. Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae. Epithemiaceae. Surirellaceae//Ettl H, Gerloff J, Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/2. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena. 596 pp.

8. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae. 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilaria-ceae, Eunotiaceae//Ettl H., Gerloff J., Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/3. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart, Jena. 576 pp.

9. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1991b. Bacil-lariophyceae. 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula und Gomphonema, Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4 // Ettl, H., Garther G., Gerloff J., Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/4. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart, Jena. 437 pp.

10. Per Boden, 1991. Reproducibility in the random setting method for quantitative diatom analysis. v. 37; 3, p. 313-319.

11. Prokopenko A.A., Kuzmin M.I., Williams D.F., Ge-lety V.F., Kalmychkov G.V., Gvozdkov A.N., So-lotchin P.A. Basin-wide sedimentation changes and deglacial lake-level rise in the Hovsgol basin. NW Mongolia. Quaternary International 136, 59-69, 2005.

12. Shepard F.P. Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. v. 24, p. 151-158, 1954.

13. Tomurhuu D., Fedotov A.P., Narantsetseg Ts., Oyunchimeg Ts., The characteristics of the uppermost sediments of the lake Hovsgol, North Mongolia: its implication to paleoenvironmental changes, international workshop changes in East Euroasia. Kanazawa, Japan, and p99, 2003.

14. Van dam H, Mertens A. and Sinkeldam J. A code checlist and ecological indicator values of fresh diatoms from The Netherlands. Netherlands J.aqu. Ecol, 28, pp 117-113, 1994.

31

., .. .

- ,

, . 2001 - , , - 50 , 5 53 82 . , , , , (Fedotov et al.,2003; Tomurhuu., et al, 2003; Oyunchimeg et al., 2003; Narantsetseg et al, 2004).

, 30 , ( 2007; 2004).

, , .

105

. N 50056' 787'', E 100021' 510'', 110 . 241 .

, , (Fedotov et al.,2003; Tomurhuu., et al, 2003).

1-2 (WC%), , (C

),

(SiO2

), , 60 ICP-MS .

Statistica , . .

2 . : , , .

. . 105 40-52 12 .

, () , (Colman ets., 1995; ., 1997; ., 2001).

, . .

32

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(

),

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), () , , ( 2).

105 0-41.5 11.5 . . 41,5-110 - 15-28 . 2- 8680

20,62% 6,2% . . 40 - . .

40-50 11.5-15 (), () (Tomurhuu et al., 2003; Fedotov et al., 2004) .

ppm 3- .

1. 105

33

2. 105 , , (, SiO2, )

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3. 1% HNO3 105

35

1- . :

1- - I, Mn, As,Ba,Fe, P, Os, Nb, Pd, Zr, Na

2- Ta, Cu, Si, B

3- Hg, Mo, Co, Cd, Be, S, Sn, Br

4- Bi, Pb, TL, Cs, Rb, Cr, Li

5- Hf, Ge, Th, Ga, Ti, U, Se, Sb, Zn, Ni

6- Er, Ho, Dy, Eu, Tb, Gd Y, Ce, Lu, Yb, Tm, V, Sm, Nd, La

1 , , , 3- .

. . As Br , .

( ) , P, Ca, V, Ni, Se, Br, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, W U, As, Rb Pb ( 25-30%) . 3- (62 44 ) . 4 . :

1. (Li, Be, Zn, Cd, Tl, Pb, Ni, Co, Se, Sb, V, U, W, Sc, Y, - Ln, Cr, Rb, Ga, Ti, Th, Mo P).

2. (C

, Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn

I).3.

, As Br.

4. Fe, Ba, P. (Ge, Zr, Sn, Hf, Re) (B, Na, Si, S, Cu, Nb, Pd, Cs, Ta, Hg, Bi) .

Cd, Se, Sb, V W, Mo U . pH- . (Strumm and Morgan,1996).

( 2004). (4,89-6,21% 7,8-20%) Cyclotella ocellata Pant., stephanodiscus aff alpinus Cyclotella bodanica .

50-46 - ( 2).

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, 4 .

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2- .

36

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15000-13000 . . , Ca, Mg , Sr .

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4- . 11000- . , .

1. , , .

2. , , .

3. , P, Ca, V, Ni, Se, Br, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, W U , Ca, Mg, Sr

.

4. , .

, .

1. Fedotov A.P., Chebykin E.P., Semenov M.Yu., Vorobyova S.S., Osipov E.Yu., Golobokova L.P., Pogodaeva T.V., Zheleznyakova T.O., Grachev M.A., Tomurhuu D., OyunchimegTs., Narantsetseg Ts., Tomurtogoo O., Dolgikh P.T., Arsenyuk M. I., M. De Batist. Changes in the vol-ume and salinity of Lake Khubsugul (Mongolia) in response to global climate changes in the upper Pleistocene and the Holocene // Palaeogeogra-phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2004., V. 209, P. 245-257.

2. Tomurhuu D., Chebykin E.P., Fedotov A.P., OyunchimegTs., Borobyova S.S. and Narantsetseg Ts., 2003 a. Lake Hovsgols sediment geochemistry. Abstract volume of Baik-sed-2, International workshop on sedimentary processes in large Lakes. 17-18 January 2003., Gent, Belgium., p. 56.

3. .., .., ., ., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..,

.., .., .., .., .., ., .. - // 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 8-35.

4. ., ., . , . - - , 14, 2003., 135-147.

5. ., .., ., ., . - - , 2006., 16, 141-148.

6. ., .., ., ., .. . - - , 14, 2004., 123-133.

37

.

[email protected]

. , , , , .

( 1989).

, . , , , ( 1989) .

, , , , , . 4 , . , .

, , .

: , .

3491 . 1647.8 . 1580 66.8 - . . 7710 2 . 44% 2273 2 . 22% 1127 2 , , 2500 - . .

: , , , , ,

, -

1 1668 50026 100009 1963

2 1650 51029 100040 1968

1.

38

`` , , : ``

, ( 1, 1) 1975-2009 , .

-1.5--5.70, -1.0--4.70 .

. 34,90, 31,20 .

2- 1975-2009 35 -4.00C, -2.90 1.10- / 2/.

2005-2009 5 1, 2- -1,1 - -1,3 0C- , 0,0 2,30C- 0,50C / 3/.

1.

2. ,

3.

39

4.

2005-2009 5 1, 2,12- -0,7 - -3,6 0- , 0,6 - 2,50- 0,5 0- . / 4/

,

1975-2009 35

31,80, 36,10 4,30- ( 2).

1975-2009 35 -47,70C, -37,4 0C

-10,30C- ( 2).

1.

, , .

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1975-2009 35 58,50, 65,10 6,60- ( 3).

,

.

- , ,

.

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1 31,801997.07.102002.07.252007.08.12

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1975-2009 35 -49,90C, -44,50C -5,40C- ( 3).

2.

.

6- 1975-2009 296,3 , 249,6 ( 6).

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260,8 5 332,1 ( 8).

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2. , 5 0,50C- .

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. -47,70C 2000 , -37,40C 1996 .

4. 5 0,6 0- .

5. 1975-2009 58,50 1995 , 65,10 2003

41

. -49,90 2005 , -44,5 0 1996 .

6. 1975-2009 296,3 , 249,6 . 1986 533,4 , 2001 466,2 , 2002 161,9 , 1978 134,7 .

7. 5 , .

8. , , . , , , .

1. ., . , . ., 2007, -7.

2. ., . . ., 2008., -79-84.

3. . . ., 1988., -1-169

4. . . ., 1992., -24-31.

5. . . ., 1989.

6. . ., 1989., -8-10

7. . 2006-2007 ., ., 2008., -7-11

42

`` , , : ``

., .

, , ,

, -23.10 1039,8 . .

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(2):

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43

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, . 70-75%- , 20-22%- , 3-10%- , . 25- , 300-325 , 14-80 , 5-15 [3].

. (C) (6) .

(6)

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%02 05 08 11 14 17 20 23

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1. ., . . , , 30, 2009., .98-110.

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3. .., .. . ., 2009.

4. .. . ., 1973.8 190 ..

44

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,

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, , 1994 - , , - . - , .

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, , , .

2770 2, 4990 2, 262 , 383.3 3, 1645 , 69%- . 136, 36.5 .

, ( 1) . 2, 1- .

1. , (1:500000)

45

. , ,

()

(/3) (/3)Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ HCO3- SO42- Cl-

III

00429

42.5

36.47 7.78 8.75 164.07 0.049 1.136 222.28

00433 37.02 6.44 14.0 170.8 5.87 1.136 235.26

00434 29.45 11.55 12.0 164.7 6.48 2.556 226.73

IV

00438

66.3

26.05 13.13 12.25 164.7 6.48 1.704 224.31

00442 34.46 8.51 8.0 158.6 4.85 1.988 216.4

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V

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29.25 12.4 9.0 164.7 4.049 2.272 221.67

00423 32.06 9.73 8.75 158.6 5.26 1.988 216.38

00424 34.4 8.75 12.25 170.8 4.049 1.988 232.23

VII

00408

113.05

34.06 10.45 6.75 164.7 5.26 1.136 222.35

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VIII00401

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00404 31.26 11.91 4.5 158.6 3.44 1.988 211.69

1. ( )

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. 205.73-235.76 /3 . , (205.7 /3) .

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3-, Cl-, SO

42-,

, . 3,

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46

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( ) 210.4-262.4 /3- 213.8 /3 . ,

2. ,

() T

0C (-/

3)

/3 (/3)

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Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ HCO3- Cl- SO42-

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2.5 3.6 2.51 34.3 9.6 11.5 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.33

19.0 3.7 2.52 34.5 9.7 10.8 161.6 1.1 7.0 224.0 9.0 2.33

38.0 3.6 2.51 34.7 9.5 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.33

50.0 3.5 2.51 34.5 9.6 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.0 9.0 2.68

100.0 3.5 2.51 34.8 9.4 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.68

140.0 3.5 2.52 34.3 9.7 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 224.8 9.0 2.90

0 3.8 2.52 34.5 9.7 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.9 9.5 0.79

4.0 3.7 2.52 34.9 9.7 10.8 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.5 8.81 0.94

8.5 3.8 2.52 35.6 9.7 10.3 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.1 9.6 0.53

17.0 3.5 2.52 35.8 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.3 9.2 0.30

34.0 3.4 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.1 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.1 7.7 0.44

50.0 3.7 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.4 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.2 8.23 0.44

100.0 3.6 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.2 8.20 2.64

140.0 3.4 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.3 9.20 3.6

, , , .

12- 6- . 2- 262.9 /3 . . 12- 45 , 1- 70-80 , 2- 100-120 , 3- 120-133 [., . 1983].

. 10, 10 - 13.0- 48.0 /3- , 25.9 /3

3. ,

47

(247.2 /3) 9.5 . . 210.4-224.9 /3 7- 210.4 /3 . 65-80.90% . , , 0, 2.5, 19.0, 38.0, 100.0, 140.0 , , . ( ) (205.7 /3) . 26.0-34.5 /3, 9.1-14.3 /3, + 5.8-12.2 /3 . Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+ + K+ . (90%) 161.6-189.0 /3, . 4.8-7.9 /3, 1.4 /3 .

. .. (1970) I (CCa

I) , 2.49-2.90 -

/3, , (pH=8.10) . [1978] 6, 7, 8- (9.24-9.44 /3) . 11.0-13.0 /3 10.8-11.8 /3 . , . 0.0-4.04 /3- 3.29 /3 . 4.96-6.48 /3

. , . , , 0.041-0.082 /3, 0.011-0.190 /3 . 0.003-0.0019 /3, 0.002-0.0012 /3, 0.8-2.4 /3 .

.

( )- 210.4-262.9 /3- , 52.58 /3 , , .

.

, 200 .

, .

94.73% , 62.5% . 8.82-12.9 /3, 92.53-116.6%

48

`` , , : ``

, , , .

. 200

.

1. .. . -. .,1970.

2. . . ., 1989.

3. ., . - . ., 1983.

4. . - - .. . . . . . ., 1974.

5. . , . , . ., 2002., . 27-37.

6. .. - .. . . .. ., 1974.

7. .., . - : . ., 1978.

8. .., .. . - : . ., . 88-89, 1982.

49

,

., ., ., .

,

100 14 62% . , .

, . 1830- . , . , 1903 . 100 . 1970 - , , , , . , ., .., .. (1974, 1976), . (1983, 1985, 1995), . (1991) . - 1999-2001 , 2002-2006 , , , 2006-2008 .

, , , . , . () , , , , . 2760 , 136 , 20-37 , 414 , 138-265 , 380.7000 , 4920 . 10 , . , , 126 , 3 , 2 , 5.8 , 8.5 , . , 55 , 33 , 2 , 10 , 69 , 170 , 7 8 10 [1]. 90 , 101 ( 96 ) 403 , 358 , 45 , .

50

`` , , : ``

,

. , , , 3 , , , (pH), , (, , ), , . , - , MNS 900:2005, MNS 4586-98, , , - 1989 6 22- 68//61- , . , .

, , 1- HCO

3- 92% ,

Ca2+63% . 2.45-3.00 -/ . ( ) . ( 0.5%) . 190-260 /- , 225 / . 12- , 6- . . 13-48 /- 26 /

9.5 [4]. , , . . 210-225 /- 7- . . .

2006 7 , 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 40; 50; 100 , , . 15.50 7.78 /, 50 5.90 10.3 / ( 1, 2).

, ( ) , , , - , , 2- , , -/- , , . , , . , : , , , , , . , . ,

51

, , , , , , , , , , , . 1950 6 , 10 (16 ) . 1 10-15 . , (, , )

1.

2.

, [7]. 1.0- 40 ( ) . , . .

, , , , . , , , . - . . 40 , , . , . , , , . , , , , , ,

52

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. , ( ) . , . , , . 5 , 7 . 23 8- ... (, ) 4 1- 6 15- . . , . , , , , , , . , , .

, , . , -, . . 73 10 - , 27 11-50 .

, . /

3-/, /

2+/ . 200 /- . . /2+/ 3.5-18.6 / , /

3-/

18.3-64.1 / . . 9-10- 3-4- .

2500-3000 - . 10 - , . . , . HCO

3->SO

42->Cl-,

Ca2+>Na++K+>Mg2+ . , , 1- , , , - , [4]. 45 /, 150.8-191.9 /- 165.4 / . . 1999 9 - 136 / .

53

, , , , , . , . , . , . ( 39.3 /), ( 57.3 /) . 9 . , , . , 155.6-365.4 /- 293.9 / .

1. - *. //, ** / - /, *** . / / ( )

/ -/

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53.5 0.9 8 2 7.0 10.5 3.2

* 102.6 0.45 CNaI

52.0 1 4 19.7 21.5 6.8 1 2

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67 1 5.3 12.0 21.0 9.0 1 2

* 137.0 1.35 I

90.7 1.3 11.3 10 2 18.0 5 4

* 45.0 0.40 I

25.8 1 4 5.9 4.6 5.5 1 5

** 136.0 1.30 I

82.4 5.3 13.0 10.7 22.0 2 4

* 69.4 0.67 I

44.2 2 1 5.4 5.5 10.1 2 1

** 167.8 1.55 I

106.8 5.3 13.0 14.2 24.0 4.3

* 83.3 0.97 I

61.0 1.3 1.6 2 1 13.5 3.7

** 161.5 1.75 II

103.7 5.3 13.0 8.6 24.0 6.7

* 114.1 1.30 1

79.4 1.3 6.3 4.5 17.4 4.9

* 158.2 1.70 1

103.7 5.3 10.0 8.1 26.1 4.9

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103.0 2 1 15.8 24.3 15.7 4 5

-*** 246.0 3.00 1

170.8 5.3 12.0 4 1 42.1 10.9

, , 1- 2- [4]. 210 / . , , , , , , , . 2 . . 2008 7- N-51029/23.0//, E-100043/19.3// , . 259.1 /, 3.10 -/, 0.1 /, 1.30 /, 9.9 /, 20.00, 8.25 .

54

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, , 1- . , . (475.2 /), (4.80 -/) . 2 2008 7

, , . . (152.0 /), (1.45 -/) . , .

/ -/

(/)

3 CI SO+2 Na+K* Ca2t Mg2t

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** 72 3 0.45 CNaI

36 6 5 3 10 0 11.7 8 0 0 6

* 57.3 0.46 CCaNaI

37.4 1.5 3.7 6.6 6.3 1.8

* 141.8 1.38 I

100.6 1.1 4.7 9.7 22.1 3.4

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122.0 5.3 10.0 7.0 29.1 7.3

* 293 9 3 01 I

204 1 5.1 12 3 18 8 43.4 10 3

* 252.5 2.87 I

186.1 1.0 6.0 6.6 42.8 9.0

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161.7 5.3 11.0 4.1 40.1 10.3

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326.4 5.3 31.0 30.5 59.1 22.5

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*** 2008 7- .

, . , . .

, , 2300 .

2. , *. /, 1970-1985/, ** / - , 1980-2000/, *** ., . / , 2008/

, , ( 3, 4). , . . .

- , , 1-2- , . , , , , , 6 , , 1-2- , ( 100-200 /), ,

55

3. 4. ,

( 1.80-2.40 -/), ( 1.25-1.40 -/) . .

6 2007 2008 . . , (337-377 /) , , , , , , , (200 / ) . . . , , 1.4 / . , , .

6 13 57 (8 , 14 ), (4 , 10 ),

(7 , 16 )- . (Odonta) 2 , (Coleoptera) 5 8 , (Hemiptera) 2 , (Diptera) 4 , (Gastropoda) 1 , (Gammarus sp.), , . 6 , , . , . , .

. , , , , . , , , , . , [5].

56

`` , , : ``

500 - , , .

. ( 5) 2008 7- , . 209.3 /, 2.30 -/, , 2.20 /, 9.8 /, 16.30, 8.18 . , , 1- .

5.

, , 1- , , .

100 .

, .

, , 2008 . .

, , , , , , , .

130.8 .

, , /5 /, /7 / 2

57

.

, .

1. , . ., 1989.2. ., .., ..,

.., ..., .., .., . : . ., . 1976., 207-229.

3. . . . ., 1975 .

4. ..

. . ., 1997.

5. ., . . , , ., 2008.

6. .., .. - . 3 , . -., 2008., 3.

7. . , 1999-2001.

58

, :

( )

..

, - ()

Methodical approaches to an economic estimation of recreational resources of transboundary territories are considered. Results of the economic estimation of recreational resources are presented here on the example of Khubsugul NP, situated in transboundary territory. Necessity of further researches in the field for the purpose of wide introduction of economic management methods in the field of recreational nature management is underlined.

- , , . , , - , . , , . , , . , , .

, , , ( , 1986).

.

, , -, , - . .

, , .

, , . , , .

, .. (1987) , ,

59

, . , , .

(, 1986). , , . : .

, : . , : , . .

, .. , , , , -, .

, . , , . , , .

- , ( ), ( ) . , , . , , - , . , , , ( ., 1999). , . ( ., 1999; . ., 2000) : , , ; - ; .. , .

. , - , .

() . , - , -

60

, :

, , , .

, , , , , , . , 14-15 . , . , - . - . - .

, . 15 15 (119-123 ), . . , 27 506 2008 . , , . 37 , 8 , 29. , 5 20 , 30-40 -. , . , - 1569 -.

, - -, , , , ( , ..), , , - .

25 35 . , 30 . -, ,

, 2008 . 148 416 800 . 5 664 763,36 .

, , , . , , , , . , , , .

, .

, , , . , , , .

, , . , () . , , ..

61

1. .., .., .., .., .., .. . . ., 1999., 112 .

2. .., .., .., .. . .: - ., 2000., 272 .

3. .. -- -. ., , 1987., 131 .

4. / . .., . . .: , 1986., 136 .

5. .. . // : . . . . 13-16 1986., II. ., 1986., .294-296.

62

, :

THE NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION POSSIBILITIES WITHIN THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS OF RUSSIA AND MONGOLIA

T.P. Kalikhman

V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Russia, Irkutsk

Institutional frameworks are given positive and negative possibilities for natural protected areas environmental activities and creation of special transboundary territory in Russia and Mongolia. Short analysis is presented here covering the issues of national and regional (Russian) environmental laws, complexities of its realization, proposed three new transboundary natural protected areas: From Khubsugul to Baikal, Delger Muren and Sayan Cross.

..

. .. , ,

(). 1994 . ( ., 2006), ( ), . , 2003 . , 12 , 5 , 7 , (, 2007). () .

()

, , . , : , , , , , , , , .

, (1995) (, 2001). . ().

( 33- 14.03.1995) , . ,

63

( 2000 . ). . ( ), , .

, 01.04.1995 (Mngolian Environmental, 1996; Special Protected, 2000), : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) . , .

, , ( , - ). , , . (, , 2000). (Mongolian Environmental, 1996), , . , , , , , , 0.1-0.3 . .

, , . ( ), , , , , , . .

, , . , (, , 2002). (Mongolias tentativ..., 1999; Mongolias Wild..., 1996). , , , , .

, , , . , , () , . ( , , .) . , : , ,

64

, :

, , .

,

, . , . , .

( 7-175 28.09.1995), . , , , , - , , , , . , . , , (, 2002; , , 2005).

( 645 9.12.1996) , - , - . 2004 . , .

- ( 560-1 16.09.1997) ,

(, 2001). 2001 . . ( 1438-III 29.12.2005). .

, , ( 34/9- 19.09.2007). , , , . , , .

, , . , . , , , , , (, 2001). , ( ..., 1995).

, : , , .

65

.

. , . , , , , (, 1999). , . - , , , , , . . , , .

, , . , . , , , - . , .

,

10 , , . , . . , , , , . , , , . (). , , , () , .

, , . , , , , , . , , . . . , . , , , . , (, 1999).

,

66

, :

. , , 1994 . , , . , , , . .

, , :

1. . , . () , . , , -, , , , ; - ; , ; - , - , - , - , , - , ( 2001, 2002, Oyungerel, Savenkova, 2004; , 2007).

- 200 Global, WWF (, 2001).

, , .

2. -. . , ( 94- 01.05.1999). (). . , , , , - , , (, 2002). , , , .

, . . - 3000 . , .

- Global-200.

3. . , , , , , . , , () - , (, ) , , (, ) .

67

- - ( ., 2008; , , 2009).

- ( ), ( ), 2009 . ( ), ( ). , : ( / ), ( ); , , ( ), , ( ), ( ); - ( ),; ( ), , ( ), ( ) (, 2001, , 2002, ., 2006, , 2007, ., ., 2009, Special protected, 2000). - ( ) (, 2001).

, , , , : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ( ., 2008; ., ., 2009).

. , -

. , , , , , , .

, , . , ( , , ). , , , , , , . , , , . , (, ), .

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:

12. .., . // . 2002., 2, . 45-53.

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6. .. : // , 2007., . 12, . 112-115.

7. .., .., .., .. . . : , 2006., 63 .

8. . : -, , 2002., 264 .

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11. .., . // . 2000., 2, .131-138.

69

-

..

. .. , . ,

- , . , - 2003-2008 . .. .

- - , . - , , - , - .., .

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This methodology can be used for conducting the tour-recreation assessment in any area of Mongolia. In addition, both GIC of tour-recreational resource and results of complex assessment on tour-recreational resource also intended for trainings, researches, traveling and tourism industry development in sum of Mongolia.

Due to Mongolia is becoming more popular of its unique histo-cultural recourses not only in North Eastern Asia but in the world; at the same time the development in Mongolian tourism industry is growing fast.

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97

(, , , , , , ) . . , , , . www.hovsgolecology.org .

, . (Prof. Peter Petraitis . , University of Pennsylvania, USA), (Prof. Steven Hamburg, Brown University, USA), (Prof. Jon Morse, Clemson University, USA, Dr. Jon Gelhaus, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), (. , ), (. . , ), (. . , ), (Dr. Julian Derry and Dr. Martyn Murray, University of Edinburgh, Scotland),

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98

`` , , : ``

, , , , , , , , . . , ., - C. , .

- . , . , , - , , .

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99

, , (Saruul and Ariuntsetseg 2006) .

. , (Enkhzol and Mendsaikhan 2004), (Enkhzol and Batdemberel 2005) , , , , .

, - . , , , , , .

, .

. , , , , , , . , , . , , , - , ., , , .

Anderson J. M. 1991. The effects of climate change on decomposition processes in grassland and coniferous forests. Ecological Applications 1:326-347.

Ariuntsetseg L. 2006. Impacts of livestock grazing on the steppe plant community of eastern shore valleys of Lake Hovsgol, Northern Mongolia. in C. E. Goulden, J. Tsogtbaatar, and B. Mendsaikhan, editors. Changes in Climate: Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Baigal-Amar T., and P. W. Schaefer. 2006. Gypsy moth population in Hovsgol Region, Mongolia. in Goulden C. E., Tsogtbaatar J. and MendsaikhanB. editors. Changes in Climate: Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

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Batkhishig O. 2004. Soil of eastern shore of Lake Hovsgol. Hovsgol GEF/World Bank Project (GEF-MSP Grant No.TF028988), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Dulmaa A., Mendsaikhan B., Sanaa E., and Bokhchuluun T. 2006. Impacts of livestock grazing and climate change on biodiversity of the eastern shore tributaries of Lake Hovsgol. in Goulden C. E., Tsogtbaatar J. and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

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Enkhtaivan S., and Soldan T. 2009. Commented checklist of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Mongolia. Aquatic Insects 31:653-670.

Enkhzol B., and Batdemberel B. 2005. Birds of eastern shore valleys of Lake Hovsgol (Broshure for tourists). in. Admon Printing, Ulaanbaatar

Enkhzol B., and Mendsaikhan B. 2004. Fishes of Lake Hovsgol (Broshure for tourists). in. Admon Printing, Ulaanbaatar.

Houghton J. T., B. Callander A. and Varney S. K. 1992. Climate change 1992: the supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge Univ Pr.

Khishigjargal M., and Dugarjav C. 2006. Forest regeneration research of the Hovsgol region in Goulden C.E., Tsogtbaatar J. and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Namkhaijantsan G. 2006. Climate and climate change of the Hovsgol region. Pages 6376 in Goulden C.E., Sitnikova T., Gelhaus J. and Boldgiv B. editors. The Geology, Biodiversity and Ecology of Lake Hvsgl (Mongolia). Backhuys Publisher, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Nandintsetseg . 2003. Climate and meteorological research in eastern shore valleys of Lake Hovsgol. Hovsgol GEF/World Bank Project (GEF-MSP Grant No.TF028988), Ulaanbaatar.

Nandintsetseg B., Greene J.S., and Goulden C.E. 2007. Trends in extreme daily precipitation and temperature near lake Hovsgol, Mongolia. International Journal of Climatology 27:341-348.

Otgonsuren A. 2004. Carbon cycle of steppe in northern boreal zone, Mongolia. Hovsgol GEF/World Bank Project (GEF-MSP Grant No.TF028988), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Oyunchuluun Y., and Goulden C.E. 2006. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) study in eastern shore of Lake Hovsgol. in C.E. Goulden, Tsogtbaatar J. and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Oyunsanaa B. 2005. Tree growth and fire history study in the Siberian larch forests on the eastern shore of Lake Hvsgl. Hovsgol GEF/World Bank Project (GEF-MSP Grant No.TF028988), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Saruul S. 2006. Nomads of the eastern shore of Lake Hovsgol. in Goulden C.E., Tsogtbaatar J. and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Saruul S., and Ariuntsetseg L. 2006. Herder Handbook. Hiimori Printing, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Sharkhuu A., Sharkhuu N., Etzelmuller B., Heggem E.S.F. and Goulden C.E. 2006. Impacts of climate warming and human activities on permafrost in Hovsgol mountain region, Mongolia. in Goulden C.E., Tsogtbaatar J. and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Sharkhuu A., Sharkhuu N., Etzelmller B., Heggem E.S.F., Nelson F.E., Shiklomanov N.I., Goulden C.E., and Brown J. 2007. Permafrost monitoring in the Hovsgol mountain region, Mongolia. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface 112:F02S06.

Tamir P., Munkhbaatar P., Mitchell M. J., Goulden C. E. and Owen J. S. 2006. Relationships between the surface water chemical and soil chemical characteristics in Lake Hovsgol streams. in Goulden C.E., Tsogtbaatar J., and Mendsaikhan B. editors. Changes in Climate, Ecology and Patterns of Pastoral Nomadism in Lake Hovsgol National Park, Mongolia. Publishing of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Tsogtbaatar J., and Goulden C.E. 2000. Mongolian Long Term Ecological Research. Pages 28-29 in Gosz J.R., French C. and Sprott P., editors. International Long Term Ecological Research Network. Academy Printers, Albuquerque.

Zimov S.A., Schuur E.A.G. and Chapin F.S. Iii. 2006. Permafrost and the global carbon budget. Science(Washington) 312:1612-1613.

http://asia.ansp.org/hovsgol/research_history.php#GEF .

101

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