hunter l. 2002. the cheetahs of phinda. africa geographic:50-65. … · 2014. 10. 29. · probably...
TRANSCRIPT
Hunter L. 2002. The cheetahs of Phinda. Africa Geographic:50-65.
Keywords: 1ZA/Acinonyx jubatus/behavior/cheetah/hunting/mammal/Phinda/wildlife
Abstract: As I watched the fluffy trio using their resting mum as a climbing frame, I realized they were the first cubs born to resident cheetahs in the region since 1940s. The mother cheetah, a female that I call Umame, was part of a concerted effort to re-introduce the species to northern KwaZulu-Natal after an absence of 50 years. Prior to 1990, Phinda had been a mixed bag of small game and livestock farms where the most common large mammal was the domestic cow. When the farms were consolidated into a 170-square-kilometre tract, Phinda's field staff removed the cattle and began replacing them with all the wild mammals known from the region before Europeans colonized it. In March 1992, six cheetahs - Umame among them - arrived from Namibia. In all, 17 cheetahs were released in Phinda between 1992 and 1994.
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We didn't know if the techniquewould succeed with cheetahs, but wewere aware that hard-released cats rarelystayed at the release site and, in fact,usually headed for home. The recordprobably goes to a Namibian leopardreleased in Etosha National Park 600kilometres from the farm where he hadbeen caught. He was back there withinsix months. I suspect that most of thecheetahs released up until the 1980s at-tempted to do likewise and were killedonce they moved from the parks into sur-rounding farms arid rural communities.
ranges of females in Tanzania's SerengetiPlains average 833 square kilometres,and in the Kalahari they are about 320square kilometres. At only 170 squarekilometres, Phinda was in trouble if thereleased females needed to cover suchlarge areas. It did, however, have ahome-ground advantage: very highdensities of resident prey. Whereas inthe Serengeti and Kalahari cheetahshave to range widely to follow seasonalfluctuations in prey numbers, in Phindathis is not necessary. So while Phindafemales roamed the entire reserve, theyevidently didn't need more.
Interestingly, the conditions at Phindaare theoretically ideal for females toadopt territorial behaviour; with highdensities of prey spread uniformly overthe reserve, }Vhy not settle down to asmall range and exclude other females
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from using its resources? In fact, eventhough females used areas of less thanSO square kilometres for up to a year,they were as non-confrontational asfemales anywhere else. Many times I sawfemale cheetahs ignore one another or,more often, actively go out of their wayto avoid a meeting. With cubs in tow,avoidance was not always an option.Cubs seem to be irresistibly curiousabout other cubs and, despite theirmothers' nervous yelping, they usuallyraced over to investigate when anotherfamily was spotted. Except for a fewuncertain spits and hisses, the twofamilies would interact peaceably, some-times for hours. Invariably, when themums tired of the meeting, they simplygot up and left, their cubs following.
The behaviour of male cheetahscouldn't be more different. In contrastto all other cat species except lion,cheetah males form coalitions. Thesetypically comprise brothers, but lonemales will often attempt to team upwith unrelated males; in the Serengeti,about a third of the coalitions ~
Around the edges of open areas, theimpala ranks as the prey species mostoften killed by cheetahs at Phinda.Within the woodlands, though, themuch larger nyala tops the list.
mame and her fellowcaptives spent abouteight weeks in bomasbefore being released.As well as allowing thecheetahs to becomeaccustomed to theirnew home, the captiv-
ity overcame some of the habits de-veloped on their Namibian homeland.Captured on the sprawling farms ofcentral Namibia where the species isheavily persecuted, Umame and hercompanions were used to running fromany sign of humans, including vehicles.They were also practised fence-jumpers.Both traits were seriously undesirable atPhinda. Entirely sunounded by electri-fied fencing and with game farms,livestock and large Zulu communities onits boundary, Phinda couldn't affordbreakouts. It also couldn't afford reclus-ive cats, having been established to drawthe increasing international tourism'traffic. By the end of their confinementthe cheetahs had grown indifferent tovehicles and -after learning aboutelectrification -suspidous of fences.
When release day came, we simplyopened the boma gates. Once they hadovercome their initial wariness, the catswalked out into their new home. As isthe noun in cheetah society, the sexesseparated almost immediately and setabout exploring. Fortunately, the time inthe bomas and the electrified boundaryfence appeared to have suppressed any'homing instinct' and all the cheetahsstayed within Phinda's borders. Even so,the early months were marked by largemovements, presumably as they famil-iarise4, themselves with the lie of theland. This pattern was especially markedamong the females.
Unusually among felids, femalecheetahs are non-territorial; they wan-der over a home range which is neverdefended from other cheetahs. The
59NOVEMBER 2002 CHEETAHS OF PHINDA
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Playtime. While adult cheetahs spendmuch of their day being vigilant for prey
and competitors, young animals like thesetwo while away the hours in play.
61CHEETAHS OF PHINDA
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