1

WELCOME TO ALL

2

Humming Bird

3

Topics Introduction Scientific classification Systematics and evolution Diet and specialization for food gathering Aerodynamics of flight Wing structure and colours Metabolism Reproduction Lifespan among Birds Range Migration References

4

Introduction

Among the smallest of birds, species measuring in the 7.5-13cm(3-5 in) range, smallest one is bee humming bird(5cm)

Called as humming bird because of humming sound created by their beating wings.

Only group of birds with the ability to fly backwards.

Fly speed: 15m/s(54km/h)

5

Bee humming bird

6

Scientific classification

Kingdon: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Sub-class: Neornithes Infraclass Neognathae Order: Apodiformes Family: Trochilidae

7

Systematics and evolution

In traditional taxonomy, humming birds are placed in the order Apodiformes.

Humming birds' wing bones are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult.

Humming birds originated in South America, where there is the greatest species diversity, possible ancestors of present hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe to what is southern Russia today.

There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird

Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene era of Brazil and the Bahamas.

8

Diet and specialization for food gathering

Humming birds drink nectar, a sweet liquid inside certain flowers.

They prefer flower who have more than 10% sugar contents.

Nectar is a poor source of nutrients, so in addition they also eat spider & insects.

They are not constant fliers. Spend an average of 10–15% time on feeding and 75–80% on sitting and digesting.

They also hibernate.

9

10

Aerodynamics of flight

Humming bird flight has been studied intensively

The Giant Humming bird's wings beat up to 25 beats per second, which is about 1500 flaps per minute.

Hummingbirds deal with water when they are flying.

They shake their heads to remove water from heads.

11

A humming bird hovering in mid air

12

Wing structure and colours

Many of the Humming bird species have colouration.

The coloring does not come from pigmentation in the feather structure, but instead from prism-like cells

The Humming bird feather structure acts as a diffraction grating.

A muted-looking bird will suddenly become red or green.

Iridescent humming bird colors actually result from a combination of refraction and pigmentation

13

Iridescent humming bird

14

Metabolism

Highest metabolism of all animals during flight.

Heart rate may reach 1,260 beats per minute during flight.

Hummingbirds are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night.

During some part of hibernation, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed.

Stores up fat to serve as fuel during migration.

15

Reproduction Male hummingbirds do not take part in nesting Most species build a cup-shaped nest on the

branch of a tree or shrub. The nest varies in size relative to species Spider silk is used to bind the nest material

together and secure the structure to its support. Two white eggs are laid, which, despite being

the smallest of all bird eggs. Incubation lasts 14 to 23 days, depending on

species. The mother feeds her nestlings on small

arthropods and nectar .

16

Hummingbird nest

17

Lifespan Among Birds

Humming birds have long lifespan. Many die during their first year of life. North American species, the average

lifespan is 3 to 5 years. Broad-tailed Humming bird has 12 years

old. Banded humming birds include an

estimated minimum age of 10 years.

18

Range

Mostly restricted to the Americans continent from southern Alaska to the Caribbean

Majority of species occur in tropical and sub-tropical Central & South America.

US 25, Canada 10, Colombia 160, & Ecuador have 130 different species of Humming bird.

The greatest species richness is in humid tropical and subtropical forests of the northern Andes and adjacent foothills, but the number of species found in the Atlantic Forest also far exceed.

19

Migration

Humming birds of the U.S. and Canada migrate to south.

Some Southern South American species also move to the tropics in the southern winter.

Few species are year-round residents in the warmer coastal and interior desert regions. Among these is Anna's Humming bird.

Rufous breed in North America and are wintering in increasing numbers in the warm subtropical southeastern United States

20

Anna's Hummingbird

21

References Freile, J. (2009). Species lists of birds for

South American countries and territories: Ecuador.

"Tucson's Hummingbird Feeder Bats". The Firefly Forest. Retrieved 2010-03-20.

Jaramillo, A., & R. Barros (2010). Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Chile.

Lanny Chambers. "About Hummingbirds". Hummingbirds.net. Retrieved 25 January 2009

Supervised by: Prof. M

Shakeel Mufti

22

Any Questions??

23

Thank you!!