HUMANITIES MID-YEAR REVISIONBy Bonnie Hao7B

产品或服务 2016 年冬季

5

SOURCES & EVIDENCESLesson Objectives:

-To understand the difference between the 2 types of evidence- Identify examples of primary and secondary sources

PRIMARY EVIDENCES

A PRIMARY EVIDENCE is evidence that was created at the time of the event. Primary evidence can be broken down into 4 categories: written source, images, oral testimony and artifacts. For example, letters, newspapers, maps, photographs, film, porcelain doll, story telling, cartoons etc.

SECONDARY EVIDENCES

Most people would probably say that they would look in a book, ask a

teacher or other expert, and check it out on the Internet.

Resources like this can tell us not only historical facts but we can also use them to find out about what other

people think about what happened, in other words the interpretation of

产品或服务 2016 年冬季

5

SOURCE SKILLS: BIASLesson Objective:

To examine what bias and reliability of sources are

What does the Phrase “There are 2 sides to every story mean?

It means every story has its good and bad side, it depends how you judge or

view it.

Bias: A view that is highly unbalanced

and does not present both

VOCABULARY:Bias: one-sided/point-of-viewReliable: trustworthyMisled: being told the wrong thing

产品或服务 2016 年冬季

5

CHRONOLOGY

Lesson Objective:To identify key terms describing timeTo describe the difference between BC and ADTo give names to centuries

WHAT IS CHRONOLOGY?Chronology is the study of exactly

when things happened. When historians put events in

chronological order, they put them in the order that they

BC= Before ChristAD= Anno Domino

Century= One hundred yearAD=In Latin words, it means after ChristDecade=every 10 yearsPeriods=separate division of timeBC=Before ChristMillennium=One thousand years

The easiest way is to cover the last two digits up and

add one. For example, if you cover last two

digits of 1873, you see 18, so 1873 is

+ (AD)- (BC)

2012 years

YEAR 0when Jesus was born

500 years

产品或服务 2016 年冬季

5

HISTORICAL CATEGORIESLesson Objective:

To identify and understand key terms for historical categoriesTo place historical events into the correct category

CATEGORIZING HISTORICAL EVENTS

Political: To do with war, power, government and rightsEconomics: how people earn money and spend their moneySocial: people’s everyday life at work and at workTechnology: to do with developments in computers and medicinesPOLITICAL

1810- Britain and Ireland make one country1914- World War One began1918- Women are allowed to vote1939- World War II began

ECONOMICS1908- First pensions given to people over 701946- Child benefit was introduced in the UK1970- Equal pay for men and women

TECHNOLOGY1829- First passenger steam train1947- National Health Service was set up1981- First home computer

SOCIAL1872- First FA Cup final1839- Charles Dickens wrote “Oliver Twist”1963- First Beatles song was recorded

EARTHLesson Objective:

Identify examples of how the Earth is changing naturally, how humans are

changing it, and how these changes can be dangerous to usKey Vocabulary:

Natural: not man-made, created naturallyWeathering: the breaking down of rocks, caused mainly by the weather; it turns into soil in the endFossil fuel: coal, oil and natural gasGlobal Warming: average temperatures around the world are rising; experts say this is mainly due to carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels.CHANGED NATURALLY

-Water, scraping rocks, drowns land-Volcanoes, mountains, creating countries and islands-Rocks weathering caused my wind -Earthquakes separate land-Waves

CHANGED BY HUMANS-Technology-Farming-Building towns and cities-Deforestation-Dividing Earth into 200 countries

MAPS & DISTANCELesson Objectives:Understand map key, scale and grid linesTo measure distance using two methods

To identify the main map symbols

VOCABULARY

Aerial Photo- taken from the airSketch Map- a simple map to show what a place is like, or how to get there; it is not drawn to scaleScale- the ratio of the distance on a map to the real distanceGridlines- they divide the map into squares, the columns and rows of squares have been labeled (A, B, C… 1, 2, 3…)Key- symbols used to show where things are

MAP SYMBOLS

AbbreviationsFm= FarmSch= SchoolMus= Museum

Road SymbolsRoad under constructionPath

Tourist Information

Picnic Sites

METHODS OF MEASURING DISTANCESMethod 1- AS THE CROW FLIES, a straight-line

distance between two places, ignoring the turns of roads.

Method 2- BY ROAD, takes consideration the twists and turns of roads.

VOLCANOESVOCABULARY

Magma- melted rock below the Earth’s surface; when it reaches the surface it is called lavaLava- melted rock that erupts from a volcanoCrust- the thin outer layer of the Earth, made of rockDormant- not activeActive- when a volcano can eruptPlates- the Earth’s surface is broken into large slabs; these are called platesVent- a hole through which lava erupts, on a volcanoPyroclastic flow- a flood of gas, dust, ash and other particles rushing down the side of a volcano, after an eruption

OCEANPLATES

Convection

Currents

The plates are pulled apart by the convection currents in the soft rock below them.

ONE.

Magma

Liquid rock or magma rises between the plates. It hardens to basalt…

TWOMagma hardens to form ridge of

new basalt

… which forms new ocean floor. So the ocean floors

getting wider- by 2cm every year.

THREE

New Ocean Floor

HOW IS A VOLCANO FORMED?

DAMAGES CAUSED BY A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Lesson Objective:Identify and explain five examples of damage caused by a volcanic

eruptionPyroclastic flow- the flow can travel up to 200km/hour, you can’t escape, it scorches everything

Mudflow- mudflows can travel up to 100km.hour, you will drown in mud.

Volcanic Gas- causes acid rain, kills trees and plants.

Dust- rise high in the atmosphere and blocks the sun, this causes temperatures to fall.

Shower of Ash- a thick blanket of ash will ruin crops, it can also suffocate you.

Lava Flow- lava flows destroy crops, and bury towns and villages (they can kill you too, but you can just walk out of the way)

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a

planet’s surface or crust, which

allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber

WHY DO PEOPLE LIVE NEAR VOLCANOS?

Geothermal Energy:How is Geothermal energy created?Superheated steam, created by the heating of water in permeable rocks in magma can be used to drive turbines.Why is geothermal energy better than some other types?This energy is renewable and sustainable, and is also pollution free.Example locations and data:US, New Zealand, Italy, Iceland etc. In fact 17% of Iceland’s electricity is created this way.

TourismHow is geothermal energy created?Superheated steam, created by the heating of water in permeable rocks in magma can be used to drive turbines.Why is geothermal energy better than some other types?This energy is renewable and sustainable, and is also pollution free.Example locations and data:US, New Zealand, Italy, Iceland, in fact 17% of Iceland’s electricity is created this way.

Fertile Soils:Why are volcanic soils so good for growing crops?Because they release valuable nutrients and minerals which enrich the soil, as well as improving soil characteristicsWhat kinds of crops are grown around volcanoes?Rice, olives, fruits etc.Example locations and data:Java, Indonesia, attract due to the rich farming opportunity (one million live within 20 million) Italy, slopes of Vesuvivs and Etha, one in five Sicilians are believed to live on the slopes of Etna

MineralsWhy are precious metals and minerals found in volcanic areas?Valuable metals such as cooper, gold, silver, lead, zinc and diamonds are found as magma cools and hardens beneath the volcano.What types of minerals are found?Cooper, gold, silver, lead, zinc and even diamonds.Example locations and data:Mount St. Helens (USA) as early as 1892.

Lesson Objective:Examine and restate why people live near

dangerous volcanoes.

Scientific Name: Australopithecines

Traits: Fed on leaves, fruits and the remains of dead

animalsAchievement: First to grow the

Scientific Name: Homo Habilis (Man of Skill)

Traits:-2.5-1.5 million BC

-Brain size of 700 cubic centimeter

Achievements:-Made tools from lava rock-Use tools to cut meat and

crack bones

Scientific Name: Homo Erectus (Up Right Man)Traits:

-1.6-30,000 million BC-More intelligent and adaptable

-Brain size 1000 cubic centimeter

Scientific Name: NeanthedralsTraits:

-200,000-30,000 BC-Powerfully built

-Brain size 1450 cubic centimeter-Heavy, slanted eyebrows

Achievements: -First to have ritual burials

-Tried to control and explain the world

EARLY HUMANSLesson Objective:

Describe the traits and achievements of early humans

FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION

Lesson Objective:Define civilization

Identify five basic features of a civilization

A civilization is a human community located in a

particular place and time and has advanced political, The five basic features of a civilization are:

ADVANCED CITIES:In order to be considered a city it must have

Large populationMust be a center of trade.

COMPLEX INSTITUTIONSInstitution- a long lasting pattern of organization in a community such as

GovernmentReligionEconomy

TECHONOLOGYNew tools and techniques that solve problems and make life easierSPECIALIZED WORKERSSpecialized means someone has the skills to do a specific kind of workRECORD KEEPINGMust have a developed system of writing so the people can

Record businessWrite a set of lawsPriests can record rituals and dates

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

BABYLONIANS (1900BC-110BC)

The Babylonians created a numeral system based on the number 60. This helped us to

derive the 360-degree system.

EGYPTIANS (3100BC-100BC)They Ancient Egyptians were the first to use geometry to survey

land.

GREEKS (1100BC-200BC)The thermometer is a old

invention that the Greeks of Alexandria invented. They first offered Logic and Philosophy.

Most modern philosophical currents are based either on

Plato or Aristotle.

ROMANS (500BC-400AD)The Roman buildings and

aqueducts are considered great contributions to history

civilization, they built large edifices like the Colosseum and

the Pantheon. Rome was the first republic.

ANCIENT CHINA

CHINA (2200BC-Modern Day)They invented many things that are still used today, like paper,

tea, process of printing, the compass, and medicines based on herb and minerals. They also

discovered substances for dyeing cloth and glazing pottery.

DYNASTYA dynasty is when one family rules a country or region over

a long period of time. Generally, the head of the family will be the ruler of the land, like an emperor

or king. When that ruler dies, another member of the family will take power, usually the oldest son. When a new family takes control,

THE MANDATE OF HEAVENThe Mandate of Heaven is what the Chinese

people believed gave their rulers the right to be king or emperor. It meant that the gods had blessed that person with the right to rule. A ruler had to be a good and just ruler to keep the Mandate of Heaven.

When a ruler or dynasty lost power, this meant that they must also have lost the Mandate of Heaven.