human development the process of change that occurs from infancy to death
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Guiding Principles….
• Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages)• Development is in sequence (stages)• Growth rates vary person to person• Readiness (The child must have mastered
the previous stage)• Optimum time and Critical periods
Emotional Development: Even basic emotions take time to develop…• Excitement• Distress• Delight• Anger• Disgust• Fear • Elation• Affection• Jealousy• Joy
Harlow’s experiment in stages
Experiment on intelligence evolves
The Iron Maiden
Harlow’s theory of love= Contact Comfort
Harlow becomes President of the APA
Less than one year later….
• Monkeys not thriving!• Unable to mate• Violently antisocial• Display autistic- like features (rocking, head-
banging, biting themselves)• Extreme self mutilation
What about infant attachment?
The Strange Situationo Secure Attachment =mother
is sensitive to infant, consistent, responsive
o Ambivalent Attachment=Child sends mixed messages
o Avoidant Attachment = child ignores mother- attaches to strangers same as parent
o Disorganized Attachment= child is confused and
disoriented, shows fear (abuse?)
Mary Ainsworth
Traits of Greatest Importance to Parents….• Frankness/honesty in dealing with others• Desire to make a name for one’s self• Concentration• Social mindedness (concern for others)• Strict obedience to authority• Appreciation of art, music, and literature• Economy in money matters• Loyalty to the church• Knowledge of sexual hygiene• Tolerance of others• Curiosity• Patriotism• Good manners• Independence• Academic achievement• Willingness to work hard
Across generations…. 1929 1978 1989 1997Frankness/honesty 27 26 56 38Desire to make a name 5 1 3 4Social Mindedness 9 7 0 0Strict obedience 13 26 48 30Appreciation art/music 0 5 12 8Economy in money 25 17 11 30Loyalty to the church 50 22 12 11Knowledge of sexual hygiene 15 8 3 4Tolerance of others 6 47 15 11Curiosity 1 10 17 4Patriotism 21 4 5 4Good manners 30 23 8 30Independence 25 76 40 34Academic achievement 19 6 17 30Willingness to work hard - - 45 64
Parenting Beyond Attachment
Types of Parents
• Authoritarian: Enforce strict rules- demand obedience• Permissive: Little
guidance, no limits, much freedom• Authoritative:
firm/consistent, love & logic with responsibility
Diana Baumrind
Carl Rogers: Parents give 2 kinds of support…
• Conditional Positive Regard= Parents show love only when child behaves in certain ways.• Unconditional
Positive Regard= Parents show love – no matter “who” the child is, or how they behave.
What is optimal?
Positive-Strict-WarmoBetter self-esteem oStrong morals/values oResponsibleoResilient in times of stress
Negative-Permissive-ColdoLook to escape punishmentoLower self-esteem