Human Development Index

Worldmap indicating the category of HumanDevelopment Indexby country (based on 2013 data; published July 24, 2014).

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a compos-ite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capitaincome indicators, which is used to rank countries intofour tiers of human development. It was developed byPakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, is anchored in theNobel laureate Amartya Sen’s work on human capabili-ties, often framed in terms of whether people are able to“be” and “do” desirable things in life,[1] andwas publishedby the United Nations Development Programme.[2]

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced anInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI).While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that “theIHDI is the actual level of human development (account-ing for inequality),” and “the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of 'potential' human development (or the maximumIHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).”

1 Origins

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Develop-ment Reports of the United Nations Development Pro-gramme (UNDP). These were devised and launched byPakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and hadthe explicit purpose “to shift the focus of developmenteconomics from national income accounting to people-centred policies”. To produce the Human DevelopmentReports, Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of de-velopment economists including Paul Streeten, FrancesStewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand andMeghnad Desai. Working along with Nobel laureateAmartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and function-ings that provided the underlying conceptual framework.Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of humandevelopment was needed in order to convince the public,academics, and policy-makers that they can and shouldevaluate development not only by economic advances butalso improvements in human well-being. Sen initially op-

Mahbub ul Haq

posed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq developthe Index in the future. Sen was worried that it was go-ing to be difficult to capture the full complexity of humancapabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him thatonly a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being.[3][4]

2 Dimensions and calculation

2.1 New method (2010 Report onwards)

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June2011), starting with the 2010 Human Development Re-port the HDI combines three dimensions:[5]

• A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth

• Education index: Mean years of schooling and Ex-pected years of schooling

• A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPPUS$)

In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP be-gan using a new method of calculating the HDI. The fol-lowing three indices are used:

1

2 2 DIMENSIONS AND CALCULATION

Amartya Sen

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE−2085−20

2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI+EYSI2

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)=MYS15

[6]

2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)= EYS

18[7]

3. Income Index (II) = ln(GNIpc)−ln(100)ln(75,000)−ln(100)

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previousthree normalized indices:HDI = 3

√LEI · EI · II.

LE: Life expectancy at birthMYS:Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old personor older has spent in schools)EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old childwill spend with his education in his whole life)GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity percapita

2.2 Old method (before 2010 Report)

The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009Report:

• Life expectancy at birth, as an index of populationhealth and longevity to HDI

• Knowledge and education, as measured by the adultliteracy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and thecombined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross en-rollment ratio (with one-third weighting).

• Standard of living, as indicated by the natural log-arithm of gross domestic product per capita atpurchasing power parity.

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20040.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

HDI trends between 1975 and 2004

This is the methodology used by the UNDP up until its2011 report.The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by theUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[8] Ingeneral, to transform a raw variable, say x , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different in-dices to be added together), the following formula is used:

• xindex = x−min(x)max(x)−min(x)

wheremin (x) andmax (x) are the lowest and highest val-ues the variable x can attain, respectively.The Human Development Index (HDI) then representsthe uniformly weighted sum with ⅓ contributed by eachof the following factor indices:

• Life Expectancy Index = LE−2585−25

• Education Index = 23 ×ALI + 1

3 ×GEI

3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI 3

• Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = ALR−0100−0

• Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = CGER−0100−0

• GDP = log(GDPpc)−log(100)log(40000)−log(100)

Other organizations/companies may include other fac-tors, such as infant mortality, which produces differentnumber of HDI.

3 2014 report

Main article: List of countries by Human DevelopmentIndex

The 2014 Human Development Report by the UnitedNations Development Program was released on July 24,2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for2013. Below is the list of the “very high human develop-ment” countries:[9]

• = increase.

• = steady.

• = decrease.

• The number in brackets represents the number ofranks the country has climbed (up or down) relativeto the ranking in 2013 report.

3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjustedHDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index(IHDI)[9] is a “measure of the average level of human de-velopment of people in a society once inequality is takeninto account.”Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are notrelative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source(p. 168) calculated with the exclusion of countries which aremissing IHDI data.

1. Norway 0.891 ( )

2. Australia 0.860 ( )

3. Netherlands 0.854 ( 1)

4. Switzerland 0.847 ( 3)

5. Germany 0.846 ( )

6. Iceland 0.843 ( 2)

7. Sweden 0.840 ( 4)

8. Denmark 0.838 ( 1)

9. Canada 0.833 ( 4)

10. Ireland 0.832 ( 4)

11. Finland 0.830 ( )

12. Slovenia 0.824 ( 2)

13. Austria 0.818 ( 1)

14. Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3)

15. Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1)

16. United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3)

17. Belgium 0.806 ( 2)

18. France 0.804 ( )

19. Japan 0.799 (New)

20. Israel 0.793 ( 1)

21. Slovakia 0.778 ( 1)

22. Spain 0.775 ( 2)

23. Italy 0.768 ( 1)

24. Estonia 0.767 ( 1)

25. Greece 0.762 ( 2)

26. Malta 0.760 ( 3)

27. Hungary 0.757 ( 1)

28. United States 0.755 ( 12)

29. Poland 0.751 ( 1)

30. Cyprus 0.752 ( 1)

31. Lithuania 0.746 ( 2)

32. Portugal 0.739 ( )

33. South Korea 0.736 ( 5)

34. Latvia 0.725 ( 1)

35. Croatia 0.721 ( 4)

36. Argentina 0.680 ( 7)

37. Chile 0.661 ( 4)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (“very high humandevelopment” group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand,Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,Cuba, and Kuwait.

4 4 2013 REPORT

3.2 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The fol-lowing United Nations Member States were not includedin the 2014 report:[9] North Korea, Marshall Islands,Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia,India, Pakistan,South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

4 2013 report

Main article: List of countries by Human DevelopmentIndex

The 2013 HumanDevelopment Report by the United Na-tions Development Program was released on March 14,2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for2012. Below is the list of the “very high human develop-ment” countries:[11]

Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012data HDI for 2011 – published in the 2012 report.

1. Norway 0.955 ( )

2. Australia 0.938 ( )

3. United States 0.937 ( 1)

4. Netherlands 0.921 ( 1)

5. Germany 0.920 ( 4)

6. New Zealand 0.919 ( 1)

7. Ireland 0.916 ( )

8. Sweden 0.916 ( 3)

9. Switzerland 0.913 ( 2)

10. Japan 0.912 ( 2)

11. Canada 0.911 ( 5)

12. South Korea 0.909 ( 3)

13. Hong Kong 0.906 ( )

14. Iceland 0.906 ( )

15. Denmark 0.901 ( 1)

16. Israel 0.900 ( 1)

17. Belgium 0.897 ( 1)

18. Austria 0.895 ( 1)

19. Singapore 0.895 ( 7)

20. France 0.893 ( )

21. Finland 0.892 ( 1)

22. Slovenia 0.892 ( 1)

23. Spain 0.885 ( )

24. Liechtenstein 0.883 ( 16)

25. Italy 0.881 ( 1)

26. Luxembourg 0.875 ( 1)

27. United Kingdom 0.875 ( 1)

28. Czech Republic 0.873 ( 1)

29. Greece 0.860 ( )

30. Brunei 0.855 ( 1)

31. Cyprus 0.848 ( 1)

32. Malta 0.847 ( 4)

33. Estonia 0.846 ( )

34. Andorra 0.846 ( 1)

35. Slovakia 0.840 ( )

36. Qatar 0.834 ( 1)

37. Hungary 0.831 ( 1)

38. Barbados 0.825 ( 9)

39. Poland 0.821 ( )

40. Chile 0.819 ( 4)

41. Lithuania 0.818 ( 1)

42. United Arab Emirates 0.818 ( 12)

43. Portugal 0.816 ( 2)

44. Latvia 0.814 ( 1)

45. Argentina 0.811 ( )

46. Seychelles 0.806 ( 6)

47. Croatia 0.805 ( 1)

5

4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjustedHDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index(IHDI)[11] is a “measure of the average level of human de-velopment of people in a society once inequality is takeninto account.”Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are notrelative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source(p. 152) calculated with the exclusion of countries which aremissing IHDI data.

1. Norway 0.894 ( )

2. Australia 0.864 ( )

3. Sweden 0.859 ( 3)

4. Netherlands 0.857 ( )

5. Germany 0.856 ( )

6. Ireland 0.850 ( )

7. Switzerland 0.849 ( 1)

8. Iceland 0.848 ( 3)

9. Denmark 0.845 ( 3)

10. Slovenia 0.840 ( 7)

11. Finland 0.839 ( 6)

12. Austria 0.837 ( 3)

13. Canada 0.832 ( 4)

14. Czech Republic 0.826 ( 9)

15. Belgium 0.825 ( 1)

16. United States 0.821 ( 13)

17. Luxembourg 0.813 ( 4)

18. France 0.812 ( 2)

19. United Kingdom 0.802 ( 2)

20. Spain 0.796 ( 1)

21. Israel 0.790 ( 8)

22. Slovakia 0.788 ( 6)

23. Malta 0.778 ( 3)

24. Italy 0.776 ( 4)

25. Estonia 0.770 ( 2)

26. Hungary 0.769 ( 3)

27. Greece 0.760 ( 3)

28. South Korea 0.758 ( 18)

29. Cyprus 0.751 ( 4)

30. Poland 0.740 ( )

31. Montenegro 0.733 ( 8)

32. Portugal 0.729 ( 1)

33. Lithuania 0.727 ( 1)

34. Belarus 0.727 ( 3)

35. Latvia 0.726 ( 1)

36. Bulgaria 0.704 ( 5)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (“very high hu-man development” group) with a missing IHDI: NewZealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan,Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, UnitedArab Emirates, and Seychelles.

5 2011 report

The 2011 Human Development Report was released on2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values basedon estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the “veryhigh human development” countries (equal to the topquartile):[12]

Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDIdata for 2010 – published in the 2011 report (p. 131).

1. Norway 0.943 ( )

2. Australia 0.929 ( )

3. Netherlands 0.910 ( )

4. United States 0.910 ( )

5. New Zealand 0.908 ( )

6. Canada 0.908 ( )

7. Ireland 0.908 ( )

8. Liechtenstein 0.905 ( )

9. Germany 0.905 ( )

10. Sweden 0.904 ( )

6 5 2011 REPORT

11. Switzerland 0.903 ( )

12. Japan 0.901 ( )

13. Hong Kong 0.898 ( 1)

14. Iceland 0.898 ( 1)

15. South Korea 0.897 ( )

16. Denmark 0.895 ( )

17. Israel 0.888 ( )

18. Belgium 0.886 ( )

19. Austria 0.885 ( )

20. France 0.884 ( )

21. Slovenia 0.884 ( )

22. Finland 0.882 ( )

23. Spain 0.878 ( )

24. Italy 0.874 ( )

25. Luxembourg 0.867 ( )

26. Singapore 0.866 ( )

27. Czech Republic 0.865 ( )

28. United Kingdom 0.863 ( )

29. Greece 0.861 ( )

30. United Arab Emirates 0.846 ( )

31. Cyprus 0.840 ( )

32. Andorra 0.838 ( )

33. Brunei 0.838 ( )

34. Estonia 0.835 ( )

35. Slovakia 0.834 ( )

36. Malta 0.832 ( )

37. Qatar 0.831 ( )

38. Hungary 0.816 ( )

39. Poland 0.813 ( )

40. Lithuania 0.810 ( 1)

41. Portugal 0.809 ( 1)

42. Bahrain 0.806 ( )

43. Latvia 0.805 ( )

44. Chile 0.805 ( )

45. Argentina 0.797 ( 1)

46. Croatia 0.796 ( 1)

47. Barbados 0.793 ( )

5.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjustedHDI

Below is a list of countries in the top quartile byInequality-adjusted Human Development Index(IHDI).[13] According to the report, the IHDI is a“measure of the average level of human development ofpeople in a society once inequality is taken into account.”Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDIlist, for countries listed in both rankings.

1. Norway 0.890 ( )

2. Australia 0.856 ( )

3. Sweden 0.851 ( 5)

4. Netherlands 0.846 ( 1)

5. Iceland 0.845 ( 5)

6. Ireland 0.843 ( )

7. Germany 0.842 ( 1)

8. Denmark 0.842 ( 4)

9. Switzerland 0.840 ( )

10. Slovenia 0.837 ( 7)

11. Finland 0.833 ( 7)

12. Canada 0.829 ( 7)

13. Czech Republic 0.821 ( 9)

14. Austria 0.820 ( 1)

15. Belgium 0.819 ( 1)

16. France 0.804 ( )

17. Spain 0.799 ( 2)

18. Luxembourg 0.799 ( 3)

19. United Kingdom 0.791 ( 4)

20. Slovakia 0.787 ( 7)

7

21. Israel 0.779 ( 8)

22. Italy 0.779 ( 2)

23. United States 0.771 ( 19)

24. Estonia 0.769 ( 2)

25. Hungary 0.759 ( 3)

26. Greece 0.756 ( 2)

27. Cyprus 0.755 ( 2)

28. South Korea 0.749 ( 17)

29. Poland 0.734 ( )

30. Lithuania 0.730 ( )

31. Portugal 0.726 ( )

32. Montenegro 0.718 ( 7)

33. Latvia 0.717 ( 1)

34. Serbia 0.694 ( 9)

35. Belarus 0.693 ( 10)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (“very high humandevelopment” group) with a missing IHDI include: NewZealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta,Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

5.2 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The fol-lowing United Nations Member States were not includedin the 2011 report:[14] North Korea, Marshall Islands,Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia andTuvalu.

6 2010 report

The 2010 HumanDevelopment Report by the United Na-tions Development Program was released on November4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for2010. Below is the list of the “very high human develop-ment” countries:[15]

Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2009 HDIpublished in the 2010 report.

1. Norway 0.938 ( )

2. Australia 0.937 ( )

3. New Zealand 0.907 ( )

4. United States 0.902 ( )

5. Ireland 0.895 ( )

6. Liechtenstein 0.891 ( )

7. Netherlands 0.890 ( )

8. Canada 0.888 ( )

9. Sweden 0.885 ( )

10. Germany 0.885 ( 12)

11. Japan 0.884 ( )

12. South Korea 0.877 ( )

13. Switzerland 0.874 ( )

14. France 0.872 ( 2)

15. Israel 0.872 ( 1)

16. Finland 0.871 ( 1)

17. Iceland 0.869 ( )

18. Belgium 0.867 ( )

19. Denmark 0.866 ( )

20. Spain 0.863 ( )

21. Hong Kong 0.862 ( )

22. Greece 0.855 ( )

23. Italy 0.854 ( )

24. Luxembourg 0.852 ( )

25. Austria 0.851 ( )

26. United Kingdom 0.849 ( )

27. Singapore 0.846 ( )

28. Czech Republic 0.841 ( )

29. Slovenia 0.828 ( )

30. Andorra 0.824 ( )

31. Slovakia 0.818 ( )

32. United Arab Emirates 0.815 ( 1)

33. Malta 0.815 ( 1)

34. Estonia 0.812 ( )

35. Cyprus 0.810 ( )

8 6 2010 REPORT

36. Hungary 0.805 ( 1)

37. Brunei 0.805 ( 1)

38. Qatar 0.803 ( )

39. Bahrain 0.801 ( )

40. Portugal 0.795 ( 6)

41. Poland 0.795 ( )

42. Barbados 0.788 ( 5)

6.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI

The 2010 Human Development Report was the first tocalculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development In-dex (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three ba-sic dimensions of human development (income, life ex-pectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries inthe top quartile by IHDI:[16]

Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes( ) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDIlist, for countries listed in both rankings.

1. Norway 0.876 ( )

2. Australia 0.864 ( )

3. Sweden 0.824 ( 4)

4. Netherlands 0.818 ( 1)

5. Germany 0.814 ( 3)

6. Switzerland 0.813 ( 4)

7. Ireland 0.813 ( 3)

8. Canada 0.812 ( 2)

9. Iceland 0.811 ( 5)

10. Denmark 0.810 ( 6)

11. Finland 0.806 ( 2)

12. United States 0.799 ( 9)

13. Belgium 0.794 ( 2)

14. France 0.792 ( 3)

15. Czech Republic 0.790 ( 8)

16. Austria 0.787 ( 5)

17. Spain 0.779 ( )

18. Luxembourg 0.775 ( 2)

19. Slovenia 0.771 ( 5)

20. Greece 0.768 ( 2)

21. United Kingdom 0.766 ( 1)

22. Slovakia 0.764 ( 3)

23. Israel 0.763 ( 11)

24. Italy 0.752 ( 5)

25. Hungary 0.736 ( 3)

26. Estonia 0.733 ( )

27. South Korea 0.731 ( 18)

28. Cyprus 0.716 ( 1)

29. Poland 0.709 ( 1)

30. Portugal 0.700 ( 1)

31. Lithuania 0.693 ( 1)

32. Montenegro 0.693 ( 4)[17]

33. Latvia 0.684 ( 2)

34. Romania 0.675 ( 3)

35. The Bahamas 0.671 ( 4)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI (“very high humandevelopment” group) with a missing IHDI include: NewZealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emi-rates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.

6.2 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The fol-lowing United Nations Member States were not includedin the 2010 report.[14] Cuba lodged a formal protest at itslack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba hadbeen excluded due to the lack of an “internationally re-ported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjustedfor Purchasing Power Parity”. All other indicators forCuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but thelack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be at-tributed to the country.[18][19] The situation has been ad-dressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a HighHuman Development country.

7.1 Countries not included 9

7 2009 report

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDPwas re-leased on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to2007. It was titled “Overcoming barriers: Human mo-bility and development”. The top countries by HDI weregrouped in a new category called “very high human de-velopment”. The report refers to these countries as de-veloped countries. They are:[20]

1. Norway 0.971 ( 0)

2. Australia 0.970 ( 2)

3. Iceland 0.969 ( 1)

4. Canada 0.966 ( 1)

5. Ireland 0.965 ( )

6. Netherlands 0.964 ( )

7. Sweden 0.963 ( )

8. France 0.961 ( 3)

9. Switzerland 0.960 ( 1)

10. Japan 0.960 ( 2)

11. Luxembourg 0.960 ( 2)

12. Finland 0.959 ( )

13. United States 0.956 ( 2)

14. Austria 0.955 ( )

15. Spain 0.955 ( 1)

16. Denmark 0.955 ( 2)

17. Belgium 0.953 ( )

18. Italy 0.951 ( 1)

19. Liechtenstein 0.951 ( 1)

20. New Zealand 0.950 ( )

21. United Kingdom 0.947 ( )

22. Germany 0.947 ( )

23. Singapore 0.944 ( 1)

24. Hong Kong 0.944 ( 1)

25. Greece 0.942 ( )

26. South Korea 0.937 ( )

27. Israel 0.935 ( 1)

28. Andorra 0.934 ( 1)

29. Slovenia 0.929 ( )

30. Brunei 0.920 ( )

31. Kuwait 0.916 ( )

32. Cyprus 0.914 ( )

33. Qatar 0.910 ( 1)

34. Portugal 0.909 ( 1)

35. United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 2)

36. Czech Republic 0.903 ( )

37. Barbados 0.903 ( 2)

38. Malta 0.902 ( 3)

7.1 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwillingto provide the necessary data at the time of publication.Besides the states with limited recognition, the followingstates were also not included.

8 2008 statistical update

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. Thisso-called “statistical update” covered the period up to2006 and was published without an accompanying Hu-man Development Report. The update is relevant dueto newly released estimates of purchasing power parities(PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many coun-tries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in manycases, HDI ranks.[21]

1. Iceland 0.968 ( )

2. Norway 0.968 ( )

3. Canada 0.967 ( 1)

4. Australia 0.965 ( 1)

5. Ireland 0.960 ( )

6. Netherlands 0.958 ( 3)

7. Sweden 0.958 ( 1)

8. Japan 0.956 ( )

9. Luxembourg 0.956 ( 9)

10. Switzerland 0.955 ( 3)

10 9 2007/2008 REPORT

11. France 0.955 ( 1)

12. Finland 0.954 ( 1)

13. Denmark 0.952 ( 1)

14. Austria 0.951 ( 1)

15. United States 0.950 ( 3)

16. Spain 0.949 ( 3)

17. Belgium 0.948 ( 1)

18. Greece 0.947 ( 6)

19. Italy 0.945 ( 1)

20. New Zealand 0.944 ( 1)

21. United Kingdom 0.942 ( 4)

22. Hong Kong 0.942 ( 1)

23. Germany 0.940 ( 1)

24. Israel 0.930 ( 1)

25. South Korea 0.928 ( 1)

26. Slovenia 0.923 ( 1)

27. Brunei 0.919 ( 3)

28. Singapore 0.918 ( 3)

29. Kuwait 0.912 ( 4)

30. Cyprus 0.912 ( 2)

31. United Arab Emirates 0.903 ( 8)

32. Bahrain 0.902 ( 9)[22]

33. Portugal 0.900 ( 4)

8.1 Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons,such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwillingto provide the necessary data at the time of publication.Besides the states with limited recognition, the followingstates were also not included.[23]

9 2007/2008 report

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 waslaunched in Brasilia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Itsfocus was on “Fighting climate change: Human solidar-ity in a divided world.”[24] Most of the data used for thereport are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus in-dicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member stateschoose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.The report showed a small increase in world HDI in com-parison with last year’s report. This rise was fueled by ageneral improvement in the developing world, especiallyof the least developed countries group. This marked im-provement at the bottom was offset with a decrease inHDI of high income countries.A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent “low devel-opment”. All 22 countries in that category are locatedin Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries,Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, re-spectively. Nine countries departed from this categorythis year and joined the “medium development” group.A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent “high de-velopment”. This includes all developed countries, suchas those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania,and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries inEastern Europe, Central and South America, SoutheastAsia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Penin-sula. Seven countries were promoted to this category thisyear, leaving the “medium development” group: Albania,Belarus, Brazil, Libya,Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Ara-bia.On the following table, green arrows ( ) represent an in-crease in ranking over the previous study, while red ar-rows ( ) represent a decrease in ranking. They are fol-lowed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes( ) represent a nation that did not move in the rankingssince the previous study.

1. Iceland 0.968 ( 1)

2. Norway 0.968 ( 1)

3. Australia 0.962 ( )

4. Canada 0.961 ( 2)

5. Ireland 0.959 ( 1)

6. Sweden 0.956 ( 1)

7. Switzerland 0.955 ( 2)

8. Japan 0.953 ( 1)

9. Netherlands 0.953 ( 1)

10. France 0.952 ( 6)

11

11. Finland 0.952 ( )

12. United States 0.951 ( 4)

13. Spain 0.949 ( 6)

14. Denmark 0.949 ( 1)

15. Austria 0.948 ( 1)

16. Belgium 0.946 ( 4)

17. United Kingdom 0.946 ( 1)

18. Luxembourg 0.944 ( 6)

19. New Zealand 0.943 ( 1)

20. Italy 0.941 ( 3)

21. Hong Kong 0.937 ( 1)

22. Germany 0.935 ( 1)

23. Israel 0.932 ( )

24. Greece 0.926 ( )

25. Singapore 0.922 ( )

26. South Korea 0.921 ( )

27. Slovenia 0.917 ( )

28. Cyprus 0.903 ( 1)

29. Portugal 0.897 ( 1)

30. Brunei 0.894 ( 4)[25]

10 Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from eachyear of the Human Development Index. Norway hasbeen ranked the highest eleven times, Canada eight times,followed by Japan which has been ranked highest threetimes. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

10.1 In each original report

The year represents when the report was published. Inparentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.

• 2014 (2013): Norway

• 2013 (2012): Norway

• 2011 (2011): Norway

• 2010 (2010): Norway

• 2009 (2007): Norway

• 2008 (2006): Iceland

• 2007 (2005): Iceland

• 2006 (2004): Norway

• 2005 (2003): Norway

• 2004 (2002): Norway

• 2003 (2001): Norway

• 2002 (2000): Norway

• 2001 (1999): Norway

• 2000 (1998): Canada

• 1999 (1997): Canada

• 1998 (1995): Canada

• 1997 (1994): Canada

• 1996 (1993): Canada

• 1995 (1992): Canada

• 1994 (????): Canada

• 1993 (????): Japan

• 1992 (1990): Canada

• 1991 (1990): Japan

• 1990 (????): Japan

• 1989 (????): United States

11 Future HDI projections

In April 2010, the Human Development Report Officeprovided[26] the 2010–2030 HDI projections (quoted inSeptember 2010, by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, in the Human Development Research paper2010/40, pp. 40–42). These projections were reachedby re-calculating the HDI, using (for components of theHDI) projections of the components conducted by agen-cies that provide the UNDP with data for the HDI.

12 15 SEE ALSO

12 Criticism

The Human Development Index has been criticized on anumber of grounds including alleged ideological biasestowards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models ofdevelopment", failure to include any ecological consid-erations, lack of consideration of technological develop-ment or contributions to the human civilization, focus-ing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lackof attention to development from a global perspective,measurement error of the underlying statistics, and onthe UNDP’s changes in formula which can lead to severemisclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium','high' or 'very high' human development countries.[27]

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong andMaximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from theperspective of data error in the underlying health,education and income statistics used to construct theHDI.[27] They identified three sources of data errorwhich are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisionsand (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s developmentstatus and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of allcountries can be interpreted as currently misclassified inthe development bins due to the three sources of dataerror, respectively. The authors suggest that the UnitedNations should discontinue the practice of classifyingcountries into development bins because - they claim -the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentivesfor strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, andhave the potential to misguide politicians, investors,charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updatedthe thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, andhigh human development countries. In a commentto The Economist in early January 2011, the HumanDevelopment Report Office responded[28] to a January6, 2011 article in the magazine[29] which discusses theWolff et al. paper. The Human Development ReportOffice states that they undertook a systematic revision ofthe methods used for the calculation of the HDI and thatthe new methodology directly addresses the critique byWolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuousupdating of the human development categories wheneverformula or data revisions take place.

13 Geographical coverage

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: DavidHastings, of the United Nations Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific, published a reportgeographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies,whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to169 countries.[30][31]

14 Country/region specific HDIlists

• African countries

• Argentine provinces

• Australian states and territories

• Brazilian states

• Chilean regions

• Chinese administrative divisions

• European countries

• Indian states

• Indonesian provinces

• Latin American countries

• Mexican states

• Pakistani districts

• Philippine provinces

• Russian federal subjects

• South African provinces

• U.S. states (American HumanDevelopment Report)

• Venezuelan states

15 See alsoIndices

• List of countries by Human Development Index

• Bhutan GNH Index

• Broad measures of economic progress

• Disability-adjusted life year

• Full cost accounting

• Green national product

• Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)

• Gender-related Development Index

• Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

• Global Peace Index

• Gross National Happiness

• Gross National Well-being (GNW)

• Happiness economics

13

• Happy Planet Index (HPI)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• ISEW (Index of sustainable economic welfare)

• Legatum Prosperity Index

• Leisure satisfaction

• Least developed country

• Living planet index

• Law of Social Cycle

• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

• Money-rich, time-poor

• OECD Better Life Index BLI

• Social Progress Index

• Subjective life satisfaction

• Where-to-be-born Index

• Wikiprogress

• World Happiness Report (WHR)

• World Values Survey (WVS)

Other

• Economics

• Democracy Ranking

• Demographic economics

• Economic development

• Ethics of care

• Human Development and Capability Association

• Human Poverty Index

• Progress (history)

• Progressive utilization theory

• Post-materialism

• Psychometrics

• International Association for Feminist Economics

• International development

• Right to an adequate standard of living

• Sustainable development

• System of National Accounts

• Welfare economics

16 Notes and references[1] “The Human Development concept”. UNDP. Retrieved 7

April 2012.

[2] “United Nations Development Programme”. Undp.org.2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[3] Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). “The Human Develop-ment Paradigm: operationalizing Sen’s ideas on ca-pabilities”. Feminist Economics 9 (2–3): 301–317.doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.

[4] United Nations Development Programme (1999). HumanDevelopment Report 1999. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

[5] HDR_2013_EN_TechNotes. Page 2.

[6] Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculationof the average number of years of education received bypeople ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on edu-cation attainment levels of the population converted intoyears of schooling based on theoretical durations of eachlevel of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee,J.-W. (2010). “A New Data Set of Educational Attain-ment in the World, 1950–2010”. NBER Working PaperNo. 15902.

[7] (Expected years of schooling is a calculation of the num-ber of years a child of school entrance age is expectedto spend at school, or university, including years spent onrepetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ra-tios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiaryand tertiary education and is calculated assuming the pre-vailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates were tostay the same throughout the child’s life. Expected yearsof schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO In-stitute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on educationindicators. March. Montreal.)

[8] Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site

[9] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf

[10] “Human Development Report 2014 – “Sustaining Hu-man Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Re-silience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office)United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25July 2014.

[11] http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf

[12] “2011 Human Development Index” (PDF). Retrieved2013-05-30.

[13] “2011 Human Development Complete Report” (PDF).Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[14] International Human Rights Development Indicators,UNDP

[15] “2010 Human Development Index trends, 1980–2010”(PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.

14 17 EXTERNAL LINKS

[16] “2010 Human Development Complete Report” (PDF).Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[17] “Human Development Report 2010” (PDF). UNDP. pp.152–155. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[18] “Samoa left out of UNDP index”, Samoa Observer, Jan-uary 22, 2010

[19] Cuba country profile, UNDP

[20] “Human Development Report 2009” (PDF). UNDP. pp.167–174. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[21] “News – Human Development Reports (UNDP)".Hdr.undp.org. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2013-05-30.

[22] “HumanDevelopment Indices: A statistical update 2008”.UNDP. p. 29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[23] “HumanDevelopment Indices: A statistical update 2008”.UNDP. p. 32. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[24] “Human Development Report 2007/2008” (PDF).UNDP. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[25] “Human Development Report 2007/2008” (PDF).UNDP. p. 229. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

[26] In: Daponte Beth Osborne, and Hu difei: "Technical Noteon Re-Calculating the HDI, Using Projections of Compo-nents of the HDI", April 2010, United Nations Develop-ment Programme, Human Development Report Office.

[27] Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Max-imilian (2011). “Classification, Detection and Conse-quences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Devel-opment Index”. Economic Journal 121 (553): 843–870.doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.

[28] “UNDP Human Development Report Office’s com-ments”. The Economist. January 2011.

[29] “The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8,2011)". January 6, 2011.

[30] Hastings, David A. (2009). “Filling Gaps in the HumanDevelopment Index”. United Nations Economic and So-cial Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working PaperWP/09/02.

[31] Hastings, David A. (2011). “A “Classic” Human Devel-opment Index with 232 Countries”. HumanSecurityIn-dex.org. Information Note linked to data

17 External links• Human Development Report

• 2010 Human Development Index Update

• Human Development Interactive Map

• Human Development Tools and Rankings

• Technical note explaining the definition of the HDIPDF (5.54 MB)

• An independent HDI covering 232 countries, for-mulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) ap-proach.

• List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com

• America Is # ... 15? by Dalton Conley, The Nation,March 4, 2009

• Human Development Index (HDI) by countries atworld-statistics.org

15

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text• Human Development Index Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index?oldid=676779859 Contributors:

HelgeStenstrom, DanKeshet, William Avery, SimonP, Patrick, Michael Hardy, Pit~enwiki, Dramatic, Tomi, Mac, Docu, Samuelsen,Александър, Julesd, Bogdangiusca, Stefan-S, Mike Linksvayer, Scott, Jiang, Schneelocke, Mydogategodshat, Agtx, Rbraunwa, Savant-pol, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Tempshill, Vertical123, Nricardo, Joy, Pakaran, Johnleemk, Flockmeal, UninvitedCompany, Slawojarek,JorgeGG, SD6-Agent, Donarreiskoffer, Cdang, Astronautics~enwiki, Earl Andrew, Fredrik, Xiaopo, RedWolf, Nyh, SchmuckyTheCat,Timrollpickering, Sunray, Nerval, OneVoice, BovineBeast, Argasp~enwiki, DocWatson42, Kim Bruning, Bfinn, Rj, Tom Radulovich,Peruvianllama, Curps, Cantus, Mboverload, Grant65, JRR Trollkien, Vanished user wdjklasdjskla, Gugganij, SoWhy, Pgan002, Ran, Be-land, Piotrus, Dayg1110, Rdsmith4, Mikko Paananen, Stefan Wolff~enwiki, One Salient Oversight, Asbestos, Neutrality, Jcw69, Tyking,Three, MementoVivere, Zondor, Udzu, Gazpacho, Mike Rosoft, Gbhatnag, Edolen1, Discospinster, Smyth, Aris Katsaris, David Schaich,Gblab, LindsayH, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Travers, Tgies, Loren36, Helldjinn~enwiki, Tompw, Livajo, Sluj, Ben Webber, RoyBoy,Bookofjude, Thuresson, Jonathan Drain, Bobo192, Cretog8, Live and let Troll, Smalljim, FoekeNoppert, Acntx, Redquark, SpeedyGon-sales, Jeodesic, Nickolay Stelmashenko, Chicago god, Perceval, Jobius, Espoo, Jumbuck, Bob rulz, Quintucket, Alansohn, Rd232, JohnQuiggin, Ronline, Riana, Wikidea, Lectonar, Stalefries, Snowolf, JePe, Marianocecowski, Velella, Cburnett, Docboat, Grenavitar, Sciur-inæ, Versageek, Mattbrundage, Instantnood, Tobyc75, Netkinetic, Nightstallion, Kitch, Kardrak, Ultramarine, Dismas, Zntrip, Bobrayner,Velho, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Henrik, TigerShark, GVOLTT, LOL, Sesmith, Hylas~enwiki, Alanmak, WadeSim-Miser, Hdante, Astrowob, Alcarinquë, Bkwillwm, GregorB, Mb1000, CharlesC, Waldir, Zonath, Jon Harald Søby, Jacj, Dysepsion, MJK,Behun, Rachel1, Cuchullain, BD2412, Jclemens, It419, Broccoli, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, Ligulem, Yug, PatOP, Fred Bradstadt,Nguyen Thanh Quang, Cassowary, DirkvdM, Baryonic Being, Lionelbrits, GnuDoyng, Vsion, SportsMaster, RexNL, Gurch, AlexCovar-rubias, Tequendamia, Nimur, Fct, Thecurran, Glenn L, Procrastinator~enwiki, King of Hearts, Chobot, DVdm, Citizen Premier, VolunteerMarek, Imikem, Gwernol, E Pluribus Anthony, YurikBot, Wavelength, NTBot~enwiki, Mesfin, John Quincy Adding Machine, Hede2000,Theathenae, Jonathan Stanley, Gaius Cornelius, Eleassar, TEB728, Drgregmartin, Clam0p, David McCormick, ONEder Boy, Equilibrial,Bobak, XGustaX, Vivaldi4Stagioni, Bonusbox, Roche-Kerr, DeadEyeArrow, Sebleblanc, Superiority, SuperFlanker, Wknight94, Jezz-abr, FF2010, Zzuuzz, Cbogart2, Closedmouth, Merrick79, Reyk, Htmnssn, Black-Velvet, Wikiant, Brz7, EDGKBH, Hayden120, And-jam, Markustwofour, Appleseed, Kgf0, Lobizón, Cappelle, SmackBot, Alan Pascoe, Wic2020, Espresso Addict, KMcD, Rtc, Tarret,InverseHypercube, Hydrogen Iodide, Unyoyega, Kahuzi, Jagged 85, Big Adamsky, WookieInHeat, Exukvera, Jonathan Karlsson, Kin-tetsubuffalo, Elk Salmon, Ryanchiu, Cazort, Spiggot, Aksi great, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Betacommand, Skizzik, Desiphral, Polaron,Evilandi, Iancaddy, Franken10, Flexxx, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Chris the speller, Kurykh, Denis Sacharnych, Phoenixfire159, Tghe-retford, Master of Puppets, Thumperward, Columba livia, Rothery, Papa November, BrendelSignature, Schama, Deathanatos, Ikiroid,Effer, Kungming2, Aridd, DHN-bot~enwiki, Schwallex, Geoffrie, E946, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, All in, Aviageek, Sahmedi-tor, Glloq, Scotsboyuk, Australia boy, AndySimpson, Khoikhoi, Andreas007~enwiki, Cybercobra, Nils Simon, Lord Eru, Saulo Paiva,Zero Gravity, KI, Woodysee, Rodrigogomespaixao, Margetts, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Deiz, Skinnyweed, SashatoBot, Krashlandon, Harry-boyles, Srikeit, Thebt, Jesus H. 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• File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Barbados.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: http://www.gov.bb/bigportal/big/articles/showArticle.php?file=National_Flag.xml&ag=big Original artist: User:Denelson83

• File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domainContributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)

• File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion

18.2 Images 17

• File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png 1.5x,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png2x' data-file-width='202' data-file-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='Usertalk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)

• File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below

• File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83

• File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden

• File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg License: CC0 Con-tributors: Own work: Flag of Dominica originally from the Open Clip Art website. Redrawn by User:Vzb83 except for the parrot. Coloursare adapted from FOTW Flags Of The World website because of the currentness (refreshed 2001). The colour sceme is found at thegovernment website of the Commonwealth of Dominica and THE WORLD FACTBOOK of the CIA. Original artist: User:Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: user:

• File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepPto match the image at [1].

• File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-inal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domainContributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)

• File:Flag_of_Grenada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho

• File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do-main Contributors:

• Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp• File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domainContributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others

• File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors:

• This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Office of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie

• File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domainContributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Origi-nal artist: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) providesthe official specification for the design of the Israeli flag.

• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

18 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija

• File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based oninformation at Vexilla mundi.

• File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuffKopp

• File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte

• File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp

• File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jassand many others

• File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Template: Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn

• File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-utors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum-bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)

• File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-

• File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan

• File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work in accordance with http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis.htmOriginal artist: User:Pumbaa80

• File:Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work, Government of Saint Lucia Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Own work: www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:CC0 Contributors: the actual flag Original artist: Unknown

• File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domainContributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com

18.2 Images 19

• File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). TheNational Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade fromhttp://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp

• File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999

• File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domainContributors: see below Original artist: see upload history

• File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and colorguidelines (Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

Credits:• File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: CC0 Contribu-tors: See URL [6] for “officially” credibility and “correctness” of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work after www.flag.de Original artist: User:Madden

• File:Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamas government

• File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

• -xfi-'s file• -xfi-'s code• Zirland’s codes of colors

Original artist:(of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-.

• File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_Seychelles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: [1], for the RGB approximations [2] Original artist: User:Vxb83

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Li-cense: CC0 Contributors: http://files.mojeeuro.meu.zoznam.sk/200000288-390ab3a04d/2_Commemorative_coin_Vatican_city_2010.jpg labelbasis Original artist: Unknown

• File:Human_Development_Index_trends.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Human_Development_Index_trends.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work. Derived from <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png' class='image'><img alt='Evolució de l'IDH.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png/25px-Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png' width='25' height='25'srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png/38px-Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png/50px-Evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27IDH.png 2x' data-file-width='474' data-file-height='482' /></a> File:Evolució de l'IDH.png by Artista,released under PD-self. Original artist: cflm (talk)

• File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Sarang

• File:Mahbub-ul-Haq.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mahbub-ul-Haq.jpg License: Public domainContributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mahbub-ul-Haq.jpg Original artist: Snaim

20 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Steady2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Steady2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Tomchen1989

• File:Sustainable_development.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg Li-cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:

• Inspired from Developpement durable.jpg Original artist:• original: Johann Dréo (talk · contribs)

18.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0