HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

•Why are my body systems like a set of dominos?

•THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS ALL RELY ON ONE ANOTHER. WHEN ONE SYSTEM IS DOWN, IT AFFECTS OTHER SYSTEMS- LIKE DOMINOES TOPPLING!

Skeletal System• 5 major functions:

– Gives shape and support to body– Protects internal organs– Major muscles attach to the bone

to help it move– Blood cells are formed in the center

of many bones in soft tissue called red marrow

– Stores calcium and phosphorous compounds which make the bones hard (“Got Milk?”)

• Parts of the bone:

– ***Periosteum – tough tight fitting membrane that covers the surface of the bone.

– Compact bone – gives the body strength, stores calcium and phosphate.

– Spongy bone – located at the ends of bones, has small open spaces that help make bones lightweight and contains marrow.

– Cartilage – smooth, thick, flexible layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts as a shock absorber

• JOINTS:– Where two or more bones come together– Ligaments hold bones together– Immovable joints

• Allows little or no movement• Skull (cranium) and pelvis (ilium)

– Movable joints• Allows the body to make wide range of

movements• Pivot joint- elbow which moves the forearm and

neck/skull (rotates)• Ball and socket- shoulder and hip• Hinge joint- elbow (back and forth) and knee, toe

and fingers• Gliding joint- slides over bones and back and forth

movement, wrists, ankles and vertebrae (backbone).

– Joint problems: arthritis

cranium

clavicle mandible

ribs

scapula

humerus

radius (thumb side)

Ulna (little pinky side)

vertebraeilium

carpals metacarpalsphalanges

femurpatella

tibia

fibulatarsals metatarsals

phalanges

coccyx

ssternum

Maxilla

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Function: movement• Tendons- hold muscle to bone

• Two types of muscles - voluntary- muscles you can control, examples: skeletal muscles like biceps

- involuntary- muscles you cannot control, examples: heart, blood vessels, stomach muscles

• Three types of muscle tissue– Cardiac muscle- found in heart– Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels– Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones

How do muscles work?• Skeletal muscles work in pairs. • The basic action of any muscle is contraction.

They can only pull. • For example, when you think about moving your

arm using your biceps muscle, your brain sends a signal down a nerve cell telling your biceps muscle to contract. The amount of force that the muscle creates varies -- the muscle can contract a little or a lot depending on the signal that the nerve sends. All that any muscle can do is create contraction force. When you want to extend the arm the brain sends a signal down a nerve cell telling your triceps to contract, pulling your arm down.

ANABOLIC STERIODS• Are synthetic compounds that cause muscle

tissue to develop at an abnormally high rate– Side Effects:

• development of acne• weakening of tendons possibly leading to joint or

tendon injury• damage to the cardiovascular system, affecting

heart rate, blood pressure and increasing the risk of heart attack

• bones can become more brittle• harms sexual characteristics- growth of facial hair

in females and breast development in males• mental and emotional effects such as irritability,

anxiety, suspicion or sudden rage• liver and brain cancer

sternomastoid

Pectoralis major

bicep

Abdominus rectus

masseter

Quadricepsfemoris

Obliquetransversus

flexors trapezius extensors

deltoid

tricep

Gluteusmaximus

Latissimus dorsi

gastrocnemius

Intercostal(between ribs)

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM-Skin- the largest organ in the body.-Functions- protects, sensory response, formation of vitamin D in presence of sunlight, regulation of body temperature and ridding the body of wastes.-Skin is made up of three layers of tissue

a. Epidermis- is the outer, thinnest layer of your skin where new skin cells are produced. Melanin is a chemical produced in the epidermis that protects your skin and gives it color.b. Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below the epidermis and contains many blood vessels,

nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands.c. Fatty layer- insulates the body.

Digestive system1. Function: to break down food into forms the cells

can use for energy2. The parts of the digestive system where food

actually enters: Mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine (ALSO KNOWN AS THE COLON) to anus

3. The parts of the digestive system where food does not enter: Liver, gall bladder and pancreas (release enzymes to help food break down)

4. Two types of digestion:a. Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in

mouth, stomach muscles break food apart. b. Chemical digestion- saliva in mouth breaks food,

gastric juice in stomach; bile from gall bladder breaks food with use of chemicals, enzymes

MouthSalivary glands

esophagus

Liver

stomach gallbladder pancreas

large intestinesmall intestine

anus

duodenum

NUTRITION FOR THE BODY• Nutrients body uses

– Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used for growth and repair) eggs, beans, nuts, and meat

– carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose (used for energy) breads, rice, fruits, starchy vegetables

– fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol (store energy and cushion organs) butters, oils, fat in animals

– vitamins are used to regulate the body functions (vitamin D helps bones to absorb calcium, and vitamin K helps blood to clot

– minerals are used to regulate the body functions– water is in its simplest form and makes up about 70% of our body– Fast Food Restaurants have nutritional information available.– Health Resources: American Heart Association, American Cancer

Society, National Dairy Council, Local Cooperative Extension, National Institutes of Health and American Dietetic Association

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM• Function is to carry oxygen

nutrients to all the body parts, carry wastes away, fight infections and help heal wounds.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries connect arteries and veins together and allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into cells; veins carry blood back to the heart to pick up oxygen and nutrients.

• There are four chambers; upper chambers are atriums (right and left atrium); lower chambers ventricles (right and left ventricle)

• Three types of circulation:– Coronary Circulation-flow of blood to and from the heart– Pulmonary Circulation- flow of blood from heart to lungs back to

the heart– Systemic Circulation-flow of blood to body tissue and organs

except the heart or lungs

• Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon dioxide

• Platelets- clot blood• White blood cells-fight infection• Plasma- carry nutrients• 4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O• Spleen-cleans the red blood cells• Diseases of circulatory system:• Anemia- not enough iron; Leukemia- too many

white blood cells made; hypertension- high blood pressure; atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up in blood vessels; Heart failure

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM• Parts of the system: pharynx,

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, pleura

• Function: takes in oxygen and enters capillaries; gets rid of the wastes and carbon dioxide

• Pleura-lining of the lungs• Diseases of this system:

Smoking- chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, Asthma

Larynx or voice box trachea

Right superior lobe Left superior lobe

Bronchiole tree

Capillaries (smallest blood vessels on alveoli)

Bronchi Tubes

diaphragm

lungs

Pharynx

Alveoli

(back of throat)

Nasal Passage

Pleura(lining of the lungs)

LOBES

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Some organs have dual functions• Parts of the system: kidneys, skin, lungs, liver

and large intestine• Functions: to get rid of wastes and toxins that

could damage systems and to regulate the fluid levels in the body (example: kidneys filter blood and then send to bladder to be expelled from the body)

• Urine can be tested for many diseases (diabetes, kidney disease or heart failure)

• Diseases of this system: Kidney disease -where kidneys do not function and person must be placed on a Dialysis machine

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Parts of the system: neuron basic unit of structure; Types of nerve cells are sensory neuron which receives information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord; interneuron’s relay information to motor neurons; motor neurons conduct impulses from the brain to muscles or glands throughout body.

• Central nervous system is Brain and Spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous system all nerves outside of brain and spinal cord

BRAIN: • Cerebrum is where thinking takes place; the

largest part of brainCerebellum coordinates your muscle movements for balance ( located at back

lower part of brain)• Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord

(medulla is part of the stem and controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla also is involved in coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting).

• Spinal Cord– Carries impulses from all parts of the body to

the brain and from the brain to all parts of the body.

• Peripheral Nervous System– Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest

of the body.– Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain

called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of nerves from the spinal cord called spinal nerves.

• Drugs and alcohol affect nervous system:

• Drugs act directly on the brain stem which helps control heart rate, breathing, appetite and sleeping.

• Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and is considered a depressant. It can impair memory, thought processes, perception, judgment and attention. Over time alcohol can destroy millions of brain cells that can never be replaced or repaired.

• Caffeine is a stimulant and can increase heart rate, tremors and insomnia.

Lymphatic System (Immune System)

• Parts of the system: Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen

• Function: filters blood, produce white blood cells (lymphocytes) that destroy bacteria and viruses, and destroy worn out blood cells.

• Antibodies are proteins produced by B-Cells that identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.

• Diseases: AIDS ( HIV virus attacks T-cells which are a type of lymphocyte that helps the body fight infections)

Endocrine System• This system uses hormones, chemicals

that are made in tissues called glands found throughout the body, control and regulate your body.–Thyroid gland – controls the rate that

food is turned into energy.–Pituitary gland – controls other glands

and body growth.–Pineal gland – produces melatonin, a

hormone that functions as a body clock regulating sleep and wake patterns.

–Parathyroid gland – controls the amount of calcium in your blood.

–Adrenal gland – effects the kidneys and helps you when you are excited, angry or frighten.

–Thymus – helps the body’s immune system.

–Pancreas – controls the body’s use of glucose.

• Why are my body systems like a set of dominos?