Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems

2011-20122011-2012

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

• HomeostasisHomeostasis refers to a balance refers to a balance or equilibrium state in the body or equilibrium state in the body “biological balance”“biological balance”– Body Temperature Body Temperature

(sweating/shivering)(sweating/shivering)– Thirst when dehydratedThirst when dehydrated– Hormone LevelsHormone Levels

Tissues

Cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organisms

Tissues

• There are four main types of tissues in the human body:– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

• Covers and protects underlying tissues

• Examples:– Skin– Covering of most

organs

Connective Tissue

• Joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs

• Examples:– Loose connective– Dense connective

• Tendons• ligaments

– Blood– Bone– Adipose (fat)– Cartilage

Muscle Tissue

• Contract and relax to produce movement

• Examples:– Smooth

• intestines

– Skeletal• Attached to bones

– Cardiac• heart

Nervous Tissue

• Sends signals throughout the body

• Examples:– Brain– nerves

The Body Systems

Integumentary System

Tissue Types- Epithelial - Connective (to attach

skin to unlying muscle)

Organs- Skin- Hair- Nails- Sweat Glands- Sebaceous Glands

(oil)

Integumentary Functions

• Maintains Homeostasis (regulate body temperature)

• Provides protection for internal body

• Prevents water loss• Produces Vitamin D

Skeletal System

Tissue Types- Connective Tissue

- Bone- Cartilage- Loose connective- Dense connective- Blood

Organs- Bone

- Spongy- Compact

Skeletal Functions • Protection for some

internal organs– Heart, lungs, brain

• Forms blood cells• Body shape and

Movement• Stores important

minerals – Calcium, Phosphates

Skeletal Functions• Cartilage is soft,

flexible tissue. Some cartilage forms bone

• Ligaments are strong elastic bands that connect bone to bone

• Joints are where two bones connects

Muscular System

Tissue Types- Connective

- Loose connective

- Muscle- tendons

Organs- Smooth- Skeletal- Cardiac

Muscle Functions

• Smooth– Found in digestive tract and line many

organs– Have one central nucleus– Involuntary (controlled unconsciously)

• Skeletal– Attach to bones to allow movement– Have multiple nuclei– Voluntary (controlled consciously)

• Cardiac– Found only in the heart– Involuntary

Cardiovascular System

Tissue Types- Connective

- blood

- Muscle- Cardiac

- Epithelial- Covering of organs

Organs- Heart- Blood Vessels

- Arteries- Veins- Capillaries

Cardiovascular FunctionsHeart

• Pumps blood through the blood vessels

• Has four chambers

Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood

• Platelets– aid in clotting

• Leukocytes (white blood cells)

– Fight pathogens and produce antibodies

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

– Carry oxygen

• Plasma– Fluid component

Cardiovascular FunctionsBlood Vessels

• Arteries– Carry oxygenated (O2) blood

away from the heart

• Veins– Carry deoxygenated (CO2)

blood to the heart

• Capillaries– Tiny blood vessels that

connect arteries and veins and exchange O2/CO2 in tissues

Lymphatic System

Tissue Types- Connective

- Blood

- Epithelial- Glands- Organ coverings

Organs- Spleen- Liver- Tonsils- Thymus- Appendix- Bone Marrow- Lymph node

Lymphatic Functions

• Collects excess fluid, filters Collects excess fluid, filters it, and returns it to the bloodit, and returns it to the blood

• Lymph nodesLymph nodes: trap and : trap and filter pathogens and dead filter pathogens and dead cells cells

• ThymusThymus: located above the : located above the heart and releases white heart and releases white blood cellsblood cells

• SpleenSpleen: largest lymph : largest lymph node, located in abdomennode, located in abdomen

Respiratory System

Tissue Types- Connective

- Cartilage- Bone

- Epithelial- Organ coverings

- Muscle- Skeletal

Organs- Lungs- Pharynx- Larynx- Trachea- Diaphragm

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Digestive System

Tissue Types- Muscle

- smooth- Epithelial

- Organ coverings

Organs- Mouth - Pharynx- Esophagus- Stomach- Small intestine- Large intestine (colon)- Rectum• Liver• Pancreas• Gall bladder

Digestive System Functions

Digestive System Functions

• Mouth- both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva) digestion occurs

• Stomach- muscular organ that churns food and mixes it with enzymes

• Small intestine- where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

• Large intestine- water absorption and preparation for removal of waste

Digestive System FunctionsAccessory Organs

• Liver- makes bile to breakdown toxins, metabolizes fats, makes cholesterol

• Pancreas- secretes enzymes to breakdown glucose

• Gallbladder- stores and secretes bile to digest fats

Urinary System

Tissue Types- Connective- Epithelial

- Organ coverings- bladder

- Muscle- Smooth muscle

Organs- Kidneys- Ureters- Bladder- Urethra

Urinary System Functions

• Removes waste and excretes foreign substance such as drugs (prescription and other)

• Filters blood• Forms urine

Nervous System

Tissue Types- Nervous

Organs- Central Nervous

- Brain- Spinal Cord

- Peripheral Nervous- All extended nerves

Nervous System Functions

• Detects changes in the body

• Makes decisions based on information it receives

• Stimulates muscles and glands

Nervous System FunctionsThe nerve cell

• Axon sends the signal/impulse

• Dendrites receive the signal/impulse

• Synapse a space between the the axon and dendrite where impulses are transmitted

Endocrine System

Tissue Types- Epithelial

- glands

Organs- Pituitary Gland- Thyroid Gland- Thymus- Kidneys- Adrenal Glands- Pancreas- Ovaries (female)- Testes (male)

Endocrine System Functions

• Vital part of maintaining homeostasis

• Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine System FunctionsThe Glands

• Hormones- chemicals that trigger a body response

• Gland- secrete the hormone• Pituitary Gland- the “master gland” controls

all other glands• Adrenal Glands- adrenalin• Thyroid- controls metabolism• Pancreas- controls blood sugar levels• Ovaries/Testes- reproductive hormones