human behavior1

7/31/2019 Human Behavior1

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QUEST INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY PERAKFaculty of Business, Management, and

Social Sciences

Humanbehavior


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Brain to thinks, calculate, feels and control motivationDisease

Neurogenesis diseases e.g. Huntingtons disease and musculardystrophy

Developmental disorders e.g. cerebral palsy

Degenerative diseases e.g. Parkinsons disease and Alzheimersdisease

cerebrovascular diseases e.g. stroke and vascular dementia

Trauma e.g. Spinal cord and head injury

Convulsive disorders e.g. epilepsy

Infectious diseases e.g. AIDS dementia and

Brain tumours


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Topic

*attempt to discuss about the most

important technologies

*advantages and disadvantages


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*Magnetic Reasoning Imaging

*1980s

*Alzheimers, strokes,meningitis, and brain tumours

*uses magnetic and radiowaves -radiation

*Cost min RM1600 max RM7500

MRI


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scanning the brain and spinal cord. used to scan Chest Abdomen blood vessel bones. helps to diagnose various medical conditions and diseases detects any abnormalities such as Tumours Infection injury bleeding diseases of the blood vesselsAn MRI scan may also be performed to examine a problem that has been

detected in an x-ray, CT scan or ultrasound scan.

* MRI used for


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Advantages Disadvantages Not painful No radiation Can repeat Diagnosing stroke in earliest

stage Ability image in any place Can create axial image

People with pacemaker cannot

have MRI Mobility obese cannot fit Claustrophobic patients cannot

usually use MRI Tremendous noise Risk for 12 months pregnancy Hold till for long periods takes

20-90 minutes

Orthopaedic hardware cancause severe distortions on the

images are very expensive

MRI


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PET/CT

Position Emission Tomography

* - measuring and detecting cancerous growths and tumours inthe brain

Computerized Tomography

* - tumours and abnormalities

By combining the two images (the PET scan and CT scan) a doctorreceives an even fuller and more complete picture

Stroke brain by CT

scanPET machine

What is PET/CT?


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What are PET scans used for?

Currently, PET scans are most commonly used todetect:- cancer- heart problems- brain disorders- central nervous system disorders

* About PET scan


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Is the PET scan painful?- radioactive substance is inserted into your vein you

will feel temporary pain.There shouldn't be any pain during the actual PETscan.What other tests are combined with a PET scan?PET scan is often combined with other imaging tests,

such as CT scan and MRI.The combination of the tests improves the clarity ofthe images and makes it easier for the physician tointerpret the results.

* Is it the PET scan painful?


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o Duration of procedure/surgery:The test takes between 1.5 to 2 hours to complete.

o

Days admitted:PET scan is done on an outpatient basis. No hospitalizationis required.

o Risks:A radioactive substance is used during a PET scan, but theamount of radiation that you are exposed to is low and is

not considered dangerous

Cost is between RM 3000-RM6000 However, for pregnant woman and for woman who are

breastfeeding, the radioactive material might beharmful

* Duration


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Advantages Disadvantages

The exam is painless and safe.

Provides earlier detection ofrecurrent cancer.

Tells the difference between non-malignant (benign) and malignant

tumours.Reduces invasive procedures andmultiple tests.

Avoids unnecessary surgery.

Accurately assesses the location andstage of the malignant disease.

Locates previously unknownmetastases.

Reduces the time to diagnosis andleads to earlier treatment.

Explode to radioactive

Pregnant women unsuitable

cost expensive

hard to detect small abnormalities

discomfort

PET/CT


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EEG

*Electroencephalography

*is a tool for measuringelectrical activitygenerated in the brain

*for exploring neutralactivity and brainfunctioning

*People with epilepsy will

often have abnormalelectrical activity seen onthis test.

*need to wear an EEGrecorder for days or

weeks while you go aboutour ever da life

A subject wearing an EEG cap fitted with

128 electrodes.


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EEG readings at various levels of

alertness.

close their eyes and relax Brain waves have been categorized into four basic groups

BRAINWAVES


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According to R. Bickford [8] research and clinicalapplications of the EEG in humans and animals are

used to:

(1) monitor alertness, coma and brain death;

(2) locate areas of damage following head injury, stroke,tumour,

(3) test afferent pathways (by evoked potentials)

(4) monitor cognitive engagement (alpha rhythm)

(5) produce biofeedback situations, alpha, etc.

(6) control anaesthesia depth (servo anaesthesia)

(7) investigate epilepsy and locate seizure origin;

(8) test epilepsy drug effects

(9) assist in experimental cortical excision of epileptic focus(10) monitor human and animal brain development

(11) test drugs for convulsive effects

(12) investigate sleep disorder and physiology


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Advantages Disadvantages

painless accurately detect brain activity-

brain waves inexpensive

poor spatial resolution have to take long time

EEG


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CONCLUSION

The most sensitive scanning process wasthe PET/CT

MRI and EEG were equally sensitive

MRI 3 times more expensive than EEG


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PREPARED BY:

BALA

MALATHI

VIJAY

human behavior1

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