human anatomy and physiology renal function. functions regulation of water and electrolytes maintain...
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Renal function
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Functions Regulation of water and electrolytes Maintain plasma volume Acid-base balance Eliminate metabolic wastes Hormone secretion
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Kidney anatomy
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Anatomy Functional unit is the nephron Components
Glomerulus Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Common Collecting duct
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Nephron anatomy
•Nephron types• Juxtamedullary• Cortical
•Peritubular capillaries• Vasa recta
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Renal processes Filtration
Water and solutes Protein (Not filtered)
Blood cells (No filtered)
Filtration based onsize and charge
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Glomerular Filtration
Size barrier
Size barrier
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Glomerular Filtration
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Renal processes Reabsorption
99% of water & solutes Passive - water Active - sodium Proximal tubule (65%)
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Reabsorption at cell level
Sodium moves passively across the apical membrane and actively into the plasma
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Renal processes
Secretion Water and solutes (1%)
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Secretion at cell level
Potassium is transported actively into the cell and passively into the tubular lumen
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Urine formation
• Volume of fluid into kidneys per day 1,640 L• Volume filtered into the glomeruli per day 180 L• Volume of fluid excreted/day ~ 1.5L• Hence 180 - 178.5 L = amount reabsorbed (~99%)
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Blood supply GFR will depend on blood supply Blood pressure drop in the glomeruli
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Glomerular filtration
Total amount of filtrate formed per minute Influenced by:
Filtration surface area Filtration membrane permeability Net filtration pressure
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Glomerular filtration Measured by a marker Characteristics
Freely filtered by the glomerulus Not reabsorbed or secreted Must not alter GFR
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Glomerular filtration Inulin Renal clearance GFR x P(In) = U(In) x V
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Regulation of GFR 3 mechanisms
Renal autoregulation Neural control Renin-angiotension system
(JG apparatus)
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JG apparatus
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Regulation of GFR
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Countercurrent multiplication
65%
5%
14%
15%
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Urea
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Urine concentration
Vasopressin: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Posterior pituitary,
increases the number of aquaporin water channels in the CD
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Vasa recta Osmotic gradient
not washed out Blood supply
sluggish Medulla blood
flow is 2% of that to the kidneys
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Urine concentration
The urine to plasma osmolality ratio [U]/[P] Plasma osmolality from 285 - 295 mOsm Example: [urine] = 1,200 mOsm,
ratio = 4.0
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Urine dilution
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Urine dilution
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Atrium of the heart, decreases Na+ and water reabsorption
ADH/ANP
ADH/ANP
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Diuretics
Action of Diuretics- Alcohol: inhibits ADH- Caffeine: promotes renal vasodilation, increasing GFR- Drugs: any that inhibit sodium reabsorption
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Micturition
Mechanism of action Contraction of detrusor muscle Relaxation of sphincters