human anatomy and physiology 运动系统/肌肉骨骼系统...

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运动系统/肌肉骨骼系统Locomotor

system/musculoskeletal system

人体结构与功能学

Human Anatomy and Physiology

• 骨学• Osteology

• 关节学• Arthrology

• 肌学• Skeletal muscle

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Skeletal Muscle

Tissue

骨骼肌

陈晓

[email protected]

浙江大学医学院干细胞与组织工程中心

临床医学、运动医学博士

人体结构与功能学

Human Anatomy and Physiology

• 人类所有改造世界、改造自己的意

识活动都需要通过骨骼肌运动实现

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骨骼肌常见疾病: 难以治疗

• 肌肉创伤: 肌肉损伤、肌腱损伤

（刘翔，肩周炎），一半以上的

肌肉骨骼系统创伤

• 肌肉衰老：老年性变化的主要特

征之一，易摔倒导致骨折及其他

损伤

骨骼肌常见疾病: 难以治疗

• 神经原性肌萎缩（霍金，肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症）

• 常见肌病：重症肌无力、进行性肌营养不良、周期性瘫痪– 肌肉萎缩

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课程设置--骨骼肌理论课程内容，2.5学时

• 课程目标：

– 能分析大关节运动时肌肉力学模式

– 从肌肉、肌腱组织结构分析损伤时修复的策略

• 总论：人体的重要骨骼肌分布、分类和生物力学模型。

• 一、肌肉的构造与各部分的功能：肌腹、肌腱、神经血管，筋膜

• 二、肌肉的组织成分与功能：细胞（肌肉细胞/肌纤维、卫星细胞、

间质干细胞、血管内皮细胞，肌腱细胞，肌腱干细胞）、细胞外基质

（胶原，多糖，糖蛋白）。

• 三、肌肉的收缩机制和功能

• 四、肌肉营养、生长、维持和愈合过程。

课程设置--骨骼肌课程内容

• 总论：人体的重要骨骼肌分布、分类和生物力学模型。

• 一、肌肉的构造与各部分的功能：肌腹、肌腱、神经

血管，筋膜

• 二、肌肉的组织成分与功能：细胞（肌肉细胞/肌纤维、

卫星细胞、间质干细胞、血管内皮细胞，肌腱细胞，肌

腱干细胞）、细胞外基质（胶原，多糖，糖蛋白）。

• 三、肌肉的收缩机制和功能

• 四、肌肉营养、生长、维持和愈合过程。

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思考题-课堂提问、周测及应用• 周测：学习完后可应用知识分析日常生活、临床损伤（1，2，

3）及研究（4）（简答题100字左右描述，也可自由发挥，有

不理解处请提问）

– 若想拥有施瓦辛格式的胸肌，请从相关肌肉及关节的类型、功能做出肌肉

运动的力学模型及实际动作。（从人体主要肌群的功能解释肌肉针对性训

练的动作，选一：股四头肌，胸大肌，肱二头肌等）

– 从肌肉-骨形成的力学杠杆特性简述各种关节的运动特征（选一）：力学

强度、运动速度，灵活性及从关节所受力学分析其易损伤程度（肩，肘、

膝，踝关节）。

– 根据弯腰时背部肌肉收缩对椎间盘的压力模式，估计竖脊肌收缩时椎间盘

所受的压力（特别是搬重物，坐车时颠簸等等常见不正确姿势），如何避

免生活中椎间盘急性及慢性损伤。（上两题为包括关节学内容，关节课程

有讨论，主要为服务于是生活，可只回答肌肉-关节力学杠杆模式）。

– 简述肌肉、肌腱组织干细胞种类，并简要分析及在损伤修复过程中应用

Pandect—muscle system

• 1/3 OF HUMAN BODY

• Skeletal 骨骼肌

– only voluntary muscle

tissue （自主运动）

– Striated 横纹肌

• Heart 心肌

– Involuntary

– Striated

• Smooth 平滑肌

– Involuntary

– Non-Striated

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Pandect—skeletal muscle system

• properties – Contractible

– Extensible

– Excitable

• Function –Action of body: Powerful contraction (100W/Kg)

–Joint stabilization

–Heat

Do you know the magic power of your muscles?

Cherish your health and bodies!!

衰老导致肌力、协调力下降是摔倒主因：do exercise to

delay aging!!! How and why you can anti-aging???

人类不借外力和杠杆作用所

能移动的最大重量：

正常成年人肌肉的力量：

1.Jonas Rantanen深蹲575公斤

2.Donnie Thompson深蹲573公斤

3 Vladislav Alhazov深蹲567公斤

4 Mike Miller深蹲553公斤

腿举1870公斤（德国

大力士Hermann

Gorner）

40N/cm2 ，10-20t/ person

why don’t you know you are so

strong ?？

Jeff Lewis

台式腿举37.15吨？

How about you ,…..100kg?

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Pandect—classify of skeletal muscle type

Size: vastus (huge); maximus (large); longus (long); minimus (small); brevis

(short).

Shape: deltoid (triangular三角肌); rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and

parallel sides); latissimus (wide); teres (round); trapezius (斜方肌like a trapezoid,

a four-sided figure with two sides parallel).

Direction of fibers: rectus (straight); transverse (across); oblique (diagonally);

orbicularis (circular).

Location: pectoralis (chest); gluteus (buttock or rump臀肌); brachii (arm); supra-

(above); infra- (below); sub- (under or beneath); lateralis (lateral).

Number of origins: biceps (two heads); triceps (three heads); quadriceps (four

heads).

Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum and clavicle,

insertion on the mastoid process胸锁乳突肌); brachioradialis (origin on the

brachium or arm, insertion on the radius肱桡肌).

Action: abductor (to abduct a structure展肌); adductor (to adduct a structure);

flexor (to flex a structure); extensor (to extend a structure); levator (to lift or

elevate a structure); masseter (a chewer).

Pandect—morphological skeletal muscle type

Some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow.

In some muscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the

muscle; in some they converge to a narrow attachment; and

in some they are oblique：请举例

短肌

长肌

轮匝肌

阔肌二腹肌

羽状肌

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Pandect— skeletal muscle mechanical model

Force by muscle

contractionTypical skeletal muscle

structure

Muscle

Muscle-tendon junction

Tendon

Tendon –bone junction

从重要关节分析重要肌肉的分布及功能

shoulder joint

肩关节：

pectoralis major胸

大肌，三角肌，

斜方肌，背阔肌，

肩袖相关肌肉

Elbow肘关节：

肱二头肌biceps brachii ，

肱三头肌，前臂群

髋、膝、踝关

节：臀大肌、

内收肌群，股

四头肌

quadriceps

femoris、小

腿三头肌，

（伸肌群）

脊柱：竖脊肌

erector spinae

（视频资料均来自互联网，30m）

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Pandect—skeletal muscle mechanical model

muscle lever system First class lever: elbow（肘关节）

动力点、阻力点分别在支点的两边

Pandect—skeletal muscle mechanical model

Third class lever: elbow

（肘关节）

费力杠杆

Second class lever: ankle joint（踝

关节）

省力杠杆

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肌肉的结构与功能

From single molecular to muscle tissue

Structure of muscle : from whole muscles to myofilaments

Ultra- structure:

myosin

Macro- structure:

Muscle tissue, nerve,

vascular etc.

Micro- structure

Muscle cells, blood,

ECM

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Structure of muscle tissue

• A whole skeletal muscle is considered an organ of the muscular system：肌肉结构相关视频（视频资料均来自互联网）– skeletal muscle tissue：肌腹

– nerve tissue

– connective tissue

– blood or vascular tissue.

肌内膜

肌腱

肌外膜

筋膜

肌纤维

肌束膜

Function of muscle tissue

– Contract to create force: 肌纤维收缩视频

– Move body

– Stable body

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Structure and Function of Nerve tissue• Nerve tissue: Neuromuscular

spindle, neuromuscular junction

• Neuromuscular spindle肌梭– 1mmX 0.05-13mm

– Essential for controlling muscle

contraction

– proprioceptive information

http://baike.baidu.com/picview/821152/821152/0/574e9258d109b3deb341a6d

8ccbf6c81810a4c87.html#albumindex=0&picindex=0

Structure and Function of Nerve tissue: neuromuscular junction

• neuromuscular junction神经肌肉接

头，终板

– 神经肌肉信号传递视频

– Terminals of motor neurons

– Release neurotransmitter to

control muscle contraction

– Nutrition

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Function of nerve tissue on muscle determination: Innervate muscles

• 营养性作用

– 切断运动神经后，肌肉因失去神经的营养性作用而出现萎缩

– 将支配慢肌和支配快肌的神经分别切断，然后将支配快肌的中枢端与支

配慢肌的神经的外周缝合，待神经再生后，慢肌就可转变成快肌。

• Question: 如何延缓肌肉衰老？

– “机体自己并不知道如何保持肌肉的修复功能。80岁的男性平均损失

40%的肌肉重量，上了年纪的人容易摔倒或骨折并因此住院治疗。在医

院他们又会失去更多的肌肉力量，而且不会再恢复。”

–

50m

Structure and Function of Nerve tissue

• Golgi tendon organs:

– 500X100um

– Losser collagen fibers

– Larger fibroblasts

– Near MTJ(肌肉-肌腱连接)

– Activated by stretch of the tendon

– Providing proprioceptive information(本体感

觉,位置)

– Very sensitive (much higher than muscles)

– No one knows its function on tendon

regeneration and development

• Question : what is your opinion on Golgi

tendon organs regeneration?

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Blood supply of muscle

• Abundant

• Generally, an artery and at least

one vein accompany each nerve

that penetrates the epimysium

of a skeletal muscle.

• Branches of the nerve and

blood vessels follow the

connective tissue components

of the muscle of a nerve cell

and with one or more minute

blood vessels called capillaries

Blood supply of muscle

• Classification of blood supply

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Supplementary structures

1. Fascia

Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

Intermuscular septa 肌间隔

Reti naculum 支持带

Osseofascial compartment

骨筋膜鞘

2. Tendinous sheath 腱鞘

3. Synovial bursa 滑液囊

4. Sesamoid bones 籽骨

Common flexor

sheath

Teninous sheath 腱鞘腱鞘腱鞘腱鞘

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Connective tissue： Tendon

• Tendon：

– Dense fibrous connective tissue

– Connect muscle to bone

– Transmit the forces when movement

– Heterogeneous fibril diameter and

crimp pattern

• Structure

– collagen molecules

• Cells

– tendon cells (tenocytes)

– chondrocytes

– synovial cells

– vascular cells

• smooth muscle cells

• capillary endothelial cells

2014年2月28日星期五4时35

分43秒3131Structure of collagen

肌的分群

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肌的分部肌的分部肌的分部肌的分部

1.头颈肌头颈肌头颈肌

头颈肌

头肌

头肌头肌

头肌

颈肌

颈肌颈肌

颈肌

2.躯干肌躯干肌躯干肌

躯干肌

胸肌

胸肌胸肌

胸肌

膈肌

膈肌膈肌

膈肌

腹肌

腹肌腹肌

腹肌

3.四肢肌四肢肌四肢肌

四肢肌

上肢肌

上肢肌上肢肌

上肢肌

下肢肌

下肢肌下肢肌

下肢肌

肌的分部肌的分部肌的分部肌的分部

1.头颈肌头颈肌头颈肌

头颈肌

头肌

头肌头肌

头肌

颈肌

颈肌颈肌

颈肌

2.躯干肌躯干肌躯干肌

躯干肌

胸肌

胸肌胸肌

胸肌

膈肌

膈肌膈肌

膈肌

腹肌

腹肌腹肌

腹肌

3.四肢肌四肢肌四肢肌

四肢肌

上肢肌

上肢肌上肢肌

上肢肌

下肢肌

下肢肌下肢肌

下肢肌

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Muscles of head 头肌

• Craniofacial muscles 颅面肌

Epicranius 颅顶肌

Orbicularis oculi

Muscles around mouth

• Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌

Masseter 咬肌

Temporalis 颞肌

Medial pteryoid 翼内肌

Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌

• Craniofacial muscles 颅面肌

Epicranius

颅顶肌

Orbicularis oculi

眼轮匝肌

Muscles around mouth

口周围肌

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• Masticatory muscles

咀嚼肌

1. Masseter 咬肌

2. Temporalis 颞肌

3. Medial pteryoid 翼内肌

4. Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌

1

2

3

4

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Muscles of neck 颈肌

• Superficial cervical muscles 颈浅层肌

• Suprahyoid muscles 舌骨上肌群

• Infrabyoid muscles 舌骨下肌群

• Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群

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Superficial cervical muscles 颈浅层肌颈浅层肌颈浅层肌

颈浅层肌

1.Platysma

颈阔肌颈阔肌颈阔肌颈阔肌

2.Sternocleidomastoid

胸锁乳突肌胸锁乳突肌胸锁乳突肌胸锁乳突肌

1

2

Suprahyoid muscles 舌骨上肌群舌骨上肌群舌骨上肌群

舌骨上肌群

1. Digastric 二腹肌二腹肌二腹肌二腹肌

2. Mylohyoid 下颌舌骨肌下颌舌骨肌下颌舌骨肌下颌舌骨肌

3. Stylohyoid 茎突舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌

4. Geniohyoid 颏舌骨肌颏舌骨肌颏舌骨肌颏舌骨肌

12

3

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Infrabyoid muscles 舌骨下肌群舌骨下肌群舌骨下肌群

舌骨下肌群

1. Sternohyoid 胸骨舌骨肌胸骨舌骨肌胸骨舌骨肌胸骨舌骨肌

2. Sternothyroid 胸骨甲状肌胸骨甲状肌胸骨甲状肌胸骨甲状肌

3. Thyrohyoid 甲状舌骨肌甲状舌骨肌甲状舌骨肌甲状舌骨肌

4. Omohyoid 肩胛舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌

1 2

3

4

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Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群颈深肌群颈深肌群

颈深肌群

Anterior group

Longus colli 颈长肌颈长肌颈长肌颈长肌

Lateral group

1.Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌前斜角肌前斜角肌前斜角肌

2.Scalenus medius 中斜角肌中斜角肌中斜角肌中斜角肌

3.Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌后斜角肌后斜角肌后斜角肌

Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙斜角肌间隙斜角肌间隙斜角肌间隙

1

2

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Deep cervical muscles 颈深肌群颈深肌群颈深肌群

颈深肌群

Anterior group

Longus colli 颈长肌颈长肌颈长肌颈长肌

Lateral group

1.Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌前斜角肌前斜角肌前斜角肌

2.Scalenus medius 中斜角肌中斜角肌中斜角肌中斜角肌

3.Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌后斜角肌后斜角肌后斜角肌


1

2


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Muscles of trunk 躯干肌

• Muscles of back 背肌

• Muscles of thorax 胸肌

• Diaphragm 膈

• Muscles of abdomen 腹肌

1. Trapezius 斜方肌

2. Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌

3. Levator scapulae 肩胛提肌

4. Rhomboideus 菱形肌

5. Erector spinae竖脊肌

6. Splenius 夹肌

※

※※

※ Thoracolumbar fascia

胸腰筋膜

胸腰筋膜胸腰筋膜

胸腰筋膜

Muscles of back 背肌

11

22

33

44

55 55

66

※

※※

※

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Thoracico-upper-limb muscles

胸上肢肌

胸上肢肌胸上肢肌

胸上肢肌

1. pectralis major 胸大肌胸大肌胸大肌

胸大肌

2. pectoralis minor 胸小肌胸小肌胸小肌

胸小肌

3. serratus anterior 前锯肌前锯肌前锯肌

前锯肌

Muscles of thorax 胸肌胸肌胸肌

胸肌

Thoracico-intrinsic muscles

胸固有肌

胸固有肌胸固有肌

胸固有肌:

1. Intercostales externi 肋间外肌肋间外肌肋间外肌

肋间外肌

2. Intercostales interni 肋间内肌肋间内肌肋间内肌

肋间内肌

3. Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌肋间最内肌肋间最内肌

肋间最内肌

11 22

33

44

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� Location

� Dome-shape, central tendon

� Three parts:

Sternal part 胸骨部

Costal part 肋部

Lumbar part 腰部

� Three hiatus:

Aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔

Wsophageal hiatus 食管裂孔

Vena caval foramen 腔静脉孔

� Two triangle

Lumbocostal triangle 腰肋三角

Sternocostal triangle 胸肋三角

� Actions

Diaphragm 膈膈膈

膈

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Anteriolateral group

� Obliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌

� Obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌

� Transversus abdominis 腹横肌

� Rectus abdominis 腹直肌

Posterior group

� Psoas major 腰大肌

� Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌

※※※※ Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘腹直肌鞘腹直肌鞘腹直肌鞘

Linea alba 白线白线白线白线

Inguinal canal 腹股沟管腹股沟管腹股沟管腹股沟管

Inguinal triangle 腹股沟三角腹股沟三角腹股沟三角腹股沟三角

Muscles of abdomen 腹肌

Abliguus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌


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Obliguus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌


Transversus abdominis腹横肌


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Rectus abdominis腹直肌


Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌

Psoas major 腰大肌

Posterior group

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Sheath of rectus abdominis 腹直肌鞘

Linea alba 白线

Inguinal canal 腹股沟管

※※※※简述腹股沟管的位置简述腹股沟管的位置简述腹股沟管的位置简述腹股沟管的位置、、、、形态形态形态形态（（（（四壁两口四壁两口四壁两口

四壁两口））））及通过内容及通过内容及通过内容及通过内容。。。。

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Muscles of upper limb 上肢肌

• Muscles of scapula 肩带肌

• Muscles of arm 臂肌

• Muscles of forearm 前臂肌

• Muscles of hand 手肌

1.Deltoid 三角肌三角肌三角肌

三角肌

2.Supraspinatus 冈上肌冈上肌冈上肌

冈上肌

3. Infraspinatus 冈下肌冈下肌冈下肌

冈下肌

• Muscles of scapula 肩带肌

4. Teres minor 小圆肌小圆肌小圆肌

小圆肌

5. Teres major 大圆肌大圆肌大圆肌

大圆肌

6. Sudscapularis 肩胛下肌肩胛下肌肩胛下肌

肩胛下肌

1

2

3 4

5

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Anterior group� Biceps brachii 肱二头肌� Brachialis 肱肌� Coracobrachialis 喙肱肌

Muscles of arm 臂肌臂肌臂肌臂肌

1

2

3

1

1

Posterior groupTriceps brachii 肱三头肌

Muscles of arm 臂肌臂肌臂肌臂肌

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The anterior groups can be divided into four layers:The superficial layer:

1. Brachioradialis 肱桡肌

2. Pronator teres 旋前圆肌

3. Flexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌

4. Palmaris longus 掌长肌

5. Flexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌

The second layer

6. Flexor digitorum superficialis 指浅屈肌

The third layer

7. Flexor pollicis superficialis 拇长屈肌

8. Flexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌

The fourth layer

9. Pronator quadratus 旋前方肌

Muscles of forearm 前臂肌前臂肌前臂肌前臂肌

They consist of anterior and posterior groups.

1 2

34

56

78

9

Superficial layer:1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸

肌

2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸

肌

3. Extensor digitorum 指伸肌

4. Extensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌

5. Extensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕伸肌

Deep layer:1. Supinator 旋后肌

2. Abductor pollicis longus 拇长展肌

3. Extensor pollicis brevis 拇短伸肌

4. Extensor pollicis longus 拇长伸肌

5. Extensor indicis 示指伸肌

Muscles of forearm 前臂肌前臂肌前臂肌前臂肌

The posterior groups can be divided into two layers:

1

2

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5

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7

8

9

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Lateral Group 外侧群(大鱼际)

1. Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌

2. Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌

3. Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌

4. Abductor pollicis 拇收肌

Medial Group 内侧群(小鱼际)

1. Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌

2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈肌

3. Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌

Intermediate Group 中间群

1. Lumbricales 蚓状肌

2. Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌

3. Dorsal interossei 骨间背侧肌

Muscles of hand 手肌手肌手肌手肌

11

225566

88

Muscles of hand 手肌手肌手肌手肌

Lateral Group 外侧群外侧群外侧群

外侧群(大鱼际大鱼际大鱼际

大鱼际)

1. Abductor pollicis brevis 拇短展肌拇短展肌拇短展肌

拇短展肌

2. Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌拇短屈肌拇短屈肌

拇短屈肌

3. Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌拇对掌肌拇对掌肌

拇对掌肌

4. Abductor pollicis 拇收肌拇收肌拇收肌

拇收肌

Medial Group 内侧群内侧群内侧群

内侧群(小鱼际小鱼际小鱼际

小鱼际)

1. Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌小指展肌小指展肌

小指展肌

2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis 小指短屈小指短屈小指短屈

小指短屈

肌

肌肌

肌

3. Opponens digiti minimi 小指对掌肌小指对掌肌小指对掌肌

小指对掌肌

Intermediate Group 中间群中间群中间群

中间群

1. Lumbricales 蚓状肌蚓状肌蚓状肌

蚓状肌

2. Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌骨间掌侧肌骨间掌侧肌

骨间掌侧肌

3. Dorsal interossei 骨间背侧肌骨间背侧肌骨间背侧肌

骨间背侧肌

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• Muscles of hip 髋肌

• Muscles of thigh 大腿肌

• Muscles of leg 小腿肌

• Muscles of foot 足肌

Muscles of lower limb 下肢肌

Muscles of hip (pelvic girdle) 髋肌髋肌髋肌髋肌

Anterior group

1. Iliopsoas 髂腰肌髂腰肌髂腰肌

髂腰肌

2. tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌阔筋膜张肌阔筋膜张肌

阔筋膜张肌

1.1.

2.2.

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Muscles of hip (pelvic girdle) 髋肌髋肌髋肌髋肌

Anterior group

1. Iliopsoas 髂腰肌髂腰肌髂腰肌

髂腰肌

2. tensor fasciae latae 阔筋膜张肌阔筋膜张肌阔筋膜张肌

阔筋膜张肌

Posterior group

1. gluteus maximus 臀大肌臀大肌臀大肌

臀大肌

2. gluteus medius 臀中肌臀中肌臀中肌

臀中肌

3. gluteus minimus 臀小肌臀小肌臀小肌

臀小肌

4. Piriformis 梨状肌梨状肌梨状肌

梨状肌

5. obturator internus 闭孔内肌闭孔内肌闭孔内肌

闭孔内肌

6. quadratus femoris 股方肌股方肌股方肌

股方肌

7. obturator reternus 闭孔外肌闭孔外肌闭孔外肌

闭孔外肌

33

4455

66

77

88

Anterior group

1. Sartorius 股四头肌

2. Guadriceps femoris缝匠肌

Medial group

1. Pectineus 耻骨肌

2. Adductor 长收肌

3. Gracilis 股薄肌

4. Adductor brevis 短收肌

5. Adductor magnus大收肌

Muscles of thigh 大腿肌大腿肌大腿肌大腿肌

1

2

1

3

4

5 6

3

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Anterior group

1. Sartorius 股四头肌

2. Guadriceps femoris缝匠肌

Medial group

1. Pectineus 耻骨肌

2. Adductor 长收肌

3. Gracilis 股薄肌

4. Adductor brevis 短收肌

5. Adductor magnus大收肌

Posterior group

1. Biceps femoris 股二头肌

2. Semitendinosus 半腱肌

3. Semimembranosus 半膜肌

Muscles of thigh 大腿肌大腿肌大腿肌大腿肌

89

10


11

22

33

44

55

Anterior group

1. Tibialis anterior 胫骨前肌胫骨前肌胫骨前肌

胫骨前肌

2. Extensor digitorum 趾长伸肌趾长伸肌趾长伸肌

趾长伸肌

3. Extensor hallucis longus 踇长伸肌踇长伸肌踇长伸肌

踇长伸肌

Lateral group

1. Peroneus longus 腓骨长肌腓骨长肌腓骨长肌

腓骨长肌

2. Peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌腓骨短肌腓骨短肌

腓骨短肌

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Anterior group1. Tibialis anterior 胫骨前肌

胫骨前肌胫骨前肌

胫骨前肌

2. Extensor digitorum 趾长伸肌趾长伸肌趾长伸肌

趾长伸肌

3. Extensor hallucis longus 踇长伸肌踇长伸肌踇长伸肌

踇长伸肌

Lateral group

1. Peroneus longus 腓骨长肌腓骨长肌腓骨长肌

腓骨长肌

2. Peroneus brevis 腓骨短肌腓骨短肌腓骨短肌

腓骨短肌

Posterior group

Superficial layer: Triceps 小腿三头肌小腿三头肌小腿三头肌

小腿三头肌

� Gastrocnemius 腓肠肌腓肠肌腓肠肌

腓肠肌

� Soleus 比目鱼肌比目鱼肌比目鱼肌

比目鱼肌

Deep layer

1. Popliteus 腘肌腘肌腘肌

腘肌

2. Flexor digitorum longus 趾长屈肌趾长屈肌趾长屈肌

趾长屈肌

3. Flexor hallucis longus 踇长屈肌踇长屈肌踇长屈肌

踇长屈肌

4. Tibialis posterior 胫骨后肌胫骨后肌胫骨后肌

胫骨后肌


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88

99

1010

1111

• Muscles of foot 足肌

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思考题

1. 了解骨骼肌的构造、形态、命名原则和配布规律。

2. 肌的辅助结构有哪些？

3. 分别试述上、下肢肌群的配布及其功能。

4. 试述头颈部肌的分群。

5. 试述主要的呼吸肌有哪些？

human anatomy and physiology 运动系统/肌肉骨骼系统...

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