hububat(sezgin unal

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+8%8%$77(.12/2-ø6ø Prof. Dr. S. Sezgin ÜNAL Bu kitap Prof. Dr. S. Sezgin ÜNAL’IN izni ile \D\ÕQODQPÕúWÕU 6D\ÕQ3URI'U66H]JLQh1$/¶$WHúHNNU ederiz. <h&(%$ù0$.ø1(9($1$/ø7ø.&ø+$=/$5 6$1$<øø øúoLOHUFDGGHVLQR$OVDQFDNø=0ø5

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Hububat teknolojisihttp://egegida.blogspot.com

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Page 1: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

+8%8%$7�7(.12/2-ø6øProf. Dr. S. Sezgin ÜNAL

Bu kitap Prof. Dr. S. Sezgin ÜNAL’IN izni ile\D\ÕQODQPÕúWÕU�

6D\ÕQ�3URI��'U��6��6H]JLQ�h1$/¶$�WHúHNN�Uederiz.

<h&(%$ù�0$.ø1(�9(�$1$/ø7ø.�&ø+$=/$56$1$<øø

øúoLOHU�FDGGHVL�QR�����$OVDQFDN���ø=0ø5

Page 2: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

9.1.7. içindekiler

1- Genel bilgiler

���%X÷GD\��)L]LNVHO��$QDOL]OHU�����������<DEDQFÕ��0DGGH��0LNWDUÕ��7D\LQL

2.2. +HNWROLWUH��$÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ��7D\LQL2.3. %LQ��7DQH��$÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ��6DSWDQPDVÕ2.4. 7DQH��øULOL÷L��7D\LQL2.5. &DPVÕOÕN��7D\LQL2.6. 6HUWOLN��7D\LQL���6R\PD��VD\ÕVÕ��3HDUOLQJ��,QGH[�2.7. Un Verimi Tayini

3- Kimyasal Analizler

�����5XWXEHW��0LNWDUÕ��7D\LQL�����.�O��0LNWDUÕ��7D\LQL3.3. Besinsel Lif Analizleri������������1|WUDO��'HWHUMDQ�/LI��1'/��0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL������������1|WUDO�'HWHUMDQ�/LI�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL ( α��$PLOD]�8\JXODPDVÕQGDQ�6RQUD�������������$VLW�'HWHUMDQ�/LI��$'/��0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL�����3LJPHQW�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL

4- Fizikokimyasal Analizler

�����<Dú�*OXWHQ��<Dú�g]��0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL�����.XUX�*OXWHQ�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL�����*OXWHQ�øQGH[�'H÷HUL4.4. Zeleny Sedimentasyon Testi4.5. Modifiye Sedimentasyon Testi4.6.” Berliner- Koopmann” (Öz Kabarma) Testi4.7. Pelshenke Testi�����'�úPH�VD\ÕVÕ�7D\LQL

����1LúDVWDQÕQ���0RUIRORMLN��g]HOOLNOHUL�����������1LúDVWDQÕQ�0LNURVNRSWD�øQFHOHQPHVL6- %X÷GD\��3URWHLQOHULQLQ��(OHNWURIRUHWLN��$QDOL]L

6.1. Asit Poliakrilamid Jel Elektroforez (A- PAGE)6.2. SDS- Poliakrilamid Jel Elektroforez (SDS- PAGE)

7- Hamurda Reolojik Özelliklerin Tayini

Page 3: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�����8Q�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�g]HOOLNOHUL�����+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�g]HOOLNOHU8- Unda Ekmeklik Özelliklerin Tayini

8.1. Ekmek Yapma Denemesi�����'DOLPDQQ�)RUP�O�O�QH�*|UH�(NPHN�'H÷HU�6D\ÕVÕ8.3. Ekmek Analizleri�����(NPHN�øOH�øOJLOL�+HVDSODPDODU

9- Makarna Analizleri

����������0DNDUQD�3LúLUPH�7HVWOHUL���������������6X\D�*HoHQ�0DGGH�0LNWDUÕ���������������+DFLP�$UWÕúÕ

9.1.3. Su Absorpsiyonu���������3LúLUPH�6�UHVL���������7RSODP�2UJDQLN�0DGGH�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL 9.1.6. Duyusal Testler���������.RORULPHWULN�<|QWHPOH�3LúPH�.DOLWHVL�7D\LQL

Page 4: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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*HQHWLN�|]HOOLNOHUL�EDNÕPÕQGDQ�EX÷GD\ODU�NURPR]RP�VD\ÕODUÕQD�J|UH�GLSORLG�WHWUDSORLG�YHKHN]DSORLG� EX÷GD\ODU� ROPDN� �]HUH� �o� JUXS� DOWÕQGD� WRSODQPDNWDGÕU�� )DUNOÕ� NURPR]RPVD\ÕODUÕQD�VDKLS�EX��o�JUXS��EX÷GD\ÕQ�HYULPLQGH��³SROLSORLGL�³�QLQ�URO�Q��J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�'LSORLG�� WHWUDSORLG�YH�KHN]DSORLG�EX÷GD\ODUÕQ� � IDUNOÕO÷Õ�KHU�DúDPDGD���NURPR]RPOX�ELUVHWLQ�LODYH�ROPDVÕGÕU����NURPR]RPGDQ�ROXúDQ�EX�VHW�JHQRP�DGÕQÕQ�DOÕU���GLSORLG�EX÷GD\ODU�Q �� [� �� �� WHWUDSORLG� EX÷GD\ODU� � �Q �� [� �� YH� KHN]DSORLG� EX÷GD\ODU� LVH� � � �Q �� [� �NURPR]RP� LoHUPHNWHGLU�.DSOÕFD� EX÷GD\ODUÕ� RODUDN� DQÕODQ� GLSORLG� JUXS� LoHULVLQGH� D]GDROVD� WDUÕPÕ�\DSÕODQ� WHN� W�U�7LULWLFXP�PRQRFRFFXP�GXU�7HWUDSORLG�JUXSWD�7�WXUJLGXP�YH

Page 5: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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Fiziksel kalite kriterleri:� <DEDQFÕ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ� +HNWROLWUH�D÷ÕUO÷Õ� &DPVÕOÕN� 7DQH�VHUWOL÷L� 7DQH�LULOL÷L� %LQ�WDQH�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ� Un verimi

Kimyasal kalite kriterleri� 5XWXEHW�PLNWDUÕ� .�O�PLNWDUÕ� $VLWOLN�PLNWDUÕ� 3URWHLQ�PLNWDUÕFizikokimyasal kalite kriterleri� '�úPH�VD\ÕVÕ�IDOOLQJ�QXPEHU�� <Dú�|]�YH�NXUX�|]�GH÷HUOHUL��JOXWHQ�LQGHNVL� 6HGLPDQWDVD\RQ�YH�EHNOHPHOL�VHGLPDQWDV\RQ�GH÷HUOHUL� 3HOVKHQNH��NÕUPD�IHUPDQWDV\RQ��GH÷HUL� %HUOLQHU�±NRRSPDQQ�GH÷HULReolojik kalite kriterleri� 8Q�WHVW�FLKD]Õ�)DULQRJUDP�|]HOOLNOHUL�� +DPXU�WHVW�FLKD]Õ��HNVWHQVRJUDSK�|]HOOLNOHUL�Teknolojik kalite kriterleri� Ekmek analizleri

makarna analizleri

Page 6: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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Page 7: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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Page 10: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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2.5. &DPVÕOÕN�7D\LQL%X÷GD\ÕQ�|QHPOL�IL]LNVHO�NDOLWH�NULWHUOHULQGHQ�ELULVL�GH�EX÷GD\�WDQHVL�NHVLWLQLQ�J|U�Q�ú�G�U�*HQHO�RODUDN�FDPVÕOÕN��VHUWOLN�YH�\�NVHN�SURWHLQ�LoHUL÷L�LOH�LOJLOL�NDEXO�HGLOLUNHQ��RSDNOÕN�\D�GDXQVXOX÷XQ� \XPúDNOÕN� YH� G�ú�N� SURWHLQ� LoHUL÷L� LOH� LOLúNLOL� ROGX÷X� VDQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� $QFDNFDPVÕOÕN� WDQH�VHUWOL÷LQLQ�D\QÕ� WHPHO�|]HOOLNWHQ�ND\QDNODQPDGÕ÷Õ�ELOLQPHNWHGLU��(QGRVSHUPLQÕúÕ÷Õ� NÕUPD�YH\D� JHoLUPH�|]HOOL÷L� WDQHQLQ� FDPVÕ� \D� GD� XQVX� J|U�Q�ú�QH� HVHEHS� ROPDNWDGÕU�+DYD�ERúOX÷X�LoHUPH\HQ��VÕNÕ�\DSÕOÕ�WDQHOHUGH�ÕúÕN�WDQHGHQ�NÕUÕODUDN�JHoHU��DQFDN�WHNUDU�WHNUDUNÕUÕOPD�H÷LOLPL�J|VWHUPHGL÷LQGHQ�WDQH�FDPVÕ�ELU�J|U�Q�úH�VDKLS�ROXU��%X÷GD\�WDQHVL�NXUXPDVÕUDVÕQGD� VX� ND\EHGHUNHQ�� SURWHLQ� \DSÕVÕQGD� VÕNÕúPD� YH� NRSPD� VRQXFX� KDYD� ERúOXNODUÕROXúDELOLU�� %X� GXUXPGD� HQGRVSHUP� RSDN� J|U�Q�U��&DPVÕ� WDQHOHUGH� LVH�� SURWHLQ� VÕNÕúÕU� IDNDWDUDGD� KDYD� ERúOXNODUÕ� ROXúPD]�� &DPVÕOÕN� RUDQÕ�� GXUXP� EX÷GD\ODUÕQGDQ� |QHPOL� ELU� NDOLWHNULWHUL� RODUDN� NDEXO� HGLOPHNWH� ROXS�� JHQHO� RODUDN� FDPVÕOÕN� RUDQÕ� \�NVHOGLNoH� GDKD� ID]OD� LULLUPLN�� EXQD� NDUúÕOÕN� GDKD� D]� XQ� YH� GDKD� D]� LQFH� LUPLN� HOGH� HGLOGL÷L� ELOLQPHNWHGLU�� 'XUXPEX÷GD\ODUÕQGD�� FDPVÕOÕN� RUDQÕ� JHQHO� RODUDN� |÷�WPH� YH� PDNDUQD� SLúPH� NDOLWHVL� �]HULQHHWNLOLGLU��&DPVÕOÕN�RUDQÕ��|QHPOL�PLNWDUGD�GXUXP�EX÷GD\Õ��UHWHQ�YH�W�NHWHQ��ONHOHULQ�EX÷GD\VÕQÕIODPD� VLVWHPOHULQGH� |QHPOL� ELU� \HUH� VDKLSWLU�� &DPVÕOÕN� RUDQÕ� J|]OH� EHOLUOHQGL÷LQGHQGH÷HUOHQGLUPH�VXEMHNWLI�ROXS�oHúLWOL�ODERUDWXYDUODUÕQ�VRQXoODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�IDUNOÕOÕNODU�J|U�OHELOLU�<D÷Õú�YH�GL÷HU�KDYD�NRúXOODUÕ�QHGHQL\OH�UHQN�GH÷LúWLUPLú�WDQHOHU�LOH�oHúLWOL�GHUHFHOHUGH�G|QPHJ|VWHUHQ�WDQHOHULQ�FDPVÕOÕN�RUDQÕQÕQ�EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH�ED]Õ�J�oO�NOHU�PHYFXWWXU�2.5.1. Prensip

%X÷GD\� WDQHOHULQL� RUWDODUÕQGDQ� NHVNLQ� ELU� EÕoDN� LOH� NHVHUHN�� SDUODN� YH� úHIIDI� VDUÕ� UHQNWHNL³FDPVÕ´��RSDN�YH�EH\D]�UHQNWH�RODQ�³XQVX´�YH�ELU�NÕVPÕ�FDPVÕ��ELU�NÕVPÕ�XQVX�J|U�Q�úWH�RODQ³G|QPHOL´�WDQHOHULQ���RUDQODUÕQÕ�EHOLUOH\LS��PDWHU\DOLQ�WHNQRORMLN�\DUD\ÕúOÕOÕ÷Õ�KDNNÕQGD�ELOJLedinmektir.

2.5.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler

� Grobecker kesit aleti

2.5.3. 'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ����������&DPVÕOÕN� WD\LQL� EX÷GD\� |UQHNOHULQGH� � ³*UREHFNHU´� NHVLW� DOHWL� NXOODQDUDN� \DSÕOÕU�� � %XDOHWWH� EX÷GD\ODUÕQ� \HUOHúWLULOGL÷L� �� �]HULQGH� ��� DGHW� R\XN� EXOXQDQ� ELU� DOW� OHYKD� �� EXQXQ�]HULQGH� ELU� EÕoDN� YH� EÕoD÷ÕQ� �]HULQGHGH� GHOLNOL� ELU� OHYKD� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU� �� FDPVÕOÕ÷ÕQKHVDSODQPDVÕ� LoLQ� LNL� OHYKD� DUDVÕQGD� EXOXQDQ� � EÕoDN�� NHVLFL� NÕVPÕ� Lo� NÕVPD�JHOHFHN� úHNLOGH

Page 11: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

GÕúDUÕ\D� oÕNDUÕOÕU� �'HOLNOL� �VW� OHYKH� �]HULQH� EX÷GD\� NRQXOXU� YH� EX÷GD\� � WDQHOHULQLQ� L\LFH\HUOHúPHVL�LoLQ�DOHW�HOOH�VDOODQÕU���$OHWLQ�NDSD÷Õ�NDSDWÕOÕS��VWWHQ�EDVWÕUÕODUDN�EX÷GD\ODU�NHVLOLU�.HVLOGLNWHQ� VRQUD� �VWWH� NDODQ� NÕVÕPODU� G|N�O�U� �� � hVW� OHYKD� YH� EÕoDN� DoÕOÕUDUDN� � DOW� OHYKDoÕNDUÕOÕU�YH�WDQH�NHVLWOHUL�LQFHOHQLU���%LU�NÕVPÕ�FDPVÕ�ELU�NÕVPÕ�XQVX�RODQ�WDQHOHU��³G|QPHOL�³WDQH� � RODUDN� � LVLPOHQGLULOLU� �� � &DPVÕ� �� XQVX� YH� G|QPHOL� WDQHOHU� VD\ÕOÕU� YH� VRQXoODU� � � �� LOHoDUSÕODUDN���PLNWDUODUÕ�EXOXQXU���0DNDUQDOÕN��EX÷GD\ODUGD�FDPVÕ�WDQH�RUDQÕ�����LQ��]HULQGHROPDOÕGÕU�

2.6 6HUWOLN��WD\LQL��VR\PD�VD\ÕVÕ���3HDUOLQJ�LQGH[����7DQH� VHUWOL÷L� GH� �� FDPVÕOÕN� RUDQÕ� JLEL� EX÷GD\� NDOLWHVLQL� EHOLUOH\HQ� � |QHPOL� IL]LNVHONULWHUOHUGHQGLU� �� �%LUoRN��ONHGH�EX÷GD\ODU� FDPVÕOÕN� \HULQH� VHUWOLNOHULQH� � J|UH� VÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOÕU� �%X÷GD\GD�VHUWOLN�|]HOOL÷LQLQ���JHQHWLN�|]HOOLNOHUOH�NRQWURO��HGLOHELOHQ���HQGRVSHUPGHNL�SURWHLQ�QLúDVWD� � DUDID]ÕQGD� EXOXQDQ� YH� VXGD� o|]�QHQ� ELU� SURWHLQGHQ� �IULDELOLQ�� ND\QDNODQGÕ÷ÕG�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU����)ULDELOLQ��\XPXúDN�EX÷GD\ODUGD�ROGXNoD�ID]OD���VHUW��HNPHNOLN�EX÷GD\ODUGDD]� �� PDNDUQDOÕN� EX÷GD\ODUGD� LVH� \RN� GHQHFHN� NDGDU� D]� � G�]H\GH� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU� �)ULDELOLQSURWHLQ�QLúDVWD�DUDVÕQGDNL��ED÷Õ�]D\ÕIODWPDNWD���HQGRVSHUP�WHNVW�U�Q����\XPXúDWPDNWDGÕU���%XQHGHQOH�\XPXúDN�EX÷GD\ODUGD�SURWHLQ�±�QLúDVWD����ED÷Õ���NROD\OÕNOD�D\UÕOPDNWD�YH�WDQH�oRN��D]NXYYHW�X\JXODPDVÕ\OD��H]LOHELOPHNWHGLU� Genel olarak sert tanelerin, yüksek JOXWHQ� NDOLWHVL� YH� SURWHLQ� PLNWDUÕQD� ED÷OÕ� RODUDNHNPHNOLN� NDOLWHVL� EDNÕPÕQGDQ� GD� |QHPOLGLU�� 6HUW� EX÷GD\ODUD� � WDYODPD� VÕUDVÕQGD� � \XPXúDNEX÷GD\ODUD�J|UH�GDKD�ID]OD��VX�YHULOPHVL�JHUHNLU�2.6.1.Prensip:%HOLUOL� PLNWDUGDNL� EX÷GD\� WDQHVLQLQ� ³6WURQJ� 6FRWW´� NDEXN� VR\PD� DOHWLQGH� EHOLUOL� ELU� V�UHVR\XOPDVÕ�YH�EX�V�UH�VRQXQGD�VR\XOPXú�WDQHOHULQ�D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�WHVELW�HGLOPHVL�HVDVÕQD�GD\DQÕU�

2.6.2. Gerekli alet ve malzemeler.

� “Strong scott” soyma aleti� Terazi (0.01g hassasiyette )

2.6.3. 'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�������6R\PD� � VD\ÕVÕ� DQDOL]L� LoLQ� � ��� J� EX÷GD\� |UQH÷L� �� �� GN�� 6�UH\OH� ³6WURQJ� VFRWW´� EX÷GD\VR\XFX� DOHWLQLQ� G|QHU� ]ÕPSDUD� WDVÕ� LOH� � VR\XOXU� � �� 6�UH� VRQXQGD� DúÕQDUDN� VR\XOPXú� WDQHOHUHOHQHUHN��D\UÕOÕU�YH�WDUWÕOÕU���6R\PD�VD\ÕVÕ�GH÷HUL�EX÷GD\�|UQHNOHUL�LoLQ��DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOHQ�IRUP�OLOH�KHVDSODQÕU�6R\PD�VD\ÕV\Õ �����±�VR\XOPXú�WDQH�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ���[������������������

Page 12: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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2.7. Un verimi tayini

�������%X÷GD\� NDOLWHVL� VDSWDPDGD� NXOODQÕODQ� IL]LNVHO� |Oo�POHULQ� oR÷XQXQ� � \DSÕOÕúÕ� EDVLW� YH� ELUGHUHFH\H� � � NDGDU� � EX÷GD\ÕQ� � � |÷�WPH� YH� HNPHNOLN� \HWHQH÷LQL� � EHOLUOHPHGH� \DUGÕPFÕGÕU�%X÷GD\ODUÕQ�|÷�W�OPH�|]HOOL÷L� LVH� VWDQGDUW� ODERUDWXYDU� � GH÷LUPHQOHULQGH� � GR÷UXGDQ�GR÷UX\Dbelirlenebilmektedir.

2.7.1. Gerekli alet ve malzemeler:

� Örnek bölücü� Tavlama makinesi� /DERUDWXDU� GH÷LUPHQL� � �NÕUPD� YH� |÷�WPH� YDOVOHUL� LoHUHQ� �� WHUFLKHQ� SQ|PDWLN� WDúÕPD

VLVWHPOL�ELU�GH÷LUPHQ��������%X÷GD\ÕQ�|÷�WPH\H�KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ���7HPL]OHQPLú��EX÷GD\GDQ�HQ�D]����NJ�|UQHN�DOÕQÕU���%X÷GD\ÕQ��VHUWOL÷LQH�YH�UXWXEHW��LoHUL÷LQHJ|UH�ELU�PLNWDU�VX�YHULOHUHN�WDYODQÕU���7DYODPDGD�YHULOLFHN�VX�PLNWDUÕ�úX�úHNLOGH���KHVDSODQÕU� A (R2 – R1)W= (3) (100 – R2)

����:��������øODYH�HGLOLFHN�VX�PLNWDUÕ��PO� R1�������%X÷GD\ÕQ�UXWXEHWL���� R2 : Tavlama rutubeti (%)�����$���������7DYODQDFDN�EX÷GD\�PLNWDUÕ��J�7DYODPD�LúOHPL�JHQHOOLNOH�\XPXúDN�EX÷GD\ODUGD�UXWXEHW�����±�����VHUW�EX÷GD\ODUGD�LVH���� ±� ����� RODFDN� úHNLOGH� JHUoHNOHúWLULOLU�� gUQHN�� WDYODPD� PDNLQDVÕQGD� YH\D� D÷]ÕNDSDWÕODELOHQ�ELU� NDSWD� \DNODúÕN����GDNLND�NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU��6X\XQ� WDQH� LoLQGH�KRPRMHQ�GD÷ÕOPDVÕiçin 24 saat bekletilir.

Page 13: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�������g÷�WPH%X÷GD\ÕQ� |÷�W�OPHVL� DPDFÕ\OD� JHQHOOLNOH� ODERUDWXYDU� GH÷LUPHQL� NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� %X�� �NÕUPD� YDOVL� YH� �� |÷�WPH� YDOVLQGHQ� ROXúDQ� �� SDVDMOÕ� SQ|PDWLN� WDúÕPD� VLVWHPLQH� VDKLS� ELUGH÷LUPHQGLU��9DOVOHULQ� ÕVÕQPDVÕ� LoLQ� |UQHN� |÷�W�OPHGHQ� |QFH� ELU� PLNWDU� EX÷GD\� |÷�W�O�U�%�KOHU� ODERUDWXYDU� GH÷LUPHQL� NXOODQÕOÕ\RUVD� EX÷GD\ÕQ� DNÕú� KÕ]Õ� DOHWLQ� EHVOHPH� NDEÕQGDNLYLGDOÕ� V�UJ�� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� VHUW� EX÷GD\ODUGD� ���� J� �� GDN� \XPXúDN� EX÷GD\ODUGD� LVH� ��� J�� GDNRODFDN�úHNLOGH�D\DUODQÕU��%HVOHPH�NDEÕQGDNL�EX÷GD\�ELWWLNWHQ�VRQUD�GH÷LUPHQ����±���GDNLNDGDKD� oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU�� 9DOV� \XYDODUÕ� YH� HOHNOHU� IÕUoD� LOH� WHPL]OHQGLNWHQ� VRQUD� W�P� XQ� YH� NHSHNSDVDMODUÕ�D\UÕ�D\UÕ�WDUWÕOÕU�g÷�WPH� VRQXFX� HOGH� HGLOHQ� �U�QOHULQ� PLNWDUÕQD� J|UH� XQ� YHULPL� DúD÷ÕGDNL� IRUP�OH� J|UHKHVDSODQÕU�

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Page 14: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3. .ø0<$6$/����$1$/ø=/(5���ùXEDW� ����� WDULKOL�5HVPL�*D]HWH¶GH� �� VD\Õ�� ������� \D\ÕQODQPÕú� RODQ�7�UN�*ÕGD�.RGHNV%X÷GD\� 8QX� 7HEOL÷LQGH� EX÷GD\� XQX� � ³� \DEDQFÕ� PDGGHOHUGHQ� WHPL]OHQPLú� YH� WDYODQPÕúEX÷GD\ODUÕQ�WHNQL÷LQH�X\JXQ�RODUDN�|÷�W�OPHVL� LOH�HOGH�HGLOHQ��U�Q�³�RODUDN�WDQÕPODQPÕú�YHEX÷GD\� XQODUÕ� ³� HNPHNOLN� ³� YH� ³� |]HO� DPDoOÕ� ³� ROPDN� �]HUH� LNL� JUXED� D\UÕOPÕúWÕU�� %X÷GD\XQXQXQ�|]HOOLNOHUL�LOJLOL�NRGHNVWH�YHULOPLú�ROXS��WDEOR�����GH�|]HWOHQPLúWLU�7DEOR������%X÷GD\�XQX�NLP\DVDO�|]HOOLNOHUL��$QRQ\PRXV��������.LP\DVDO�g]HOOLNOHU������������������������������������������������(NPHNOLN�8Q������������g]HO�$PDoOÕ Un (% kuru madde) Tip 550 Tip 650 Tip 850.�O�0LNWDUÕ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5XWXEHW�0LNWDUÕ��HQ�oRN�����������������������������������������������������������������������������3URWHLQ�0LNWDUÕ��HQ�D]��������������������������������������������������������������������������������Asitlik (en çok) 0.07 0.07 0.07

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%X÷GD\GDNL� UXWXEHW� LoHUL÷L�� ROXP� GHYUHVLQGHNL� LNOLP� NRúXOODUÕQD� ED÷OÕ� ROGX÷X� JLEL�� EX÷GD\NDEX÷XQXQ� KLJURVNRELN� |]HOOL÷L� QHGHQL\OH� EX÷GD\ÕQ� EXOXQGX÷X� \HULQ� ED÷ÕO� QHPLQH� J|UHGHGH÷LúLNOLN� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�� 5XWXEHW� LoHUL÷L��� ��� GHQ� ID]OD� RODQ� EX÷GD\ODUÕQ� VD÷OÕNOÕ� úHNLOGHGHSRODQPDVÕ�P�PN�Q�ROPDPDNWDGÕU�3.1.1. Prensip%HOLUOL�ER\XWODUGD�|÷�W�OP�ú�|UQH÷L����°&�GH�EHOLUOL�V�UH� � WXWDUDN�D÷ÕUOÕN�ND\EÕQÕ� � VDSWDPDNGHQH\LQ�HVDVÕQÕ�ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU��

Page 15: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3.1.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler

� Hassas terazi (1mg hassasiyette)� g÷�W�F�� �UXWXEHW� LoHUL÷L� EHOLUOHQHFHN� |UQH÷LQ� SDUWLN�O� � E�\�NO�÷�Q�Q� ��PP� YH\D� GDKD

N�o�N�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNLU��� (W�Y��VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ����°&�\H�D\DUODQDELOHQ�HOHNWLULNOL�NXUXWPD�GRODEÕ��� .DSDNOÕ���SDVODQPD]�PHWDOGHQ�\DSÕOPÕú�NXUXWPD�NDSODUÕ��oDS���PP��\�NVHNOLN���PP�

/DERUDWXYDU�7LSL�8Q�'H÷LUPHQL

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3.1.3. 'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�Daha önce 135 °&�GH� �NXUXWXODUDN� VDELW� D÷ÕUOÕ÷D�JHWLULOPLú�YH�GHVLNDW|UGH� � VR÷XWXOXS�GDUDVÕDOÕQPÕú� NXUXWPD� NDSODUÕQD� \DNODúÕN� � �� J� � |UQHN� WDUWÕOÕU� �gUQHNOHU� � � � NXUXWPD� GRODSODUÕQDNDSDODUÕ�DoÕN�úHNLOGH�\HUOHúWLULOLU�YH����°&�GH�VDELW��D÷ÕUOÕ÷D�JHOLQFH\H�NDGDU��\DNODúÕN���VDDW�NXUXWXOXU� �� 6�UHQLQ� VRQXQGD� � NDSDNODU� NDSDOÕ� RODUDN� GHVLNDW|UH� \HUOHúWLULOLU�� VR÷XWXOXU� YHWDUWÕOÕU�3DUDOHOOHU� DUDVÕQGDNL� IDUN� ����� L� JHoPHPHOLGLU�� � gUQHNWHNL� UXWXEHW� LoHUL÷L� DúD÷ÕGDYHULOHQ�IRUP�OH�J|UH�KHVDSODQÕU� 100(M1 –M2) %Rutubet= (6) M1

M1������gUQH÷LQ�EDúODQJÕoWDNL�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ��J�M2������gUQH÷LQ��NXUX�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ��J�

Page 16: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

����.�O�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LÕÕL�+XEXEDW�YH��U�QOHULQGH� �N�O� ��\DNPD�VRQXFX��JHULGH�NDODQ� �PLQHUDO�PDGGHOHULQ�ROXúWXUGX÷XNDOÕQWÕGÕU��.�O�PLNWDUÕ�XQGD�|QHPOL�ELU�NDOLWH�NULWHULGLU��8QGD�N�O�PLNWDUÕQÕQ�\�NVHN�ROPDVÕ�XQXQ� \�NVHN� � UDQGÕPDQOÕ� � ROGX÷XQX� J�VWHULU�� 8QGD� UDQGÕPDQ� \�NVHOGLNoH� �� JHQHOOLNOHHNPHNOLN� NHOLWHVL� � G�úHU��%X� QHGHQOH� XQODUÕQ� \�NVHN� � N�O� LoHUL÷LQH� VDKLS� ROPDVÕ� LVWHQPH]� �8QGD��N�O�PLNWDUÕ�EX÷GD\ÕQ�oHúLWL� ��\HWLúWLULOGL÷L� LNOLP�YH� WRSUDN�|]HOOLNOHUL�JLEL� IDNW|UOHUHGHED÷OÕGÕU�� gUQH÷LQ�� � WDQHQLQ� NXUDN� LNOLPGH� \HWLúPHVL�� GRQGDQ� �� KDVWDOÕN� \D� GD� ]DUDUOÕODUGDQHWNLOHQPHVL�YH\D�EDúND�QHGHQOHUOH�FÕOÕ]�NDOPDVÕ�N�O�LoHUL÷LQL�\�NVHOWHELOLU�<�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕNWD��\DSÕODQ�\DNPD�LúOHPLQGHQ�|QFH��|UQHNOHUH�³|Q�\DNPD�³��LúOHPL�X\JXODQÕU�%XQXQ�DVÕO�QHGHQL�ED]Õ�PLQHUDOOHULQ� �DONDOL� NORU�UOHU� YH� DONDOL� RNVLWOHU�� \�NVHN� VÕFDNOÕNODUGDXoDUDN�ND\EROPDVÕQÕ�HQJHOOHPHNWHGLU��$\UÕFD���ELU�NÕVÕP�PLQHUDOOHULQ�\�NVHN�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQ�HWNLVLLOH� N�WOH� KDOLQGH� FDPODúDUDN� NUR]H\H� \DSÕúPDVÕ�� NDUERQX� NÕVPHQ� KDSVHGHUHN� \DQPD\Õönlemesi sözkonusu olabilir. Yakma krozelerine bir miktar su veya etil alkol ilave edip ön\DNPD�\DSÕODUDN�EX�GXUXPXQ�|Q�QH�JHoLOHELOLU�3.2.1. Prensip

Örnekteki minerallerde herhangi bir parçalanma veya uçma sonucu kaybolmaya izinYHULOPHNVL]LQ�� W�P�RUJDQLN�PDGGHOHULQ� \DQDELOHFH÷L�ELU� VÕFDNOÕNWD�XQ�YH\D�NÕUPD�|UQH÷LQLQL\DNÕOPDVÕQGDQ�VRQUD�NDODQ�LQRUJDQLN�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕQÕQ�WHVSLWL�\|QWHPLQ�HVDVÕQÕ�ROXúWXUXU�

3.2.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler

� Hassas Terazi (0.1 mg hassasiyette)� Desikatör� g÷�W�F�� .�O�IÕUÕQÕ���6ÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�����°&�\H�D\DUODQDELOHQ�HOHNWULNOL�IÕUÕQ�� <DNPD�NDSDNODUÕ���SRUVHOHQ�YH\D�NXYDUV�\DNPD�NUR]HOHUL��

3.2.3. 'HQH\LQ��<DSÕOÕúÕ<DNPD� LúOHPL� \�NVHN� GH÷HUOHULQH� D\DUODQDELOHQ� HOHNWULNOL� N�O� IÕUÕQODUÕQGD� JHUoHNOHúWLULOLU�Daha önce 900 °&� GH� WXWXOXS� �� \DNODúÕN� ��� GDN�� VDELW� D÷ÕUOÕ÷D� JHWLULOPLú�� GHVLNDW|UGHVR÷XWXOXS�GDUDVÕ�DOÕQPÕú�\DNPD�NUR]HOHULQH�\DNODúÕN���J�������PJ�KDVVDVL\HWOH��|UQHN�WDUWÕOÕU�gUQHNOHU�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�����°&�\H�JHWLULOPLú�N�O�IÕUÕQÕQ�NDSD÷Õ��]HULQH�\HUOHúWLULOHUHN���]HUOHULQH����� PO� HWLO� DONRO� LODYH� HGLOLS� |Q� \DNPD� LúOHPLQH� WDELL� WXWXOXU�� gQ� \DNPD� LúOHPLQGHQ� VRQUDNUR]HUOHU� IÕUÕQD� \HUOHúWLULOLS� \DNPD� LúOHPLQH� JHoLOLU�� <DNPD� V�UHVL� JHQHOOLNOH� |QFHGHQ

Page 17: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

EHOLUOHQHPH]��.�O�Q�UHQJL�DoÕN�JUL�YH\D�EH\D]�ROXQFD\D�NDGDU�\DNPD�LúOHPLQH�GHYDP�HGLOLU�<DNPD� LúOHPLQLQ�GDKD� G�ú�N� VÕFDNOÕNWD� GDKD� X]XQ� V�UHGH� \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ� N�O� WD\LQ� \|QWHPOHUL� GHEXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� <DNPD� LúOHPL� VRQXQGD� NUR]HUOHU� |QFH� ���� GDNLND� V�UH� LOH� DP\DQW� OHYKD�]HULQGH� EHNOHWLOLU�� 'DKD� VRQUD� GHVLNDW|UGH� VR÷XWXOXU� YH� WDUWÕOÕU�� 3DUDOHOOHU� DUDVÕQGDNL� IDUN%0.02 yi geçmemelidir.

gUQHNWHNL�N�O�LoHUL÷L��N�P���DúD÷ÕGD�YHULOHQ�IRUP�OH�J|UH�KHVDSODQÕU�

100 Χ ( b-a ) Χ 100 % Kül =

M Χ ( 100-R )

��D����������<DNPD�NUR]HVLQLQ�GDUDVÕ���J����E����������.�O���NUR]H�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ���J����0��������gUQHN�PLNWDUÕ���J����5���������gUQH÷LQ�UXWXEHWL������

3.2.4. 6RQXoODUÕQ�'H÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL7�UN� *ÕGD� .RGHNVL� %X÷GD\� 8QX� 7HEOL÷L¶QGH� EX÷GD\� XQODUÕQÕQ� 7LS|]HOOLNOHULQH� J|UHLoHUPHOHULQH�L]LQ�YHULOHQ����N�O���HQ�oRN���PLNWDUODUÕ�����������������N�P���DUDVÕQGD�ROPDOÕGÕU�3.3. Besinsel Lif Analizleri:

3.3.1. 1|WUDO�GHWHUMDQ��/LI���1'/��0LNWDUÕ�WD\LQL�%LOLQGL÷L� JLEL� ³KDP� OLI´� �KDP� VHOLOR]�� YH� ³� EHVLQVHO� OLI´� � �%/�� WHULPOHUL� ELUELULQH� � HúGH÷HUNDYUDPODUÕ� LIDGH� HWPHNWHGLU�� +DP� � OLI� �� VH\UDOWLN� DVLW� YH� GDKD� � VRQUD� VH\UHOWLN� ED]� LOHHNVWUDNV\RQ� LúOHPLQGHQ� � JHUL\H� NDODQ� � NDOÕQWÕ� ROXS� JÕGDQÕQ� � VHOLOR]� YH� OLJQLQ� PLNWDUÕQÕ\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU��+DP��OLI��PHWRGXQGD�o|]�QHELOHQ�%/�PLNWDUÕ�EHOLUOHQHPHGL÷LQGHQ���JÕGDODUÕQ%//�PLNWDUÕ�WHVELWL�LoLQ�X\JXQ�ELU�WHNQLN�GH÷LOGLU�%XQXQ�QHGHQL���ELUoRN�JÕGDGD�KHPLVHOLOR]�YHo|]�QHELOHQ� � %/� PLNWDUÕQÕQ� \�NVHN� ROXúXGXU� �%HVLQVHO� OLIOHU� LVH� � LQVDQ� YLFXGXQGDVLQGLUHOHPL\HQ� ELWNLVHO� ND\QDNOÕ� PDGGHOOHUGLU�%HVLQVHO� OLIOHU� �� KDP� OLIWH� � VHOLOR]� YH� OLJQLQLQ\DQÕVÕUD� �KHPLVHOLOR]� �� SHNWLN� PDGGHOHU� �� JDPODU� YH� GL÷HU� � � � NDUERQKLGUDWODUÕ� GDLoHUPHNWHGLU�'HWHUMDQ� PHWRGODUÕ� |]HOOLNOH� 1'/� PHWRGX� �� ID]OD� HPHN� YH� PDO]HPHJHUHNWLUPHGL÷L� YH� NÕVD� V�UHGH� X\JXODQDELOGL÷LQGHQ� o|]�QPH\HQ� %/� PLNWDUÕQÕQ� UXWLQ|Oo�POHULQGH��NXOODQÕODELOLFHN��HQ�X\JXQ�\|QWHPGLU��1|WUDO�GHWHUMDQ�OLI��1'/���PHWRGX���9DQ6RHVW�����������WDUDIÕQGDQ�KD\YDQ�\HPOHUL�LoLQ�JHOLúWLULOPLúWLU��GDKD�VRQUD�\�NVHN�RUDQGD�\D÷��SURWHLQ� YH� QLúDVWD� LoHUHQ� � � LQVDQ� � JÕGDODUÕ� � LoLQ�PRGLIL\H� HGLOPLúWLU� �'HWHUMDQ� �PHWRGODUÕQÕQGH]DYDQWDMÕ�\DOQÕ]FD�GHWHUMDQ�HWNLVL�LOH�o|]�OHPL\HQ�%/�PLNWDUÕQÕ�WHVSLW�HGHELOPHOHULGLU��%D]ÕJÕGDODUD� LOLúNLQ� \DNODúÕN�1'/�PLNWDUODUÕ� � EX÷GD\� NHSH÷L��� ��� DUSD� NDYX]X� ��� ���� � úHNHUSDQFDUÕ�SRVDVÕ��������HOPD��������SRUWDNDO������NDGDUGÕU�

3.3.1.1. Prensip:

Page 18: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

*ÕGDGD� EXOXQDQ� SURWHLQ� YH� QLúDVWD� � JLEL� KD]PRODELOLU� QLWHOLNWHNL� ELOHúHQOHUL� VRG\X� GHGRVLOsülfat (SDS) ve etilen diamin tetraasetikasit (EDTA) gibi nötral deterjanlar ile mamele ederekD\UÕOGÕNWDQ� VRQUD� � �JHUL\H� NDODÕQ� KHPLVHOLOR]� � �� VHOLOR]� � YH� OLJQLQ� JLEL� PDGGHOHUGHQ� ROXúDQNDOÕQWÕ�PLNWDUÕQÕQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL�\|QWHPLQLQ�HVDVÕQÕ�ROXúWXUXU�

3.3.1.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler:

� *HUL�ND\QDWPD�G�]HQH÷L� “Goche” krozesi� 600 ml Berzelius beheri

3.3.1.2. Gerekli kimyasal maddeler:

� Nötral deterjan çözeltisis: 30 g SDS i 18.61 g disodyum dihidrojen EDTA , 6.81 gsodyum borat (dihidrat ) , 4.56 g disodyum hidrojen fosfat, 10 ml 2-etosi etanol���HWLOHQ�JOLNRO������OLWUH��GDPÕWÕN�VX�LoLQH�LODYH�HGLOLU�d|]HOWLQLQ�S+�VÕ�� � ����������RODFDNúHNLOGH�D\DUODQÕU�

� Dakahidronaftalin (dekalin)� Aseton� Sodyum sülfat

��������'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOúÕ� 1|WUDO� �GHWHUMDQ� OLI�PLNWDUÕ� � � ��YDQ�6RHVW�YH�:LQH� � � ������� WDUDIÕQGDQ�JHOLúWLULOHQ�\|QWHPHJ|UH�EHOLUOHQLU�� �.D\QDWPD�EDORQXQGD� �NRQXODQ����PP�ER\XWXQGD���]HULQH� VÕUDVÕ\OD� �����POnötral deterjan çözeltisi , 2ml dekahidronaftalin ve 0.5 g sodyum sülfit ilave edilerek , geriVR÷XWXFXOX� ND\QDWPD� VLVWHPLQGH� ����� GDNLND� LoHULVLQGH� ND\QD\DFDN� úHNLOGH� ÕVÕWÕOÕU���� GNND\QDWPD�LúOHPLQGHQ�VRQUD�EDROQ�LoHUL÷L�|QFHGHQ�GDUDVÕ�DOÕQPÕú�*RFKH�NUR]HVLQGHQ��VLQWHUHGJODVV� FULVXEOH�� � � YDNXP� X\JXODPDVÕ� LOH� V�]�O�U� YH� |QFH� VÕFDN� VX� LOH� VRQUD� �� NH]� DVHWRQ� LOH\ÕNDQÕS�����°C de 8 saat yada bir gece tutularak kurutulur . Sonuçlar kuru maddede % nötralGHWHUMDQ��OLI�PLNWDUÕ�úHNOLQGH�YHULOLU�

3.3.2. 1|WUDO�'HWHUMDQ�OLI�PLNWDUÕ��WD\LQL (αα�DPLOD]�X\JXODPDVÕQGDQ�VRQUD��3.3.2.1.Prensip:1'/�PHWRGX�� ��|]HOOLNOH�QLúDVWD�EDNÕPÕQGDQ� �]HQJLQ�RODQ�KXEXEDW�YH��U�QOHULQLQ�DQDOL]LQGDRUWD\D� oÕNDELOHFHN� SUREOHPOHUL� |QOL\HELOPHN� LoQ� QLúDVWDQÕQ� α�DPLOD]� LOH� SDUoDODQPDVÕQÕVD÷OD\DFDN� úHNLOGH� PRGLIL\H� HGLOPLúWLU�� <|QWHP� � X\JXODQGÕNWDQ� VRQUD� JÕGDGDNL� VHOLOR]�o|]�OPH\HQ� KHPLVHOLOR]� YH� OLJQLQ� PLNWDUÕ� WHVSLW� HGLOLU�� %D]Õ� JÕGDODUD� LOLúNLQ� \DNODúÕN� 1'/PLNWDUODUÕ� � úX� úHNLOGH� YHULOHELOLU� �� � %X÷GD\� NHSH÷L��� ���� DUSD� NDYX]X����� �� úHNHU� SDQFDUÕSRVDVÕ�����

Page 19: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3.3.2.2.Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler:

� *HUL�ND\QDWPD�G�]HQH÷L� “Goche” krozesi� 600 ml berzelius beheri� santrifüj

3.3.2.3.Gerekli Kimyasal Maddeler:

� nötral deterjan çözeltisi:30 g sodyum dodesil sülfat , 18 .61 g disodyum dihidrojen EDTA, 6.81 g sodyum borat ( dihidrat), 4.56 g disodyum hidrojen fosfat, 10 ml 2-etoksi etanol�HWLOHQ� JOLNRO��� �� OW� GDPÕWÕN� VX� LoLQH� LODYH� HGLOLU�d|]HOWLQLQ� S+� VÕ� �������� RODFDN� úHNLOGHD\DUODQÕU�

� Dekahidronaftalin(dekalin)� Aseton� Sodyum sülfit� Fosfat tamponu (0.08 M, pH= 6.0)� HCl ( 0.565 M)� ,VÕ\D�GLUHQoOL�α-amilaz� Amiloglukozidas

��������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ�1|WUDO� GHWHUMDQ� OLI� PLNWDUÕ� �� NDOÕQWÕ� QLúDVWD\Õ� X]DNODúWÕUPDN� LoLQ� DúD÷ÕGD� EHOLUWLOHQPDGLILNDV\RQODU�\DSÕODUDN�VDSWDQÕU�gUQHN��]HULQH���������J������PO�IRVIDW� WDPSRQX�������0�PH=6.0) ve 100 µl α-amilaz (termamyl ®, QRYD�ÕQGXVWUL���GHQPDUN���LODYH�HGLOLU�YH�ND\QDUVX�EDQ\RVXQGD�KHU�EHú� �GN�GD�ELU�NDUÕúWÕUÕODUDN� ����GN� WXWXOXU�� �gUQHN�RGD�VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQD�NDGDUVR÷XWXOGXNWDQ� VRQUD� ������ 0� � � +&O� LODYHVL� LOH� S+� VÕ� �������� H� � G�ú�U�O�U� � YH� ���� µlamiloglukozidas (AMG, novo industri denmark) ilave edilerek 60°C de 20 dk tutulur ve buV�UH� LoLQGH� KHU� �� GN� GD� ELU� NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU�V�UH� VRQXQGD� � ����� USP� � GH� �� GN� VDQWULI�M� HGLOLU� YHo|]HOWL� NÕVPÕ� DOÕQDUDN� Q|WUDO� GHWHUMDQ� OLI� \|QWHPLQGH� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� úHNLOGH� Q|WUDO� GHWHUMDQ� OLIDQDOL]L�\DSÕOÕU�

������$VLW�GHWHUMDQ�OLI��$'/��0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL�3.3.3.1 Preansip:*ÕGDGD�EXOXQDQ�SURWHLQ�YH�QLúDVWD�JLEL�VLQGLULOHELOLU�QLWHOLNWHNL��ELOHúHQOHUL��V�OILULN�DVLW�YH�VHWLOWULPHWLODPRQ\XP� �EURPLW�JLEL�DVLW�GHWHUMDQODU� LOH�PXDPHOH�HGHUHN� �D\ÕUGÕNWDQ� VRQUD� �� JHUL\HNDODQ� VHOLOR]� YH� OLJQLQ� JLEL� PDGGHOHUGHQ� ROXúDQ� NDOÕQWÕ� PLNWDUÕQÕQ� EHOLUOHQPHVL� \|QWHPLQHVDVÕQÕ�ROXúWXUXU��$VLW� GHWHUMDQ� OLI� �$'/�� �� VHOLOR]� YH� OLJQLQ� LoHUL÷L� KDNNÕQGD� ELOJL� YHUHQ� YH� $2$&� �WKHDVVRFLDWLRQ�RI���RIILFLDO��DQDO\WLFDO��FKHPLVWV���WDUDIÕQGDQ�KD\YDQ�\HPOHULQLQ�OLI�LoHUL÷LQL�WHVSLWLoLQ� NDEXO� HGLOHQ� ELU� \|QWHPGLU�� %D]Õ� � JÕGDODUD� LOLúNLQ� \DNODúÕ� $'/� � PLNWDUODUÕ� úX� úHNLOGHYHULOHELOLU��%X÷GD\�NHSH÷L�����$USD�NDYX]X������úHNHU���SDQFDUÕ�SRVDVÕ��������HOPD�����, portakal %6.5.

Page 20: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3.3.3.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler

� *HUL�ND\QDWPD�G�]HQH÷L� Goche krozesi� 600 ml berzelius beheri

3.3.3.3 Gerekli Kimyasal Maddeler

� Setil trimetilamonyum bromit (CTAB)� Sülfürik asit (1 N )� $VLW�GHWHUMDQ�o|]HOWLVL���OW���1�V�OI�ULN�DVLW�o|]HOWLVL�LoLQGH�o|]�QG�U�OP�ú����J�&7$%�� Dekahidronaftalin (dekalin)� Aseton

���������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ$VLW� GHWHUMDQ� OLI� PLNWDUÕ�� 9DQ� 6RHVW� ������� \|QWHPLQH� J|UH� EHOLUOHQLU�.D\QDWPD� EDORQXQDNRQXODQ� �������� J� NXUX� |UQHN� �]HULQH� VÕUDVÕ\OD� ���� PO� DVLW� GHWHUMDQ� o|]HOWLVL� YH� �� POGHNDKLGURQDIWDOLQ� LODYH� HGLOHUHN� JHUL� VR÷XWXFXOX�ND\QDWPD� VLVWHPLQGH� ����� GDNLND� LoHUVLQGHND\QD\DFDN�úHNLOGH� ÕVÕWÕOÕU��.D\QDPD�EDúODGÕNWDQ�VRQUD����GDNLND�V�UH� WXWXOXS��EDORQ� LoHUL÷L|QFHGHQ�GDUDVÕ�DOÕQPÕú�*RFKH�NUR]HVLQGHQ�YDNXP�X\JXODPDVÕ\OD�V�]�O�U�YH�|QFH�VÕFDN�VX\ODVRQUD�LNL�NH]�DVHWRQ�LOH�\ÕNDQÕS�����°C de 8 saat ya da 1 gece tutulup kurutulur. Sonuçlar kuruPDGGHGH��DVLW�GHWHUMDQ�OLI�PLNWDUÕ�úHNOLQGH�YHULOLU�3.4. 3LJPHQW�0LNWDUÕ�7D\LQL%X÷GD\GDNL� EDúOÕFD� SLJPHQWOHU� NDUDWHQRLG� YH� IODYRQRLG� \DSÕVÕQGDGÕU�� .DUDWHQRLG� JUXEXQGDoHúLWOL�NDURWHQOHU� �α, β, γ� ���NVDQWRILO�YH�NVDQWRILO� HVWHUOHUL�EXOXQPNWDGÕU�IODYRQRLG�JUXEXQGDLVH�oHúLWOL�IORYRQODU�YH�WULVLQ�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU�5HQN�� |]HOOLNOH� GXUXP� EX÷GD\ODUÕQGD� |QHPOL� ELU� NDOLWH� NULWHULGLU�� 0DNDUQD� \DSÕPÕQGDNXOODQÕODFDN�RODQ�LUPL÷LQ�SDUODN�VDUÕ�UHQNWH�ROPDVÕ��HOGH�HGLOHFHN�PDNDUQD�UHQJLQLQGH�SDUODNVDUÕ��NHKULEDU�UHQNWH�ROPDVÕQÕ�HWNLOHPHNWHGLU��'XUXP�EX÷GD\ODUÕ�HNPHNOLN�EX÷GD\ODUD�NÕ\DVODGDKD� ID]OD� SLJPHQW� LoHULU�� 'DKD� oRN� NVDQWRILO� \DSÕVÕQGDNL� SLJPHQWOHU� W�P� WDQH\H� KRPRMHQúHNLOGH�GD÷ÕODUDN��HQGRVSHUPLQ�GRO\ÕVÕ\ODGD�LUPLN�YH�PDNDUQDQÕQ�UHQN�|]HOOL÷LQL�L\LOHúWLULUOHU�'XUXP� EX÷GD\ODUÕQÕQ�β�� NDURWHQ� FLQVLQGHQ� EHOLUOHQHQ� SLJPHQW�PLNWDUÕ� �������� SSP� DUVÕQGDGH÷LúPHNWHGLU�7�UNL\HGH� \HWLúWLULOHQ� GXUXP� EX÷GD\ODUÕQÕQ� NDURWHQ� PLNWDUÕQGD� LUPL÷HG|Q�ú�UNHQ� ��� ±��� DUDVÕQGD� ELU� D]DOPD� ROGX÷X� EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU�� %X� D]DOPDQÕQ� GH÷LúLNRUDQODUGD�ROPDVÕQGD�oHúLW��oHYUHVHO�IDNW|UOHU�YH�EX÷GD\ÕQ�GHSRODQPD�V�UHVL�HWNLOL�ROPDNWDGÕU�øUPL÷LQ� PDNDUQD\D� LúOHQPHVL� VÕUDVÕQGD� NDURWHQ� PLNWDUÕQGD� NL� ND\ÕS� ���� ±� ��� DUDVÕQGDGÕU�3LJPHQW� ND\EÕ� �]HULQH� oHúLW�� VXDEVRUVL\RQX�� LUPL÷L� UDQGÕPDQÕ� JLEL� oHúLWOL� IDNW|UOHU� HWNLOLROPDNWDGÕU�/LSRNVLMHQD]�DNWLYLWHVL��KHU�LNL�DúDPDGDGD�SLJPHQW�ND\EÕ��]HULQH�HWNLOLGLU�3.4.1. Prensip

%X÷GD\�YH��U�QOHULQGH��GR÷DO�RODUDN�EXOXQDQ�SLJPHQWOHULQ�VX�LOH�GR\XUXOPXú��Q��EXWLO�DONRO�LOHHNVWUDNWH� HGLOHUHN� PLNWDUÕQ� VSHNWURIRWRPHWULN� RODUDN� EHOLUOHQPHVL� \|QWHPLQ� HVDVÕQÕROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU�

Page 21: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3.4.2.Gerekli Malzemeler:

� Terazi (0.01g hassasiette)� $\ÕUPD�KXQLVL� Spektrofotometre� .DSDNOÕ�HUOHQ�PD\HU�����PO�OLN�3.4.3.Gerekli Kimyasal Maddeler:

� 6XLOH�GR\XUXOPXú�Q�EXWLO�DONRO��<DNODúNÕN���OW�Q�±�E�WLO�DONRO�����������PO�VDI�VX�LOH�L\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕS� �� JHFH� ER\XQFD� EHNOHWLOLU�� $\ÕUPD� KXQLVLQH� DNWDUÕOÕS� oDONDODQDUDN� ID]ODUDD\UÕOPDVÕ�EHNOHQLU�YH��VWWHNL�ID]�DQDOL]OHUGH�NXOODQÕOÕU

������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ�g÷�W�OP�ú��|UQHN����J������PO�OLN�NDSDNOÕ��HUOHQH�WDUWÕOÕU����]HULQH����PO�VX�LOH�GR\XUXOPXú�Q�E�WLO� DONRO� LODYH� HGLOLU�$÷]Õ� � NDSDWÕOÕS� �� GN� V�UH\OH� KÕ]OÕFD� oDONDODQÕU� �� .DUÕúÕP� � P�PN�QROGX÷XQFD� J�QHú� ÕúÕ÷ÕQD� PDUX]� EÕUDNÕOPDGDQ� �� |UQH÷H� J|UH� GH÷LúHQ� V�UHOHUGH� EHNOHWLOLU�%HNOHWPH� V�UHVL� ��� GN� �� LUPLNWH� ��� VDDW� WLU�� � 0DNDUQDOÕN� EX÷GD\ÕQ� SLJPHQW� LoHUL÷L� WD\LQHGLOLUNHQGH� EHNOHWPH� V�UHVL� LUPLNWHNL� JLEL� ��� VDDW� RODUDN� X\JXODQPDNWDGÕU� �� 6�UH� VRQXQGDNDUÕúÕP� WHNUDU� oDONDODQÕS� �� ILOLWUH� ND÷ÕGÕQGDQ� V�]�O�U�6�]�QW�\H� DLW� DEVRUEDQV� GH÷HULVSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH� �����QP� � GH� RNXQXU� �2NXPD� HQ� D]� �� SDUDOHO� RODUDN� JHUoHNOHúWLULOLU� � YHRUWDODPDVÕ�DOÕQÕU��gUQH÷LQ�NDURWHQ�FLQVLQGHQ�SLJPHQW�PLNWDUÕ�\D�NDOLEUDV\RQ�H÷ULVL� �oL]LOHUHNYH\D�DúD÷ÕGDNL��IRUPXOGHQ�HOGH�HGLOLU�

C=A x 30.1

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Page 22: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�������������������)ø=ø.2.ø0<$6$/�$1$/ø=/(5

����<Dú�JOXWHQ���\Dú�|]��PLNWDUÕ��WD\LQL�%X÷GD\GD� � EXOXQDQ� GHSR� SURWHLQOHULQH� ³JOXWHQ� ³� DGÕ� YHULOLU� �� EX÷GD\� XQXQD� VX� LODYH� HGLOLS\R÷XUXOGX÷XQGD���JOXÕWHQ��SURWHLQOHULQGHQ���³OLDGLQ�´�YH����JOXWHQLQ´���LQ�VX\X�HPHUHN�úLúPHVLVRQXFX�YLVNRHODVWLN��|]HOOLNWH�KDPXU��ROXúXU��*OXWHQ��IHUPDQWDV\RQ�VÕUDVÕQGD�PD\D�WDUDIÕQGDQürertilen CO2� JD]ÕQÕQ� WXWXOPDVÕQÕ� YH� \�NVHN� KDFLPOL� HNPHN� ROXúWXUXOPDVÕQÕ� VD÷ODU� �*OXWHQEDVLW� \ÕNDPD� LúOHPL� LOH� WDKÕOODU� LoHULVLQGH� VDGHFH� EX÷GD\GDQ� HOGH� HGLOHELOLU�� 0D\DOÕ� HNPHN\DSÕPÕ�V|]NRQXVX�ROGX÷XQGD�Dú�JOXWHQ�PLNWDUÕ�YH�NDOLWHVL�oRN�|QHPOL�NDOLWH�NULWHUOHULGLU�4.1.1.Prensip:

%HOOL�NRQVLVWHQVWH�KDPXU�KDOLQH�JHWLULOHQ�EX÷GD\�NÕUPDVÕ�YH\D�XQXQ���VH\UHOWLN�WX]�o|]HOWLVL�LOH\ÕNDQDUDN�QLúDVWD��VXGD��o|]�QHQ�SURWHLQOHU��DOE�PLQ��YH�VH\UHOWLN�WX]���o|]HOWLOHULQGH�o|]�QHQSURWHLQOHULQ� �JORE�OLQ�� X]DNODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ� LOH� JHUL\H� NDODQ� o|]�QPH\HQ� PHWDOOHULQ� �JOXWHQ�PLNWDUÕQÕQ�WHVSLW�HGLOPHVLGLU�<Dú� |]�PLNWDUÕ� XQ� YH� LUPLNWH� �� \ÕNDPD� LúOHPLQL� RWRPDWLN� \DSDQ� FLKD]ODU� NXOODQÕODUDN� WHVELWHGLOLU�$QFDN�HOGH�HGLOHQ�JOXWHQ�VDI�ROPD\ÕS��N�O���\D÷�YH�ELU�PLNWDU�QLúDVWD�LoHULU��������0DNLQH�øOH�<Dú�*OXWHQ�0LNWDUÕQÕQ�7D\LQLGluten : *OXWHQ� \DOQÕ]FD� EX÷GD\D� |]J�� ELU� SURWHLQ� oHúLGLGLU�� %X� SURWHLQ� HNPHN� NDOLWHVLDoÕVÕQGDQ� oRN� E�\�N� |QHPH� VDKLSWLU�/DERUDWXYDU� � GH÷HUOHUL� � DoÕVÕQGDQ� EX� JOXWHQLQ�������GH÷HUOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNLU�Gluten; a-Glutenin�����������������E�*OLDGLQ���������ROPDN��]HUH�LNL�oHúLW��SURWHLQGHQ����ROXXU�*OXWHQ��\DSÕúNDQOÕN�|]HOOL÷LQL��*ODGLQ�HODVWLNL\HW�|]HOOL÷LQL�YHULU��%X÷GD\��LoHUL]LQGH��D]RWOX��PDGGHOHUGHQ�$OEXPLQ����*OXELQ�YH�QLúDVWD�EXOXQXU��1RUPDO�VX��LOH\ÕNDQGÕ÷ÕQGD�QLúDVWD�YH�DOEXPLQ�o|]�Q�U�6DI�JOXWHQ�HOGH�HGHELOPHN��LoLQ��WX]OX�VX��LOH�\ÕNDQÕU��Çünkü Globulin ancak tuzlu su ile çözünür

7X]OX�VX\XQ�KD]ÕUODQÕúÕ :1- litre distile su için 20 gr tuz (%2)

4.1.2.1. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler

� Terazi (0.01 g hassasiyetle)� *OXWHQ�\ÕNÕPD�FLKD]Õ� 6DQWULI�M�������USP�VDELW�KÕ]GD����GN�

Elde edilen un numunesi ile gluten elde etme

Page 23: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

&LKD]ÕQ� NXUXOPDVÕ�� � *OXWHQ� � \ÕNDPD� FLKD]Õ� LOH� ELUOLNWH� J|QGHULOHQ� o|]HOWL� ELGRQXQXQLoHULVLQGH����OW�VDI�VX�������J��WX]��LODYH�HGLOLU���7X]�HULWLOHUHN�o|]HOWLOL��VX�KD]ÕUODQPÕú�ROXQXU�+D]ÕUODPÕú� ROGX÷XPX]� � � o|]HOWLOL� � � VXGDQ� FLKD]� LOH� ELUOLNWH� � J|QGHULOHQ� ����PO� VX� YHUPH\H\DUD\DQ�RWRPDWLN�SLSHW�LoHULVLQGH���OW�o|]HOWLOL�VX�GROGXUXOXU��&LKD]GDQ�oÕNDQ�KRUWXPODU����OWOLN� o|]HWLOL� � � VX� ELGRQXQD� EÕUDNÕOÕU� �&LKD]ÕQ� ILúL� SUL]H� WDNÕOÕU� �� � QLúDVWD� NDSODUÕ� \ÕNDPDEDúOÕNODUÕQÕQ�DOWÕQD�JHOHFHN�úHNLOGH�\HUOHúWLULOLLU���&LKD]��ERúWD��oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU���o|]HOWLOL�VX���JHOHQHNDGDU� EHNOHQLU�&LKD]� o|]HOWLOL� � VX\X� RWRPDWLN� RODUDN� HPHU� �� 1LúDVWD� � NDSODUÕQGD� ELULNPH\HEDúODGÕ÷ÕQGD� VLVWHP� NDSDWÕOÕU� �� 1LúDVWD� � NDSODUÕQGDNL� � o|]HOWLOL� WHPL]� VX� WHNUDU� ELGRQD� LODYHedilir.

Cihazda gluten alde edilmesi:<XNDUÕGDNL� VLVWHPLQ� KHSVL� KD]ÕU� ROGX÷XQGD� �� GH÷LUPHQGH� |÷�WP�ú� ROGX÷XQX]� XQGDQ� ��� JDOÕQÕU�<ÕNDPD�N�YHWLQLQ�LoHULVLQH�\ÕNDPD�HOHNOHUL�\HUOHúWLULOLU��(OHNOHU�ELU�PLNWDU�QHPOHQGLULOLU�$OÕQDQ����J�XQ��\ÕNDPD�N�YHWLQH�NRQXOXUL�&LKD]�LOH�ELUOLNWH�J|QGHULOHQ�RWRPDWLN�SLSHWWHQ�����PO��o|]HOWLOL�VX�RQXQ��]HULQH�\DYDú�\DYDú�DNÕWÕOÕU���6X�LOH�NDUÕúPÕú��RODQ�N�YHWLQ�LoHULVLQGHNL�XQ�� \ÕNDPD� EDúOÕNODUÕQD� \HUOHúWLULOLU�� &LKD]� oDOÕúWÕUÕUOÕU�� ��� VQ� \R÷XUPD� LúOHPL� \DSDUDN� KDPXUKDOLQH�JHOLU����� � VQ� VRQXQGD�RWRPDWLN�RODUDN�GR]DM�SRPSDODUÕ�GHYUH\H�JLUHUHN�o|]HOWLOL� VX\XKDPXUXQ��]HULQH�DNÕWPDVÕ�LOH�\ÕNDPD�LúODHPL�EDúODU������VQ�\R÷XUPD�V�UHVL�LOH��ELUOLNWH�WRSODP��GN�VRQXQGD��JOXWHQ�HOGH�HGLOLU��*OXWHQLQ�HOGH�HGLOPHVLQGH���������PO�o|]HOWLOL�VX�NXOODQÕOÕU�

Dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar:

� &LKD]�KHU�]DPDQ�WHPL]�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU�� <ÕNDPD�NDEÕ�YH�HOHNOHU�WHPL]�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU� 'HSRGDNL�VX\XQ�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ������GHUHFH�ROPDOÕGÕU�� 6X�WRSODPD�NDSODUÕQGD��ELU�\ÕNDPDGD�����±����PO�VX�WRSODQPDOÕGÕU� +HU�\ÕNDPDGDQ�VRQUD�JOXWHQ����VQ�LoLGH�*OXWHQ�VDQWULIXM��FLKD]ÕQD�DOÕQPDOÕGÕU�

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Page 24: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

Gluten santrifüj (*OXWHQ�HQGHNV���GH÷HUL��%X�FLKD]Õ�WHN�EDúÕQD��NXOODQÕOPDVÕ�GR÷UX�GH÷LOGLU���HOGH�PXVOXN�VX\X�LOH�*OXWHQLQ��\ÕNDQPDVÕYH�VDQWULI�M�HGLOPHVL���o�U�N��VD÷ODPÕQ�D\UÕOPDVÕQ�GR÷UX��VRQXoODU�YHUPH]��Elde edilen Gluten 30�VQ� LoHULVLQGH�*OXWHQ�VDQWULI�M�FLKD]ÕQD�\HUOHúWLULOPHOLGLU��&LKD]���GNV�UH\OH������G�GN��\DSDUDN�o�U�N�RODQ�NÕVPÕ�D\UÕúWÕUÕU���(OGH�HGLOHQ��D\UÕODQ�*OXWHQ�PLNWDUODUÕWDUWÕOÕU�YH�HOGH��HGLOHQ�*OXWHQ�HQGHNV�GH÷HUL���RODUDN�DúD÷ÕGDNL��IRUP�OH��J|UH�KHVDSODQÕU��

��(OHNWHQ�JHoPH\HQ�NÕVÕP��[�����(QGH[��GH÷HUL�RODUDN�EXOXQXU���7RSODP�\Dú��|]

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�������6RQXoODQGÕUPD�'H÷HUOHQGLUPHVL % �<Dú�g]�0LNWDUÕ Gluten Kalitesi�������������������8Q�����������������������������������������.ÕUPD > 35 > 30 Yüksek 28- 35 23- 30 iyi 20- 27 15-22 orta����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������G�ú�N

Page 25: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

4.2.Sedimentasyon Testi:

%X÷GD\ODUÕQ� JOXWHQ� PLNWDUÕ� YH� NDOLWHVL� KDNNÕQGD� ELOJL� YHUHQ� SUDWLN� ELU� \|QWHPGLU�6HGLPHQWDV\RQ� GH÷HUL� |÷�WPH� WHNQL÷LQH� J|UH� GH÷LúLU�� %X� QHGHQOH� VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� GH÷HULEX÷GD\GD�WD\LQ�HGLOHFHNVH�|UQHN�VWDQGDUW�úHNLOGH�|÷�W�OPHOLGLU�4.2.1. Prensip

=D\ÕI�DVLW�o|]HOWLVLQGHNL�XQ�SDUWLN�OOHULQLQ�úLúHUHN�JOXWHQ�NDOLWHVLQH�J|UH�KDFPLQLQ�DUWPDVÕ�YHEX� SDUWLN�OOHULQ� EHOLUOL� ]DPDQ� LoLQGHNL� � o|NHQ�PLNWDUÕQÕQ� |Oo�OPHVL� HVDVÕQD� GD\DQÕU�� *OXWHQPLNWDUÕ�YH�NDOLWHVL�\�NVHN�RODQ�XQODUGD�VHGLPHQWDV\RQ�GH÷HUL�\�NVHN�oÕNDU�

6HGLPDQWDV\RQ�����&LKD]Õ

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� 6HGLPDQWDV\RQ� VLOLQGLUL� �� ���� PO�� ����� ���� PP� X]XQOXNWD�� ��� ���� PO� DUDVÕQGDGHUHFHOHQPLú�RODQ�

� Çalkalama aleti ( Yatayla ± 30°�DoÕ�\DSDUDN��GDNLNDGD����VDOÕQÕP�\DSDFDN�úDNLOGH�oDOÕúDQ�� 25 ml ve 50 ml lik otomatik pipetler� Kronometre

4.2.3. Gerekli Kimyasal Maddeler

� ø]RSURSLO�DONRO�����±�������� Bromfenol mavisi çözeltisi ( 4 mg/lt )� /DNWLN� DVLW� VWRN� o|]HOWLVL�� �� ��� OLN� ODNWLN� DVLWWHQ� ���� PO� DOÕQÕS� GLVWLOH� VX� LOH� �� OLWUH\H

WDPDPODQÕU��d|]HOWL� GHQJH\H� JHOPHVL� LoLQ� JHUL� VR÷XWXFX� DOWÕQGD� �� VDDW� ND\QDWÕOÕU� YH� ��VDDW�EHNOHWLOLNWHQ�VRQUD�QRUPDOLWHVL�����H�D\DUODQÕU�

Page 26: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

� 6HGLPHQWDV\RQ�WHVW�o|]HOWLVL�� � �+D]ÕUODQPÕú�ODNWLN�DVLW�VWRN�o|]HOWLVLQGHQ����PO�DOÕQDUDNüzerine 200ml izopropil alkol ilave edilir ve distile su ile bir litreyeWDPDPODQÕU�1RUPDOLWHVL�����1D2+�LOH�����H�D\DUODQÕU�

� d|]HOWL� KD]ÕUODQGÕNWDQ� HQ� D]� ��� VDDW� VRQUD� NXOODQÕOPDOÕ� YH� D÷]Õ� NDSDOÕ� ELU� NDSWDVDNODQPDOÕGÕU�

�������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ�6HGLPHQWDVD\RQ�GH÷HUL��EHOLUOHQHFHN�RODQ�XQGDQ�������J��������UXWXEHW�HVDVÕQD�J|UH���WDUWÕODUDNsedimantasyon silindirine konur. Üzerine 50 ml bromfenol mavisi çözeltisi ilave edilipVLOLQGLULQ�D÷]Õ�NDSDWÕOÕU����6LOLQGLU�\DWD\�NRQXPGD����VQ�LoHULVLQGH�������NH]�����FPOLN�PHVDIHLoHULVLQGH� � �� � VDOODQDUDN� L\LFH� NDUÕOúWÕUÕOÕU� � � YH� VHGLPDQWDV\RQ� FLKD]ÕQGD� �� � GN� oDONDODQÕU� � �6LOLQGLU�DOHWWHQ����PO�VHGLPDQWDV\RQ��\HVW�o|]HOWLVL�LODYH�HGLOLU��YH���GN�GDKD��oDONDODQÕU���%Xsüre sonunda düz bir zemin üzerine konur ve tam 5 dk sonunda çökelti hacmi okunur . BuGH÷HU�PO�RODUDN���VHGLPHQWDV\RQ��GH÷HULQL�YHULU���(÷HU�VHGLPHQWDV\RQ��WD\LQL�\DSÕODQ�|UQH÷LQUXWXEHWL������GHQ�IDUNOÕ�LVH�YH�GHQH\��LoLQ������J���|UQHN��WDUWÕOPÕúVD��VRQXo�DúD÷ÕGDNL�IRUP�OHgöre düzeltilebilir. OSD ×(100 – 14)DSD= (100-R)

'6'��������'�]HOWLOPLú�VHGLPHQWDV\RQ�GH÷HUL���PO�����������������������������26'��������2NXQDQ��VHGLPHQWDV\RQ��'H÷HUL��PO�5��������������gUQH÷LQ�5XWXEHWL�����������6RQXoODUÕQ�'H÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL'HQHPHOHUGH�SDUDOHOOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�IDUN���ELULPGHQ�ID]OD�ROPDPDOÕGÕU�

6HGLPHQWDV\RQ�'H÷HUL��PO��������������*OXWHQ�0LNWDUÕ�YH�.DOLWHVL

>�����������������������������������������������������dRN�ø\L25-36 ø\L

��������������������������������������������������������=D\ÕI <����������������������������������������������������\DUD\ÕúVÕ]

4.3.2. Modifiye Sedimentasyon Testi

6�QH��(XU\JDVWHU�VVS����YH�NÕPÕO��$HOLD�VVS���KDVDW�|QFHVL�EX÷GD\GD�]DPDQ�]DPDQ�|QHPOL��U�QYH�NDOLWH�ND\EÕQD�QHGHQ�RODQ�]DUDUOÕODUGÕU��0DGGH�������GH�EX�NRQXGD�GHWD\OÕ�ELOJL�YHULOPLúWLU��%X� E|FHNOHULQ� EX÷GD\� WDQHVLQH� EÕUDNWÕNODUÕ� SURWHROLWLN� HQ]LPOHU� JOXWHQ� SURWHLQOHULQLQSDUoDODQPDVÕQD� QHGHQ� ROXU�� 6�QH�� NÕPÕO� ]DUDUÕ� J|UHQ� EX÷GD\ODUGDQ� HOGH� HGLOHQ� XQGDQKD]ÕUODQDQ�KDPXUODU�\XPXúDN�YH�\DSÕúNDQ�ELU�KDO�DOÕU��HOOH�YH�PDNLQDODUOD�LúOHQPHVL�J�oOHúLU�%X� KDPXUODUGDQ� G�ú�N� KDFLPOL�� HNPHN� LoL� WHNVW�U� YH� J|]HQHN� |]HOOLNOHUL� ER]XN�� NDOLWHVL]

Page 27: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

HNPHNOHU� HOGH� HGLOLU�=HOHQ\� VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� WHVWL� PRGLIL\H� HGLOHUHN�� EX÷GD\� XQXQGD� V�QH�NÕPÕO�]DUDUÕQÕQ�WHVSLW�HGLOPHVLQGH�NXOODQÕODELOLU�

4.3.3. Prensip :=D\ÕI�DVLW� o|]HOWLVLQGHNL�XQ� �SDUWLN�OOHULQLQ� �EHOLUOL� ]DPDQ� LoLQGH� �ROXúDQ� �o|NHOWL�PLNWDUÕQÕQJOXWHQ� SURWHLQOHLQLQ� KLGUROL]L� VRQXFX� D]DOPDVÕ� � HVDVÕQD� GD\DQÕU�� 6�QH�NÕPÕO� � � ]DUDUÕ� J|UHQXQODUGD�SURWHRODWLN� HQ]LP� � DNWLYLWHVL� VRQXFXQGD� � JOXWHQ� � SDUoDODQÕU� YH�EX� XQODUÕQ� �PRGLIL\HVHGLPHQWDV\RQ��GH÷HUL� �� � VHGLPHQWDV\RQ�GH÷HULQGHQ�G�ú�N� �oÕNDU� ��PRGLIL\H� �VHGLPHQWDV\RQYH�QRUPDO�VHGLPHQWDV\RQ�DUDVÕQGDNL�IDUN��DUWWÕNoD���V�QH�±NÕPÕO��]DUDUÕQÕQ�GD�DUWWÕ÷Õ��DQODúÕOÕU�4.3.4. Gerekli alet ve Malzemeler:

.XOODQÕODQ� NLP\DVDO� PDGGHOHU� YH� o|]HOWLOHU� QRUPDO� VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� WHVWLQGH� � EHOLUWLOHQOHUOHD\QÕGÕU��������'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�gUQHNWHQ������QHP�HVDVÕQD�J|UH�����J�XQ�WDUWÕODUDN�VHGLPHQWDV\RQ�VLOLQGLULQH�NRQXU�����]HULQH��� PO� � EURPIHQRO� PDYLVL� o|]HOWLVL� LODYH� HGLOLS� � VLOLQGLULQ� D÷]Õ� NDSDWÕOÕU�.URQRPHWUHoDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN� �� VLOLQGLU� \DWD\� NRQXPGD� �� VQ� � LoHULVLQGH� ��� NH]� ���� FP� OLN� PHVDIH� LoLQGH�VDOODQDUDN��L\LFH�NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU� �� � �6LOLQGLU� �oDONDODPD�DOHWLQH�NRQXU�YH�WRSODP���GN� �oDONDODQÕU� �6LOLQGLU�V�UH�VRQXQGD� �oDONDODPD�DOHWLQGHQ�DOÕQDUDN� ����°&�GH���VDDW� LQN�EDV\RQD�EÕUDNÕOÕU� �øQN�EDV\RQGDQ� � VRQUD� ��� PO� � VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� � WHVW� � � o|]HOWLVL� LODYH� HGLOHUHN� � �� �� GN� GDKDoDONDODPD��DOHWLQGH��oDONDODQÕU��%X��V�UH�VRQXQGD��VLOLQGLU�DOHWWHQ�DOÕQÕS��G�]�ELU��]HPLQ��]HULQHNRQXU� YH� WDP� �� GN� VRQUD� o|N�QW�� KDFPL� RNXQXU� �� � %X� GH÷HU� � PO� RODUDN� � PRGLIL\HVHGLPHQWDV\RQ� GH÷HULGLU� �� $\QÕ� |UQHN� LoLQ� � QRUPDO� VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� � GH÷HUL� LVH� � D]� |QFHEHOLUWLOGL÷L� úHNLOGH� WHVSLW� HGLOLU�� � (OGH� HGLOHQ� � PRGLIL\H� � VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� � GH÷HUL� �� QRUPDOVHGLPHQWDV\RQ��GH÷HULQGHQ��N�o�N�LVH��|UQH÷LQ��V�QH�NÕPÕO��]DUDUÕ���J|UP�ú�ROGX÷X��DQODúÕOÕU��$úÕUÕ� V�QH� ]DUDUÕ� J|UP�ú� EX÷GD\ODUGD� � PRGLIL\H� VHGLPHQWDV\RQ� GH÷HUL� � �� PO� \H� NDGDUG�úHELOLU�

4.4.Berliner – koopmann (öz kabarma )testi :.

*OXWHQ�NDOLWHVLQLQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕODQ�ELU�WHVWWLU�4.4.1.Prensip:

*OXWHQLQ�]D\ÕI�DVLW�o|]HOWLVL�LoHULVLQGH��JOXWHQ�NDOLWHVLQH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN�KDFPLQLQ�DUWPDVÕ HVDVÕQDGD\DQÕU�4.4.3.Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler:

� ³%HUOLQHU´�EDORQODUÕ� SRUVHOHQ��KDYDQ�����±����FP�oDÕQGD���YH��KDYDQ�HOL� Etüv (27°&�\H�D\DUOÕ��

Page 28: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

4.4.4.Gerekli kimyasal Maddeler:

Laktik asit çözeltisi (N/50 lik ) : Stok N/1 lik laktik asit çözeltisinden günlük olarakKD]ÕUODQPDOÕGÕU� �� 1��� OLN� ODNWLN� DVLW� o|]HOWLVL� KD]ÕUODPDN� LoLQ� G ����� � \R÷XQOXNWDNL� ODNWLNDVLWWHQ�����J�DOÕQÕS� OLWUH\H� WDPDPODQÕU�� JHUL� VR÷XWXFX� DOWÕQGD��� VDDW� ND\QDWÕOÕU� ��6R÷XGXNWDQVRQUD�1��OLN� �1D2+��d|]HOWLVL� OLOH� IHQROIWDOHLQ� LQGLNDW|U�� �YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD�QRUPDOLWHVL� D\DUODQÕU� �%X�o|]HOWLGHQ����PO�DOÕQÕS�����PO�\H�WDPDPODQDUDN�1����OLN�ODNWLN�DVLW�o|]HOWLVL�KD]ÕUODQPÕúolur .

������'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�0DNLQDGD� \ÕNDQDUDN� HOGH� HGLOHQ� \Dú� JOXWHQGHQ� �J� � � WDUWÕOÕU� YH� � ��� HúLW� SDUoD\D� D\UÕODUDN\XYDUODN�úHNLO�YHULOLU���³%HUOLQHU´��EDORQXQGD�VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ�����°&�\H�D\DUODQPÕú�����PO��1����OLNDVLW� o|]HOWLVLQH� DWÕOÕU� �� ³%HUOLQHU´� EDORQXQXQ� ODVWLN� WÕSDVÕQÕQ� Lo� NÕVPÕ� � �� oL]JLVLQH� JHOHFHNúHNLOGH�NDSDWÕOÕU�YH�����°&�\H�D\DUOÕ�HW�YH�\HUOHúWLULOLU��%DORQXQ�HW�YH��NRQPDVÕQGDQ�VRQUD�LON���GN� LoHULVLQGH� JOXWHQ�SDUoDODUÕQÕQ�ELUELULQH�YH�EDORQD� \DSÕúPDPDVÕ� � LoLQ�EHOLUOL� DUDOÕNODUODEDORQXQ� � GLS� NÕVPÕQD� SDUPDNOD� YXUXOXU��%LU� V�UH� VRQUD� JOXWHQ� SDUoDFÕNODUÕ� NDOLWHOHULQH� J|UHúLúHU�YH\D���NÕVPHQ�GD÷ÕOÕUODU����%DORQODU���VDDW����GN�VRQXQGD�HW�YGHQ�oÕNDUÕOÕU��WHUV�oHYULOHUHN\DYDúoD�X\JXQ�ELU�VWDWLIH�\HUOHúWLULOLU�YH����GDNLND��VRQUD��WRSODP�V�UH����VDDW����GN���o|NHQJOXWHQ�KDFPL�RNXQXU���%X�GH÷HU�PO�RODUDN�|]�NDEDUPD�PLNWDUÕGDU��

�������6RQXoODUÕQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL����g]�NDEDUPD�GH÷HUL��PO� Gluten kalitesi��������������8Q�������������������������������������������.ÕUPD >10 >12 Yüksek 10 –5 12-6 Orta���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������'�ú�N

4.5.Pelshenke Testi :

*OXWHQ�NDOLWHVLQLQ�VDSWDQPDVÕQGD�NXOODQÕODQ�ELU�WHVWWLU�

4.5.1. Prensip :%X÷GD\�NÕUPDVÕQGDQ�KD]ÕUODQDQ�PD\DOÕ�KDPXUXQ���\XYDUODN�úHNLO�YHULOOGLNWHQ�VRQUD�����°CdekiVX� LoHUHVLQH� EÕUDNÕOÕS� IHUPHQWDV\RQ� VRQXFX� PH\GDQD� JHOHQ� &22� JD]Õ� EDVÕQFÕ� � HWNLVL� LOHSDUoDODQPDVÕQD�NDGDU� JHoHQ� � � V�UHQLQ�|Oo�OPHVL� HVDVÕQD�GD\DQÕU��%X� V�UH� JOXWHQ� NDOLWHVL� LOHGR÷UX�RUDQWÕOÕGÕU�

Page 29: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

4.5.2. Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler:

� ³3HOVKHQNH´��EDUGDNODUÕ������PO�OLN�� Etüv (30°&�\H�D\DUOÕ���QHP�NRQWUROO��YH�\�NVHN�ED÷ÕO�QHP��VD÷OD\DELOLU�ROPDVÕ�WHULK�HGLOLU��� /DERUDWXYDU�WLSL�XQ�GH÷LUPHQL���ENQ]����NLP\DVDO�DQDOL]OHU��5XWXEHW�PLNWDUÕ�WD\LQL�GHQH\L��� Saat

4.5.3.Gerekli Kimyasal Maddeler:

� 0D\D�V�VSDQVL\RQX������J�SUHV�\Dú�PD\DQÕQ������J�VXGD��KD]ÕUODQPÕú��V�VSDQVL\RQX���������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOúÕ�'H÷LUPHQGH� |÷�W�OHUHN� KD]ÕUODQDQ� EX÷GD\� |UQH÷LQGHQ� �� J� WDUWÕOÕU� YH� KDYDQ� LoHULVLQH� DOÕQÕU�h]HULQH� ����PO�PD\D� o|]HOWLVL� LODYH� HGLOHUHN� \R÷XUXOXU� YH� ³3HOVKHQNH´� EDUGDNODUÕ� LoHULVLQHkonur. Üzerine 30°&�\H� �D\DUOÕ� �HW�YH� � � \HUOHúWLULOLU� �%DúODQJÕoWD�GLEH� o|NHQ�KDPXU�N�WOHVL� �IHUPHQWDV\RQ� VRQXFX� ROXúDQ� &22� � QLQ� HWNLVL� LOH� \DYDú� \DYDú� NDS� LoHULVLQGH� \�]H\H� GR÷UX\�NVHOLU���*OXWHQ��NDOLWHVLQH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN���KDPXU�N�WOHVL�ROXúDQ�&22���EDVÕQFÕQD�EHOOL�ELU�V�UHGD\DQGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�SDUoDODQPD\D��EDúODU���+DPXU�N�WOHVLQLQ��VX\D�DWÕOGÕ÷Õ�YH�SDUoDODQGÕ÷Õ��DQDUDVÕQGDNL�V�UH���GDNLND����WHVW�VD\ÕVÕGÕU��7HVW��G|UW�SDUDOHO�KDOLQGH�\DSÕOÕU�

�������6RQXoODUÕQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL���������<XPXúDN�%X÷GD\����������������������������������������������������6HUW�YH�(NPHNOLN�%X÷GD\�7HVW�6D\ÕVÕ��GN����������*OXWHQ�.DOLWHVL�����������������7HVW�6D\ÕVÕ�GN����������������*OXWHQ�.DOLWHVL 100 - 175 Kuvvetli >400 Çok Kuvvetli 50 – 100 orta 300 – 400 Kuvvetli��������������������������������������=D\ÕI��������������������������������±�������������������������������RUWD�������������������������������������dRN�]D\ÕI���������������������������±������������������������������=D\ÕI

����'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ�7D\LQL�Bu yöntem ile unda var olan amilaz enziminin aktivitesi belirlenmektedir. AmilazDNWLYLWHVLQLQ� EHOLUOHQPHVL� HNPHN� �UHWLP� WHNQRORMLVL� DoÕVÕQGDQ� � |QHP� WDúÕPDNWDGÕU�� � (NPHN\DSÕPÕQGD� IHUPDQWDV\RQ� DúDPDVÕQGDNL� PD\D� IDOL\HWL� RUWDPGD� YDU� RODQ� � úHNHU� PLNWDUÕ� LOH\DNÕQGDQ� LOJLOLGLU�� 7�UNL\H¶GH� \D\JÕQ� RODUDN� NXOODQÕODQ� HNPHN� \DSPD� WHNQL÷LQGHIRUP�ODV\RQD� úHNHU� NDWÕOPDGÕ÷Õ� LoLQ� � PD\D� QLúDVWDQÕQ� SDUoDODQPDVÕ� LOH� ROXúDQ� JO�NR]XNXOODQDUDN� JD]� ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU� �$PLOD]� DNWLYLWHVLQLQ� D]� ROPDVÕ� �� PD\D� K�FUHOHUL� WDUDIÕQGDQNXOODQÕODELOLU�� ùHNHU�PLNWDUÕQÕQ� � \HWHUVL]� ROPDVÕQD� �� EX� GD� HNPHN� KDFPLQLQ� G�ú�N� ROPDVÕQDVHEHS� ROXU��(Q]LP� DNWLYLWHVL� � oRN� \�NVHN� ROGX÷XQGD� HNPHN� LoL� J|]HQHN� \DSÕVÕ� ER]XOPDNWD�HNPHN� KDFPL� LVWHQHQ� G�]H\GH� ROPDPDNWD� � YH� HNPHN� LoL� \DSÕúNDQ� |]HOOLN� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�'�úPH�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�VDSWDQPDVÕ�LOH�HQ]LP�DNWLYLWHVL�EHOLUOHQPHNWH��EXUDGDQ�KHVDSODQDQ�VÕYÕODúPDVD\ÕVÕ� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� IDUNOÕ� DPLOD]� � DNWLYLWHVLQH� VDKLS� XQ� NDUÕúÕP� RUDQODUÕ� YH\D� DPLOD]� NDWNÕ

Page 30: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

düzeyleri EXOXQPDNWGÕU�� <|QWHP� EX÷GD\� �� DUSD� �� oDYGDU�� YE�� KXEXEDW� LOH� PDOW� XQXQDuygulanabilir.

4.6.1.Prensip:

'�úPH� VD\ÕVÕ�� XQ� VX� NDUÕúÕPÕ� LOH� KD]ÕUODQPÕú� MHOLQ� EHOLUOL� � � VÕFDNOÕNWD� NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ� VRQUDROXúDQ� MHO� LoHULVLQGH� VHUEHVW� EÕUDNÕODQ� NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕQÕQ� QLúDVWDQÕQ� VÕYÕODúPDVÕQGDQ� GROD\Õ� EHOLUOLELU�VHYL\H\H�NDGDU�G�úPHVL�LoLQ�JHoHQ�V�UHGLU��YH�VDQL\H�RODUDN�YHULOPHNWHGLU�

4.6.2.Gerekli Alet ve Malzemeler.

� Terazi (0.01 g hassasiyette)� /DERUDWXYDU�WLSL�XQ�GH÷LUPHQL� '�úPH�VD\ÕVÕ�FLKD]Õ�YH�HNLSPDQÕ� 9LVNR]LPHWUH�W�SOHUL�YH�NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ� Otomatik pipet

'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ�&LKD]Õ

<h&(%$ù�0$.ø1(

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Page 31: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

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6.1.Asit Poliagrilamit Jel Elektroforez(A_PAGE):

$VLW�±�3$*(� �KXEXEDW�X\JXODPDODUÕQGD�ELU�EX÷GD\� GHSR�SURWHLQL� RODQ� JOLDGLQ�SURWHLQOHULQHD\ÕUPDN�LoLQ�\D\JÕQ�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��$VLW�±�3$*(��oHúLWOHU�DLW�SUDWHLQOHUL�SDUPDN�L]LJLEL� D\ÕUDUDN� oHúLW� D\ÕUÕPÕ� YH� oHúLWOHULQ� EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH� � �9DULHWDOLGHQWLILFDWLRQ�NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� *OLDGLQ� SURWHLQOHUL� PRQRPHULN� SURWHLQOHULGLU� YH� �� ��� OLN� HWLO� DONROOHo|]�Q�UOHU�� 0DNDUQDOÕN� EX÷GD\ODUGD� � JOLDGLQ� HOHNWURIRUH]� � GHVHQOHULQLQ� LQFHOHQPHVL� EXEX÷GD\ODUÕQ� PDNDUQD� �UHWLPL� LoLQ� X\JXQ� ROXS� ROPDGÕNODUÕQÕQ� � � VDSWDQPDVÕQGDNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�%XVKXN� YH� ]LOOPDQ� ������ �� WDUDIÕQGDQ� |QHULOHQ� \|QWHPH� J|UH� KD]ÕUODQDQHOHNWURIRUHJUDPODUGD� SURWHLQ� EDQWODUÕQÕQ� UHODWLI�PRELOLWHOHUL� KHVDSODQÕU�� %X� LúOHPGH�0DUTXLVEX÷GD\�oHúLWLQLQ�EDQW�GHVHQL��VWDQGDUW�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOÕU����JHQHO�RODUDN�UHOHWLI�PRELOLWHVL����RODQSURWHLQ� EDQWÕQD� VDKLS� EX÷GD\� oHúLWOHULQLQ� PDNDUQDOÕN� NDOLWHVLQLQ� L\L� �� ��� UHODWLI� PRELOLWH\HVDKLS�RODQODUÕQ�LVH�PDNDUQDOÕN�NDOLWHVLQLQ�]D\ÕI�ROGX÷X�NDEXO�HGúOPHNWHGLU�

Page 37: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

6.1.1.Gerekli Alet ve Ekipman:

� Elektroforez sistemi� 'R÷UX�DNÕP�J�o�ND\QD÷Õ� 6X� EDQ\RVX� �ÕVÕWPD� YH� VR÷XWPD� VLVWHPOHULQH� VDKLS� � �� VX\X� SRPSD� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� VLVWHP

içerisinde sirküle edebilen özellikte )

6.1.2. Gerkli çözeltiler:

� (OHNWURIRUH]�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL��%LU�OLWUH�HOHNWURIRUH]�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL�KD]ÕUODPDN�LoLQ�����J� DOLPLQ\XP� ODNWDW� � ���� PO� VDI� VXGD� o|]�Q�U�� o|]HOWLQLQ� S+� VÕ� ODNWLN� DVLW� OH� ���� HD\DUODQGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�KDFPL����OW�\H�WDPDPODQÕU

� (NVWUDNW��VH\UHOWPH�o|]HOWLVL��������VDNNDUR]���������PHWK\O��JUHHQ�ER\DVÕ�LKWLYD�HGHQ�EXo|]HOWL�HOHNWURIRUH]�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL�LOH�KD]ÕUODQÕU�

� -HO� o|]HOWLVL�� ���� PO� MHO� KD]ÕUODPDN� L�oLQ� �� J� � DNULODPLG� �� � ���� J� � � 1�1� µ� � PHWLOHQbisakrilamid , 0.024 g askorbik asit , 0.0004 g FeSO4.7H2O , 0.25 g ailminyum laktat 90PO�VXGD�o|]�QG�U�O�U��o|]HOWLQLQ�S+�VÕ� ODNWLN�DLVWOH�����H�D\DUODQGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�KDFPL����PO�\H�WDPDPODQÕU��'DKD�VRQUD�SROLPHUOHúPH\L�VD÷ODPDN�LoLQ��]HULQH�����µl % 3 lük H2O2

ilave edilir.� Boyama çözeltisi: 0.1 g boya maddesi( coomassie brilliant blue R- 250):10 ml 595 lik

etil alkolde çözündürüldükten sonra 240 ml %12 lik tirikloro asetikasit(TCA) çözeltisi ileNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU�

� %R\D�JLGHUPH�o|]HOWLVL�������OLN�7&$�o|]HOWLVL�ROXS�VDI�VX�LOH�KD]ÕUODQÕU����

������'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�(OHNWURIRUH]GH�NXOODQÕOÕFDN�|UQHNOHUGHQ�DOÕQDQ�WHN�EX÷GD\�WDQHOHUL�ELU�ND÷ÕW�DUDVÕQD�NRQXOXS�KDYDQ�LoHULVLQGH�H]LOLU��6RQUD�����PO�OLN�PLNURVDQWULI�M�W�SOHULQH�DOÕQÕS����]HULQH�D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�LNLNDWÕ������OLN�HWLO�DONRO�LODYH�HGLOHUHN�YRUWHNVWH�KHU����GN�GD�ELU�oDONDODQDUDN����GN��HNVWUDNWHHGLOLU�� 7�SOHUH� ������ G�GDNLND� KÕ]GD� �� GN� VDQWULI�M� LúOHPL� X\JXODQÕU� �VWWH� NDODQ� JOLDGLQçözeltisinden bir tüpe 30 µO� � DOÕQDUDN� �]HULQH� KDFPLQLQ� ���� NDWÕ� ���� µl) ekstrak seyreltmeçözeltisi ilave edilr.

(OHNWURIRUH]� LúOHPLQGH� NXOODQÕODFDN� MHOL� KD]ÕUODPDN� LoLQ� � �� \DNODúÕN� �°&� \H� VR÷XWXODQ� YHüzerine mikropipet ile 0.1 ml %3 lük H2O2� � LODYH� HGLOHQ� MHO� KD]ÕUODPD� o|]HOWLVL�PDQ\HWLNNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕGD�NÕVD�ELU�V�UH�NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�����[�����[���� �PP�ER\XWODUÕQGD�LNL�DGHW� MHONDOÕEÕQD� G|N�O�U�� 'DKD� VRQUD� NDOÕS� �]HULQH� SURWHLQ� |UQHNOHULQLQ� X\JXODQDFD÷Õ� \XYDODUÕKD]ÕUODPDN� DPDFÕ\OD� |UQHN� VD\ÕVÕQD� X\JXQ� WHIORQ� WDUDN� \HUOHúWLULOLU�� 3ROLPHUOHúPHWDPDPODQÕQFD�WDUDN�\DYDúoD�oÕNDUÕOÕU��MHOGH�SROLPHUOHúPHGHQ�DUWD�NDODQ�DNULODPLG�NDOÕQWÕODUÕ�VXLOH� � \ÕNDQDUDN� X]DNODúWÕUÕOÕU� YH� |UQHN� X\JXODQDFDN� NÕVÕP� HOHNWURIRUH]� WDPSRQ� o|]HOWLVLLOHdoldurulur.�'DKD�|QFH�KD]ÕUODQPÕú�RODQ�JOLDGLQ�|UQHN�o|]HOWLOHULQGHQ�KDPLOWRQ�úLULQJD�LOH����µO��DOÕQÕS�MHO�]HULQX� X\JXODQÕU� � YH� MHO� NDOÕEÕ� �VW� � WDPSRQ� NDOÕEÕQD� WDNÕOÕU��hVW� WDQND� ����PO� HOHNWURIRUH]WDPSRQ� o|]HOWLVL� LODYH� HGLOGLNWHQ� VRQUD� �� LoHULVLQGH� �����PO� D\QÕ� WDPSRQ� o|]HOWLGHQ� LKWLYDHGHQ�DOW�WDPSRQ�WDQNÕQD�\HUOHúWLULOLU����6LVWHPLQ�NDSD÷Õ�NDSDWÕOGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�ELU�GR÷UX�DNÕP��J�oND\QD÷ÕQGDQ�SR]LWLI�YH�QHJDWLI�HOHNWURWODU�DUDVÕQGD�����YROW�JHULOLP�úLGGHWLQGH�HOHNWULN�DNÕPÕ

Page 38: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

X\JXODQÕU�HOHNWURIRUH]�VÕUDVÕQGD�VR÷XWXFX�\DUGÕPÕ�LOH�VÕFDNOÕN����°&�GH�VDELW�WXWOXU��<DNODúÕNRODUDN������VDDW�V�UHQ�HOHNWURIRUH]�LúOHPL�VRQXQGD�MHOOHU�NDOÕSWDQ��oÕNDUÕOÕU�YH�LoHULVLQGH�ER\DPDo|]HOWLVL�EXOXQDQ�N�YHWOHUH�DOÕQÕU� ��-HOOHU�ELU�JHFH�ER\XQFD�ER\DPD�|]HOWLVLQGH�EÕUDNÕOÕU� ���EXVÕUDGD� o|]HOWL� LoHULVLQGHNL� ER\D� SURWHLQOHUOH� NRPSOHNV� ROXúWXUDUDN� ED÷ODQÕU�� -HO� �]HULQGH� �SURWHLQ� EDQWODUÕQÕQ� GÕúÕQGD� NDODQ� E|OJHGHNL� ER\D� �� MHO� ELUNDo� VDDW� ER\D� GHOPH� o|]HOWLVLQGHWXWXODUDN� JLGHULOLU�� %R\D� JLGHUPH� LúOHPLQGHQ� VRQUD� MHOOHU� GH÷HUOHQGLULOLU�� 3URWHLQ� EDQWODUÕQÕQUHODWLI�PRELOLWH���5I����GH÷HUOHUL�KHVDSODQÕUNHQ��VWDQGDUW�RODUDN�NXOODQÕODQ�0DUTXLV��oHúLGLQGHNLoLIW� EDQWWDQ� VRQUDNL�NDOÕQ�EDQWÕQ� � �UHIHUDQV� EDQW� ��PRELOLWHVL� ��� RODUDN� NDEXO� HGLOLU� YH� GL÷HUEDQWODUÕQ� 5I� GH÷HUOHUL� EXQD� J|UH� KHVDSODQÕU�� %XQXQ� LoLQ� VSHVLILN� ELU� EDQWÕQ� 5I� � GH÷HULKHVDSODQÕUNHQ� �� EX� EDQWÕQ� RULMLQGHQ� X]DNOÕ÷Õ� � �'��� E|O�Q�U� YH� EXOXQDQ� GH÷HU� ��� LOH� oDUSÕOÕU�ùHNLO������

50 x D2Rf = (14) D1

6.2. Sodyum Dedosil Sülfat Poliakrilamit Jel Elektroforez (SDS_PAGE)

6'6�3$*(� �� KXEXEDW� X\JXODPDODUÕQGD� GL÷HU� ELU� EX÷GD\� GHSRSURWHLQ� JUXEX� RODQ� JOXWHQLQLD\ÕUPDN�LoLQ�NXOODQÕOPDOÕGÕU���*OXWHQLQ�SURWHLQOHUL�SROLPHULN�SURWHLQOHU�ROGX÷X��YH�|QHPOL�ELUE|O�P���HWLO�DONROGH�o|]�QPHGL÷L�LoLQ�$VLW��3$*(�VLVWHPLQGH�MHOH�JLUHPH]��YH�RULMLQGH��\÷XQER\DQPÕú� ELU� WDEDND� KDOLQGH� J|U�O�U�� *OXWHQLQ� SURWHLQOHULQLQ� DOWELULPOHULQGHQ� � RODQ� �+0:�KLJK� PROHFXODU� ZHLJKW� �� \�NVHN� � PROHN�OHU� D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ� �� � JOXWHQLQOHU� XQXQ� HNPHN� � \DSPDkalitesini etkileyen önemli bir protein grubudur.

Page 39: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

Neepawa 1 2 3 4

Page 40: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

6'6� �� DQ\RQLN� ELU� GHWHUMDQ� ROXS� SURWHLQOHUH� KLGURIRELN� HWNLOHúLPOH� VWRNL\RPHWULN� RODUDNED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU�� -HO� WDPSÕQODUÕQGD� � 6'6� � NXOODQÕOPDVÕ� SURWHLQOHULQ� NRPSOHNV� \DSÕODUGDQo|]�O�S� D\UÕOPDVÕQÕ� YH� DJUHJDW� ROXúXPXQXQ� HQJHOOHQPHVLQL� VD÷ODU�� 6'6� SURWHLQHED÷ODQGÕ÷ÕQGD� \�NO�� RODQ� 62� 3 QHJDWLI� GH÷HUOLNOL� JUXEX� GÕúDUÕ� GR÷UX� \|QHOLU�� %X� QHGHQOHSURWHLQOHU�QHJDWLI� �\�N� LOH�\�NOHQPLúWLU� �+HU�ELU�SROL�SHSWLG� � � � ]LQFLUL� DoÕODUDN�oXEXN�úHNOLQHG|Q�ú�U�� dXEXN� úHNOLQGHNL� \DSÕQÕQ� ER\X�� � PROHN�O� D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ� LOH� GR÷UX� RUDQWÕOÕGÕU�� 'L÷HU� ELULIDGH� LOH� 6'6� HWNLVLQGHQ� VRQUD� W�P� SURWHLQOHU� \DNODúÕN� D\QÕ� \�N� \R÷XQOX÷XQDD� VDKLSWLU� YHWDPDPHQ�GHQDW�UH�ROPXúODUGÕU��%X�QHGHQOH�6'6�±�3$*(��GH�D\ÕUÕP��\�NWHQ�]L\DGH�PROHN�OHUD÷ÕUOÕ÷D�J|UH� \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU��6'6�±3$*(� �GH� LQGLUJHPH� LúOHPL� LoLQ�β-merkaptoetanol (ME)NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU���0(�LOH�LQGLUJHPH�LúOHPL���SURWHLQOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�GLV�OILW�ED÷ODUÕQÕ�SDUoDODGÕ÷ÕLoLQ�E�\�N�PROHN�OOHU�GDKD�N�o�N�DOW�ELULPOHUH�D\UÕOÕU��YH�D\ÕUÕFÕ�MHOH�JLUPHOHUL�P�PN�Q��ROXU�$\UÕFD��SURWHLQOHULQ���o�ER\XWOX�\DSÕODUÕ�DoÕOÕS�6'6�LQ�HWNLQ�úHNLOGH�ED÷ODQPDVÕ�VD÷ODQÕU��

6.2.1. Gerekli Aletler:� Elektroforez sistemi� 'R÷UX�DNÕP�J�o�ND\QD÷Õ� 6X� EDQ\RVX� �� ÕVÕWPD� YH� VR÷XWPD� VLVWHPOHULQH� VDKLS� VX\X� SRPSD� \DUGÕPÕ\OD� VLVWHP

içerisindeki sirküle edebilen özelllikte )

6.2.2. Gerekli Çözeltiler:

� Elektroforez tampon çözeltisi: 0.192 M glisin , 0.025 M tris , %1 (w/v ) SDS , pH 8.3� Ekstrakt seyreltme stok çözeltisi :% 20 (v/v) gliserol , 0.063 M tris ,%2 (w/v) SDS ve

�������S\URQLQ���<���Z�Y����S+��������(OHNWURIRUH]�LoLQ�|UQHN�KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ�VÕUDVÕQGD��|UQHNVD\ÕVÕQD� � � ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� ��� �� �0(� LoHUHFHN� ELoLPGH� VWRNWDQ� DOÕQDUDN� HNVWUDNW� VH\UHOWPHo|]HOWLVL�KD]ÕUODQÕU�

� gQ�D\ÕU\P��VWDFNLQJ����MHO�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL�������0��WULV����S+����� $\ÕUÕFÕ��VHSVDUDWLQJ��MHO�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL�����0�WULV���S+����� gQ�D\ÕUÕP�MHO�o|]HOWOLVL�������� �DNULODPLW� � ����������� � � �Z�Y�� � �1�1¶�PHWLOHQELVDNULODPLW�

�����PO�|Q�D\ÕUÕP�MHO�WDP�SRQ�o|]HOWLVL����������Z�Y���6'6���� $\ÕUÕFÕ� MHO�o|]HOWLVL� ��������Z�Y��DNULODPLG���������Z�Y��1�1�µ�PHWLOHQELVDNULODPLG� ����

PO�D\ÕUÕFÕ�MHO�WDPSRQ�o|]HOWLVL��������Z�Y���6'6�� Boyama stok çözeltisi: 1.5 g Coomassie Brilliant Blue G- 250 1000 ml saf su içerisinde

çözündürülür, üzerine 1000 ml 2 N H2SO4� o|]HOWLVL� HNOHQLU� YH� ELU� JHFH� ER\XQFD� NDUÕúWÕUPD\D�EÕUDNÕOÕU�YH�EX�V�UH�VRQXQGD�GD�ILOWUH�HGLOLU�

� Boyama çözeltisi (iki jel için ): 300ml boyama stok çözeltisi, 35 ml 10 N KOH, 50ml�����7&$�LOH�KD]ÕUODQÕU�

Page 41: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�������'HQ\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ6'6� ±� 3$*(� GH� HOHNWURIRUH]� LúOHP� EDVDPDNODUÕ�� |UQHNOHULQ� YH� MHOOHULQ� KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ� RODUDNLNL\H� D\UÕODELOLU�� -HOOHULQ� KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ� $� ±3$*(� GH� ROGX÷X� JLELGLU�� $QFDN� GDKD� |QFHGHEHOLUWLOGL÷L� JLEL� 6'6� ±� 3$*(� GH� �VW� �VWH� LNL� IDUNOÕ� MHO� EXOXQPDNWÕGÕU�� %XQGDQ� GROD\Õ� |QFHNDOÕED�D\ÕUÕFÕ�MHO���SROLPHUOHúPH�VD÷ODQGÕNWDQ�VRQUD�LVH�|Q�D\ÕUÕP�MHOL�G|N�O�U�gUQHN�KD]ÕUODPD�DúDPDVÕQGD���|UQHN�����PJ����]HULQH�HNVWDUNW�VH\UHOWPH�o|]HOWLVLQGHQ�������µO� �� NRQXODUDN� �� �� VDDW� ER\XQFD� G�]HQOL� DUDOÕNODUOD� YRUWHNVOH� NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU�� %X� V�UH� VRQXQGDörnekler kaynar su banyosunda 2.5 dakika bekletildikten sonra 13000 rpm de 5 dakikaVDQWULIXMOHQLU�� gUQHNOHU� +DPLOWRQ� úÕUÕQJD� LOH� MHOH� X\JXODQGÕNWDQ� VRQUD� �VW� WDQN� NDOÕSODUÕQ�]HULQH� WDNÕOÕU� YH� NDOÕSODU� HOHNWURIRUH]� WDQNÕQD� \HUOHúWLULOLU�� 'DKD� VRQUD� �VW� WDQN� WDPSRQXGROGXUXOXS� HOHNWURWODU� \HUOHULQH� \HUOHúWLULOLU�� $VLW� ±� 3$*(� LQ� WHUVLQH� 6'6� ±� 3$*(� LoLQ� DOWelektrorta (+) ; üst elektrota ise ( −��DNÕP�ED÷ODQÕU��(ONWURIRUH]�LúOHPL�KHU�MHO�LoLQ����P$�VDELWDNÕP� \DNODúÕN� �� VDDW� GH� WDPDPODQÕU�� %X� V�UH� VRQXQGD� MHOOHU� oÕNDUÕODUDN� ER\D� o|]HOWLVLQHNRQXOXU�YH�IRWR÷UDIODUÕ�oHNLOLQFH\H�NGDU�ER\D�o|]HOWLVL�LoHULVLQGH�EHNOHWLOLU�

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Page 45: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

2- ICC Yöntemi:

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Page 46: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

3 AACC Yöntemi:

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b- Stabilite (Stability):�.XUYHQLQ�����NRQVLVWHQV�oL]JLVLQH�XODúWÕ÷Õ�YH�D\UÕOGÕ÷Õ�QRNWDODU�DUDVÕdakika olarak stabiliteyi verir .(3b)

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VRQUDNL�\�NVHNOL÷L�ROXS�(8�RODUDN�LIDGH�HGLOLU�� 8]DPD�NDELOL\HWL���(��([WHQVLELOLW\���.XUYHQLQ�WDEDQ�X]XQOX÷XGXU��+DPXUXQ�oHNLOPH\H

EDúODGÕ÷Õ�DQGDQ�NRSWX÷X�DQD�NDGDU�JHoHQ�V�UHGLU�YH�PP�RODUDN�LIDGH�HGLOLU��5P�GH÷HULLOH�EX�GH÷HU�DUDVÕQGDNL�RUDQ�XQXQ�HNPHNOLN�NDOLWHVL�KDNNÕQGD�ILNLU�YHUPHNWHGLU�

� (QHUML� �$�� $UHD��� .XUYHQLQ� DODQÕ� ROXS�� ELULPL� FPA�� GLU�� .XUYH� DODQÕ� JHQHOOLNOHSODQLPHWUH�LOH�EHOLUOHQLU��%X�GH÷HULQ�E�\�N�ROPDVÕ�KDPXUXQ�JD]�WXWPD�NDSDVLWHVLQLQ�YHIHUPHQWDV\RQ� WROHUDQVÕQÕQ� L\L� ROGX÷XQX� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU�� %X� WLS� KDPXUODU� GDKD� KDFLPOLekmek verirler.

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(A)

(B)

�����������������.XYYHWOL��$��YH�=D\ÕI��%��8Q�gUQHNOHULQH�DLW�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�*UDILNOHUL

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gUQHN�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�*UDILNOHUL�

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�+DPXU�YH�8Q�WHVW�&LKD]Õ�%LOJLVD\DU�JUDILN�9HULOHUL�$'$1$�3$1'$�<h.6(.�.$/ø7(

8Q�7HVW�&LKD]Õ6X�.DOGÕUPD�'H÷HUL�������������������������*HOLúPH�6�UHVL��������������������������������GDN�6WDELOLWH�'H÷HUL�������������������������������GDN�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�������'N����������'N����������'N�Hamur Direnci: 423 586 614Uzayabilirlik 156 144 150(QHUML�'H÷HUL���������������������������������������������������<Dú�*OXWHQ������������������������������'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ������Sedimantasyon 39G. Sedimantasyon 58

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$'$1$�±�3$1'$�'hùh.�.$/ø7(

8Q�7HVW�&LKD]Õ6X�.DOGÕUPD�'H÷HUL�������������������������*HOLúPH�6�UHVL��������������������������������GDN�6WDELOLWH�'H÷HUL�������������������������������GDN�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�������'N����������'N����������'N�Hamur Direnci: 200 230 234Uzayabilirlik 138 114 114(QHUML�'H÷HUL��������������������������������������������������<Dú�*OXWHQ������������������������������'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ������Sedimantasyon 25G. Sedimantasyon 27

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ød�$1$'2/8�±%2=(67$-$�<h.6(.�.$/ø7(

8Q�7HVW�&LKD]Õ6X�.DOGÕUPD�'H÷HUL�������������������������*HOLúPH�6�UHVL��������������������������������GDN�6WDELOLWH�'H÷HUL�������������������������������GDN�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�������'N����������'N����������'N�Hamur Direnci: 835 1000 1000Uzayabilirlik 156 120 120(QHUML�'H÷HUL��������������������������������������������������<Dú�*OXWHQ������������������������������'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ������Sedimantasyon 48G. Sedimantasyon 56

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.$5$'(1ø=�6$'29$�'hùh.�.$/ø7(

8Q�7HVW�&LKD]Õ6X�.DOGÕUPD�'H÷HUL�������������������������*HOLúPH�6�UHVL��������������������������������GDN�6WDELOLWH�'H÷HUL�������������������������������GDN�+DPXU�7HVW�&LKD]Õ�������'N����������'N����������'N�Hamur Direnci: 230 293 320Uzayabilirlik 114 114 108(QHUML�'H÷HUL�������������������������������������������������<Dú�*OXWHQ������������������������������'�úPH�6D\ÕVÕ������Sedimantasyon 25G. Sedimantasyon 23

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8. Unda Ekmeklik Özelliklerin Tayini

8.1. Ekmek Yapma Denemesi

��� 7HPPX]� ����� WDULKOL� UHVPL� JD]HWH� GH� �VD\Õ� �� ������� \D\ÕQODQPÕú� RODQ� .RGHNVWH� �7�UN*ÕGD� .RGHNVL� ±� (NPHN� YH� dHúLWOHUL�� ³(NPHN�� EX÷GD\� XQXQD� LoPH� VX\X�� WX]� �� PD\D�JHUHNWL÷LQGH� HQ]LP�� WDKÕO� XQODUÕ�� VR\D� XQX�� SDWDWHV�� V�WWR]X�� SH\QLU� DOWÕ� VX\X�� ELWNLVHO� \D÷�VDNDUR]�� JOLNR]� úXUXEX�� EX÷GD\� NHSH÷L�� NXUX� JOXWHQ� YH� EHQ]HUL� PDGGHOHU� LOH� 7�UN� *ÕGD.RGHNVL¶GH� L]LQ� YHULOHQ� NDWNÕ�PDGGHOHUL� NDWÕODUDN� KD]ÕUODQDQ� NDUÕúÕPÕQ� WHNQL÷LQH� X\JXQ� ELUúHNLOGH� \R÷XUXOXS�� IHUPHQWDV\RQD� EÕUDNÕOPDVÕ� YH� SLúLULOPHVL� LOH� \DSÕODQ� �U�Q´� RODUDNWDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU�8QODUÕQ� HNPHNOLN� GH÷HUOHULQL� EHOLUOHPHN� DPDFÕ\OD� ODERUDWXYDU� |OoHNOL� oHúLWOL� HNPHN� \DSPDGHQHPHOHUL� NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� 8Q�� VX��PD\D�� WX]� YH� JHUHNWL÷LQGH� ED]Õ� NDWNÕODU� LOH� KD]ÕUODQDQKDPXUXQ� X\JXQ� NRúXOODU� DOWÕQGD� IHUPHQWDV\RQX� YH� SLúLULOPHVL� LOH� HOGH� HGLOHQ� GHQHPHHNPH÷LQLQ� QLWHOLNOHUL�� XQXQ� HG�VWUL\HO� |OoHNWHNL� HNPHNOLN� |]HUOOLNOHUL� KDNNÕQGD� ELOJLYHUPHNWHGLU�8QXQ�HNPHNOLN�|]HOOLNOHULQLQ�EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH�GH÷LúLN�HNPHN�\DSPD�\|QWHPOHULXNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��%XQODU�GR÷UXGDQ�KDPXU�\DSPD���DúDPDOÕ�KDPXU� �\DSPD�KÕ]OÕ�\R÷XUPD�YHPHNDQLN� KDPXU� JHOLúWLUPH� JLEL� \|QWHPOHUGLU�/DERUDWXYDUGD� HNPHN� GHQHPHVL� \DSDUNHQ� �ELUoRN� �ONHGH� ROGX÷X� JLEL�7�UNL\H¶GH� � GH� �$PHULNDQ�+XEXEDW�.LP\DFÕODUÕ� %LUOL÷L� �$$&&�WDUDIÕQGDQ�|QHULOHQ��HNPHN�\DSPD��PHWRGX�PRGLIL\H�HGLOHUHN�NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��%X�\|QWHPLQHVDVÕ�GR÷UXGDQ�KDPXU�\DSPD�\|QWHPLQH�GD\DOÕGÕU�

8.1.1. Gerekli alet ve malzemeler:

� <R÷XUXFX� )HUPDQWDV\RQ�GRODEÕ� )ÕUÕQ� Hacim ölçme aleti� (NPHN�SLúLUPH�NDSODUÕ� ùHNLO�YHULFL�FLKD]ODU

8.1.2.Gerekli kimyasal maddeler:

� 0D\D�V�VSDQVL\RQX������J�\DúPD\D���OOOLWUH�� NaCL çözeltisi (60 g NaCL / Litre)

�������'HQH\DSÕOÕúÕ8Q�|UQH÷L���������QHP�HVDVÕQD�J|UH�����J��\R÷XUPD�NDEÕQD�DOÕQÕS����]HULQH�����°C de su ileKD]ÕUODQPÕú�PD\D�YH� WX]�o|]HOWLOHULQGHQ����HU�PO� LODYH�HGLOLU� ��%|\OHFH�XQ� HVDVÕQD� J|UH����PD\D� �� ����� WX]� YHULOPLú� ROXU� �� 8Q� WHVW� FLKD]Õ� GHQHPHOHULQGH� HOGH� HGLOHQ� DEVRUEVL\RQDXODúPDN�LoLQ�JHUHNOL�VX�PLNWDUÕ�KHVDSODQDUDN�\R÷XUXFX\D�LODYH�HGLOLU�YH�VWDQGDUW�NRQVLVWHQVH������(8�XODúÕQFD\D�NDGDU��JHOLúPH�V�UHVL�NDGDU���\R÷XUXOXU��<R÷XUPDGDQ�VRQUD�KDPXU�WDUWÕOÕSHOGH� ��� NH]� \XYDUODQDUDN� úHNLO� YHULOLU� YH� IHUPDQWDV\RQ� NDSODUÕQD� NRQDUDN� ELULQFLIHUPDQWDV\RQD� EÕUDNÕOÕU�� �� ��� GN�� � %LULQFL� KDYDODQGÕUPD� YH� EXQGDQ� ��� GN� VRQUD� LNLQFLKDYDODQGÕUPD�\DSÕOÕU��+DYDODQGÕUPD�LúOHPOHUL�LOH�LoHULGH�ELULNHQ�NDUERQGLRNVLW�NÕVPHQ�DWÕOÕU�YH

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KDPXUD� RNVLMHQ� JLUPHVL� VD÷ODQÕU� �� øNLQFL� KDYDODQGÕUPD\Õ� WDNLEHQ� KDPXUD� |]HO� ELU� G�]HQHN\DUGÕPÕ\OD�|QFH��LQFH�X]XQ��úHNLO�YHULOLU��VRQUD�UXOR�KDOLQH�JHWLULOLU�YH�SLúLUPH�NDSODUÕQD�DOÕQÕU�'DKD�VRQUD�KDPXU����GN�VRQ�IHUPDQWDVV\RQD�EÕUDNÕOÕU���7�P��IHUPDQWDV\RQ�LúOHPOHUL���°C deYH������QLVEL�UXWXEHWWH�IHUPDQWDV\RQ�GRODEÕQGD�\DSÕOÕU� ��)HUPDQWDV\RQX�WDPDPOD\DQ�KDPXU230°&�\H�D\DUOÕ�IÕUÕQGD����GN�SLúLULOLU��������6RQXoODUÕQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL(NPHNOHU� IÕUÕQGDQ� oÕNWÕNWDQ� �� VDDW� VRQUD� D÷ÕUOÕN� YH� KDFLPOHUL� |Oo�O�U� �� 'H÷HUOHQGLUPHOHUGHHNPH÷LQ� GÕú� |]HOOLNOHUL� �� VLPHWUL�� NDEXN� UHQJL� � J|]HQHN� \DSÕVÕ� YH� � WHVN�U�� GLNNDWH� DOÕQÕU� �(NPHNOHUGH� VLPHWUL� GXUXPX� �� ���� EDVDPDN� DUDOÕNODUOD� �� PDNVLPXP� ���� �]HULQGHQ� �� NDEXNUHQJL� LVH�PDNVLPXP����� �]HULQGHQ� GH÷HUOHQGLULOLU� �� (NPHN� LoL� J|]HQHN� \DSÕVÕ� � �� HNPHN� LoLUHQJL�YH�WHNVW�U�PDNVLPXP����WDP�SXDQ��]HULQGHQ���GH÷HUOHQGLULUOLU������'DOOPDQQ�)RUP�O�QH�*|UH�(NPHN�'H÷HU�6D\ÕVÕQÕQ�+HVDSODQPDVÕ� HFxGF(NPHN�'H÷HU�6D\ÕVÕ� � ± EDF (16) 100

HF : Hacim FaktörüGF :Gözenek Faktörü(')����(NPHN�øoL�'H÷HUOHQGLUPH�)DNW|U�

'DOOPDQÕQ� IRUP�O�QH� J|UH� HNPHN� GH÷HU� VD\ÕVÕ� KHVDSODQÕUNHQ� ED]Õ� IDNW|UOHULQ� NXOODQOPDVÕJHUHNOLGLU�%X� IDNW|UOHQ� KD]ÕUODQPÕú� WDEORODU� \DUGÕPÕ� LOH� EHOLUOHQLU� +DFLP� IDNW|U�� �� ���� � JXQGDQ�HOGH� � HNPH÷LQ�KDFPL�|Oo�OG�NWHQ� VRQUD� WDEOR�����NXOODQÕODUDN� WHVELW� HGLOLU� ��*|]HQHNIDNW|U�Q�� EXOPDN� LoLQ� |QFH� GDOOPDQ� J|]HQHN� VÕNDODVÕ� NXOODQÕODUDN� HNPH÷LQ� J|]HQHN� GH÷HULbelirlenir ve tablo 8.2 kullanularak gözenek faktörü tesbit edilir.Ekmek içi özelliklerininGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQGH� HNPHN� LoL� WHNVW�U�� �� HOVWLNL\HWL� YH� J|]HQHNOHULQ� KRPRMHQOOL÷L� GLNNDWHDOÕQPDNWDGÕU� ��%X� GH÷HUOHQGLUPH� VRQXoODUÕQD� NDUúÕOÕN� JHOHQ� SXDQODPD� IDNW|UOHUL� WDEOR� ���� WHYHULOPLúWLU�7DEOR�����'DOOPDQ�)RUP�O�QGH�.XOODQÕODQ�+DFLP�)DNW|UOHUL Ekmek Hacmi (ml) Hacim Faktörü

300 0 350 50 380 80 400 100 420 110 460 130 500 150 600 200 700 250

Page 57: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

7DEOR������'DOOPDQ�IRUP�O�QGH�NXOODQÕODQ�J|]HQHN�IDNW|UOHUL������*|]HQHN�1XPDUDVÕ Gözenek Faktörü 1 30 2 40 3 50 4 60 5 70 6 80 7 90 8 100

7DEOR������'DOOPDQQ�)RUP�O�QGH�.XOODQÕODQ�(NPHN�øoL�'H÷HUOHQGLUPH�)DNW|UOHULTekstür Faktör Elastikiye Faktör Homojenlik FaktörKaba 0 ø\L����������������������������� Homojen 5Biraz Kaba 10 Odukça iyi -5 Oldukça homojen 02OGXNoD�øQFH����������� Orta -10 +RPRMHQ�GH÷LO������������øQFH������������������������� Kusurlu -75<XPXúDN����������������� Yetersiz -100dRN�<XPDúDN����������

8.3. Ekmek Analizleri

�������gUQH÷LQ�$QDOL]H�+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ(NPHN�IÕUÕQGDQ�oÕNWÕNWDQ�HQ�D]�ELU�VDDW�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ�±�����J�GX\DUOÕNWD� WHVSLW�HGLOLU��(NPHN���±��PP� LQFHOLNWH� |UQHN� ND\EÕ� HQ� D]� RODFDN� ELoLPGH� GLOLPOHQLU�� 'LOLPOHU� ND÷ÕW� �]HULQGH� RGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD�GHQJH�ED÷ÕO�QHPLQH�XODúÕQFD\D�NDGDU�NXUWXOXU���\DNODúÕN��������VDDW����'DKD�VRQUD|UQHNOHU� WDUWÕOÕU� YH�NXUXWPD� VRQXFX�PH\GDQD� JHOHQ��� UXWXEHW� ND\EÕ�KHVDSODQÕU��.XUXWXOPXúGLOLPOHU� |÷�W�O�S� ��� PHVK� OLN� HOHNWHQ� HOHQLU�� gUQHNOHU� DQDOL]H� DOÕQÕQFD\D� NDGDU� KDYDJHoLUPH\HQ� ELU� NDSWD� PXKDID]D� HGLOLU�� %X� úHNLOGH� KD]ÕUODQDQ� |UQHNWH� X\JXQ� PHWRGODUNXOODQÕODUDN� �� UXWXEHW� �� N�O� YH� WX]� WD\LQOHUL� \DSÕOÕU�� .RGHNVH� J|UH� oHúLWOL� HNPHNOHUH� DLW� ED]ÕGH÷HUOHU�WDEOR�����GH�YHULOPLúWLU�

Page 58: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

7DEOR�����.RGHNVH�*|UH�'H÷LúLN�(NPHNOHULQ�%D]Õ�.LP\DVDO�g]HOOLNOHUL

g=(//ø./(5 Ekmek Kepekli Ekmek

Tam-Tane����(NPH÷L

dDYGDU�%X÷GD\�������(NPH÷L

�����'L÷HU Ekmekleri

Rutubet%,(m/m)(en çok)

38 42 42 42 42

7X]�KDULo�N�O�PNWDUÕ%,(m/m)(kuru maddede,en çok)

0.80 2.5 2.3 1.2 2.0

7X]�PLNWDUÕ%, (m/m)(kuru madde, en çok)

1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75

�����(NPHN�LOH�øOJLOL�+HVDSODPDODU�

(NPHN��UHWLPL�VÕUDVÕQGD���NXOODQÕODQ�XQXQ�PLNWDUÕQD��YH�VX�NDOGÕUPDVÕQD�J|UH�QH�NDGDU�KDPXUYH�HNPHN�HOGH�HGLOHFH÷LQL���YH�SLúLUPH�ND\EÕ�KHVDSODQDELOLU��$úD÷ÕGD�EX�NRQX�LOH�LOJLOL�|UQHNKHVDSODPDODU�YHULOPLúWLU�AxX=BxY (17)

$��+DPXU�PLNWDUÕX: Hamurun Kurumaddesi%��(NPHN�0LNWDUÕ<��(NPH÷LQ�NXUXPDGGH�PLNWDUÕ+DPXUXQ� PLNWDUÕ� XQXQ� VX� NDOGÕUPDVÕQD� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� GH÷LúPHNWHGLU�� � gUQH÷LQ� ELU� XQXQVXNDOGÕUPDVÕ�������LVH������NJ�XQ�LoLQ����NJ�VX�JHUHNOLGLU�YH�HOGH�HGLOHFHN�KDPXU�PLNWDUÕ�����NJ�GÕU�6X�.DOGÕUPDDVÕ������RODQ�����NJ�XQ�LoLQ����NJ�VX�JHUHNPHNWHGLU���6X�NDOGÕUPDVÕ������RODQbir undan 158 kg un elde edilir .+DPXUGDNL��VX�PLNWDUÕ� ��������� �����NJ 100x 72%XUDGD����VX�RUDQÕ� �� = % 45.6 158Hamurun kurumaddesi =100-45.6=% 54.4 bulunur.

.RGHNVH�J|UH�HNPHNWH�EXOXQPDVÕQD��L]LQ�YHULOHQ�HQ�\�NVHN�VX�RUDQÕ������GLU�����J�HNPH÷LQ�VX�PLNWDUÕ�⇒350 x 0.38 = 133 g����J�HNPH÷LQ�NXUXPDGGHVL�⇒����±����� ����J��ROPDOÕGÕU�

Page 59: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

Örnek :%LU�J�QGH����NJ��OÕN�����WRUED�XQ���VX�NDOGÕUPDVÕ���������UXWXEHWL���������LúOH\HQ�ELU�IÕUÕQGD����J�OÕN�NDo�DGHW�HNPHN��HOGH�HGLOLU�"��SLúPH�ND\EÕ���NDo�ROXU�"8Q�PLNWDUÕ�����[���� �����NJ 1500 x 57øODYH�HGLOHFHN�VX�PLNWDUÕ�� � = 855 kg 100

+DPXU�PLNWDU� ����������� �����NJ+DPXUGD�EXOXQDQ�VX�PLNWDU� ����������� ��� 71+DXPXUGDNL���VX�PLNWDU�� � x 100 = % 45 . 22 100 + 57

Hamurun kurumaddesi (X) = 100 – 45.22 = 54.78

(NPH÷LQ�NXUXPDGGHVL��<�� �����±��� ���A x X = B x Y

2355 x 54.78 = B x 63

%� ��������NJ�HNPHN�������J�OÕN������DGHW�HNPHN�� HA -EA3LúPH�ND\EÕ� � X100 (18) HA

+$���+DPXU�$÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ($����(NPHN�(÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ ( 2355- 2080.8)3LúPH�.D\EÕ� � X 100 = % 11.64 2355

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9.Makarna Analizleri

9.1. 0DNDUQD�3LúLUPH�7HVWOHUL0DNDUQD�NDOLWHVLQL�EHOLUOHPHGH��SLúPH�VX\XQD�JHoHQ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ��SLúHQ�PDNDUQDGD��KDFLPDUWÕúÕ�� VX� DEVRUSVL\RQ� GH÷HUL� YH� PDNDUQD� SLúPH� V�UHVL� JLEL� WHVWOHU� \D\JÕQ� RODUDNNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�� 0DNDUQD� NDOLWHVLQL� GH÷HUOHQGLULUNHQ�� SLúPH� VX\XQD� JHoHQ� PDGGH� PLNWDUÕ|QHPOL�NDOLWH�NULWHUL�RODUDN�NDEXO�HGLOPHNWHGLU�� ø\L�NDOLWHOL��\�NVHN�SURWHLQOL� LUPLNOHUGHQ�HOGHHGLOHQ�PDNDUQDQÕQ�SLúPH�VX\XQD�JHoHQ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ�G�ú�N�ROXU�YH�SLúLULOGLNWHQ�VRQUD�GLUL�DO�GHQWH��\DSÕVÕQÕ�PXKDID]D�HGHU��3URWHLQ�PLNWDUÕ�DUWWÕNoD�PDNDUQD�SLúPH�NDOLWHVLQLQGH�DUWWÕ÷ÕELOLQPHNWHGLU�� øUPLN� \DSÕVÕQGD� EXOXQDQ� SURWHLQOHULQ�PDNDUQD� \DSPD� LúOHPL� VÕUDVÕQGD� ELU� D÷VLVWHPL�ROXúWXUDUDN�QLúDVWD�JUDQ�OOHULQL�YH�GL÷HU�LUPLN�ELOHúHQOHULQL�EX�D÷�LoLQGH�WXWWX÷X�NDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU��%XQD� J|UH�� SURWHLQ� D÷Õ� JHYúHN� LVH�PDNDUQD� SLúLUPH� VÕUDVÕQGD� ND\QD\DQ� VX\XQHWNLVL� LOH� úLúHQ� YH� MHODWLQL]H� RODQ� QLúDVWD� JUDQ�OOHULQL� PXKDID]D� HGHPH]�� PDNDUQD� \�]�\LER]XOXU�� 6RQXoWD� NDUERQKLGUDWODU� YH� SURWHLQOHU� SLúPH� VX\XQD� JHoHU�� %XQODU� PDNDUQD\Õ\DSÕúNDQ�ELU�KDOH�VRNDU�YH�N�PHOHúPH�KDOL�J|VWHULU��%X�GXUXPX�HQJHOOH\HELOHFHN�RODQ�SURWHLQD÷Õ�VD÷ODPOÕ÷ÕQÕQ���SURWHLQ�PLNWDUÕ�NDGDU�SURWHLQ�NDOLWHVLQHGH�ED÷OÕ�ROGX÷X�ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU�

9.1.1. 6X\D�*HoHQ�0DGGH�0LNWDUÕ9.1.1.1. Gerekli alet ve malzemeler� Etüv� .D\QDU�VX�YH\D�\D÷�EDQ\RVX� Beher (400 ml)� Bühner hunisi (250 ml)� Desikatör� 6DDW�FDPÕ� &DP�YH\D�úHIIDI�SOHNVLJODV�SONDODU�����FP�× 10 cm)

9.1.1.2. 'HQH\LQ�\DSÕOÕúÕ�����PO�OLN�ELU�EHKHUH�����PO�GDPÕWÕN�VX�NRQXU��0DNDUQD�SLúLUPH�LúOHPL�ND\QDU�VX�EDQ\RVXQGDYH\D� VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ� ���°&� \H� D\DUOÕ� \D÷� EDQ\RVXQGD� \DSÕOÕU��.D\QDPDNWD� RODQ� VX� LoHULVLQH� ��� JPDNDUQD� LODYH� HGLOLU�� 6SDJHWWL� YE� X]XQ� NHVLP� PDNDUQD� LOH� oDOÕúÕODFDNVD� PDNDUQDODU� �� FPER\XQGD� NHVLOLU�� %HKHULQ� D÷]Õ� VDDW� FDPÕ� LOH� NDSDWÕOÕU� YH� PDNDUQDODU� KHU� �� GDNLNDGD� ELUNDUÕúWÕUÕODUDN� ��� GDNLND� SLúLULOLU�� 6�UH� VRQXQGD� EHKHU� LoHUL÷L� %�KQHU� KXQLVLQGHQV�]�O�U�%�KQHU�KXQLVLQGHQ�GDPODPD�NHVLOLQFH��SLúPLú�PDNDUQD�WHNUDU�SLúLUPH�NDEÕQD�DOÕQÕU�YH�]HULQH� ��� PO� GDPÕWÕN� VX� LODYH� HGLOLS� KDILIFH� NDUÕúWÕUÕODUDN� \ÕNDQÕU� YH� WHNUDU� D\QÕ� KXQLGHQV�]�O�U��%DúODQJÕoWDNL�SLúLUPH�VX\X�YH�\ÕNDPD�VX\X�ELUDUD\D�JHWLULOLS��GDPÕWÕN�VX�LOH�����PO\H� WDPDPODQÕU�� ø\LFH� NDUÕúWÕUÕODQ� |UQHNWHQ� ��� PO� DOÕQDUDN� |QFHGHQ� GDUDVÕ� EHOLUOHQPLú� ELUEHKHUH� DNWDUÕOÕU�� %HKHU� VX� EDQ\RVXQD� \HUOHúWLULOHUHN� VX\X� WDPDPHQ� X]DNODúWUÕOGÕNWDQ� VRQUD98°&� \H� D\DUODQPÕú� HW�YGH� VDELW� D÷ÕUOÕ÷D� JHOLQFH\H� NDGDU� NXUXWXOXU� YH� GHVLNDW|UGHEHNOHWLOGLNWHQ� VRQUD� WDUWÕOÕU�� 6X\D� JHoHQ� PDGGH� PLNWDUÕ� DúD÷ÕGDNL� � IRUP�O� \DUGÕPÕ\ODKHVDSODQÕU� G × 283LúPH�VX\XQD�JHoHQ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ������ � × 100 100 – R

Page 61: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

*� � � � � �� � .DOÕQWÕ� �0LNWDUÕ� �HW�YGH� NXUXWXOGXNWDQ� � VRQUD� ERú� YH� SLúLUPH� VX\X� LoHUHUHQ� � NHSD÷ÕUOÕNODUÕ�DUDVÕQGDNL�IDUN��R : Makarna Rutubeti (%)

��������6RQXoODUÕQ�GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL�6X\D�JHoHQ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ���� Makarna Özellikleri

>8 ��������������������������'�ú�N�NDOLWHOL 6-8 ����������������������������ø\L�NDOLWHOL <6 Çok iyi kaliteli

�������+DFLP�$UWÕúÕ����� PO� OLN� |Oo�� VLOLQGLULQH� �� � oDOÕúDFDN� PDNDUQDQÕQ� � �]HULQL� NDSOD\DFDN� NDGDU� GDPÕWÕN� VXNDQXOXU� � YH� ��� J� PDNDUQD� LODYH� � HGLOLU� �� 6SDJHWWL� YE� X]XQ� NHVLP� PDNDUQDODU� oDOÕúÕODFDNVDPDNDUQDODU�\DNODúÕN���FP�ER\XQGD�NHVLOHUHN�DQDOL]H�KD]ÕUODQÕU� ��6X� VHYL\HVLQGHNL�DUWÕú�NXUXmakarna hacmidir (V1�� $\QÕ� KDFLP� |OoPH� LúOHPL� � ³VX\D� JHoHQ� PDGGH� PLNWDUÕ´analizindeSLúLULOPLú� �� PDGGH� �������� � YH� E�KQHU� KXQLVLQGHQ� V�]�OP�ú� PDNDUQD� LoLQGH� WHNUDUODQÕU� �6XVHYL\HVLQGHNL� DUWÕú� �� SLúPLú� PDNDUQD� KDFPLGLU��92�� �� �� KDFLP� DUWÕúÕ� DúD÷ÕGDNL� HúLWOLNWHQ\DUDUODQÕODUDN�KHVDSODQÕU�� (V2-V1)0DNDUQDGD�+DFLP�$UWÕúÕ������ ��� x 100 (20) V1

V2����0DNDUQDQÕQ�SLúPH�VRQUDVÕ�KDFPLV1����0DNDUQDQÕQ�SLúPH�|QFHVL�KDFPL

+DFLP�DUWÕúÕ�JHQHOOLNOH�PDNDUQD�NDOLWHVL�LOH�GR÷UX�RUDQWÕOÕGÕU�

9.1.3.Su Absorpsiyonu :

³6X\D�JHHoHQ�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ´� � �DQDOL]LQGH�HOGH�HGLOHQ��PDGGH��������SLúPLú�PDNDUQD�|UQH÷LE�KQHU� KXQLVLQGHQ� V�]�OHUHN� WDUWÕOÕU� YH� SLúPLú� PDNDUQD� � D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ� �� *2� �� EXOXQXU� �� 3LúPLúPDNDUQD�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ�GH÷HULQGHQ���*2 ���SLúPHPLú�PDNDUQD�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ��*1 ����J���oÕNDUÕODUDN��SLúLUPHVRQXFX�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�D÷ÕUOÕN�DUWÕúÕ�WHVSLW�HGLOLU�YH���VX�DEVRUSVL\RQ�GH÷HUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�IRUP�O\DUGÕPÕ�LOH�EXOXQXU� ( G2-G1)0DNDUQDQÕQ�VX�DEVRUSV\RQX�GH÷HUL����� �� X 100 (21) G1

G2����0DNDUQDQÕQ�SLúPH�VRQUDVÕ�D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕG1����0DNDUQDQÕQ�SLúPH�|QFHVL�D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ*HQHOOLNOH�PDNDUQD�NDOLWHVL�DUWWÕNoD�VX�DEVRUSVL\RQX�GH÷HUL�GH�DUWDU

Page 62: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�������3LúPH�V�UHVL�3LúPH�V�UHVLQLQ�WD\LQL�LoLQ�EHKHU�LoHULVLQGH�SLúLULOPH\H�EDúOD\DQ�PDNDUQD�|UQH÷LQGHQ�����GNVRQUD�SHQV�LOH�ELU�SDUoD�DOÕQÕS���FDP�OHYKDODU�DUDVÕQGD�VÕNÕúWÕUÕOÕU���&DP�OHYKDODU�DUDVÕQGD�H]LOHQPDNDUQDQÕQ�RUWDVÕQGD�DoÕN�UHQNOL�SLúPHPLú�NÕVÕP�ND\EROXQFD\D��NDGDU��EX�LúOHPH��ELUHU�GN�DUDLOH�GHYDP�HGLOLU��%DúODQJÕoWDQ�EX�DQD�NDGDU�JHoHQ�V�UH�SLúPH�V�UHVL�RODUDN�DOÕQÕU

������7RSODP�RUJDQLN�PDGGH��720��PLNWDUÕ�WDD\LQL9.1.5.1. Prensip:<|QWHP� � ��PDNDUQD\Õ�SLúLUGLNWHQ� VRQUD�ELU�PLNWDU� VX� LOH� \ÕND\ÕS�|UQHN� \�]H\LQGHNL�RUJDQLNPDGGHOHUL� VX\D� JHoLUPHN� YH� GDKD� VRQUD� � � \ÕNDPD� VX\XQGDNL� RUJDQLN� PDGGH� PLNWDUÕQÕNLP\DVDO�\|QWHPOH�EHOLUOHPH�HVDVÕQD�GD\DQPDNWDGÕU�720�\|QWHPL�PDNDUQD�NDOLWHVLQL�GH÷HUOHQGLUPHGH��\D\JÕQ�RODUDN�NXOODQÕODQ�ELU�WHVWWLU����������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ��� 1N K2Cr2O7 çözeltisi� 6�OILULN�DVLW��GHULúLN�� 0.5 N Fe(NH4 )2 (SO4)2 çözeltisi� Difenimal çözeltisi ( %0.5)

��������'HQH\LQ�<DSÕOÕúÕ�7RSODP� RUJDQLN� PDGGH� �� 720�� PLNWDUÕ� WD\LQL� '¶(JLGR� HW� DO� � ������� � WDUDIÕQGDQ� |QHULOHQPHWRGD��J|UH�\DSÕOÕU� ������J�PDNDUQD�NÕUÕOPDGDQ���ND\QDPDNWD�RODQ���OW� WX]VXV�VX�LoHULVLQGH���GN�VDELW�V�UH�LOH�SLúLULOLU���SLúLUPH�VÕUDVÕQGD�NDEÕQ�NDSD÷Õ�NDSDWÕOPD]�YH�PDNDUQD�KHU���GNGD� ELU� NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU�� �%X� V�UH� VRQXQGD� SLúHQ�PDNDUQD� J|]HQHN� DoÕNOÕ÷Õ� � ��PP�RODQ� V�]JHoWHQsüzülür ve örnek , içinde 500 ml su bulunan ölçü silindirine konularak 12 dk tutlur . BuVÕUDGD�KHU���GN�GD�ELU�NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU���'DKD�VRQUD�L\LFH�NDUÕúWÕUÕODQ�\ÕNDPD�VX\XQGDQ���PO�DOÕQDUDN����PO�KDFPLQGHNL�EHKHUH�DNWDUÕOÕU�YH����°&�GH�HYDSRUH�HGLOLU���(YDSRUDV\RQ�WDPDPODQGÕNWDQsonra örnek üzerine 10 ml 1N K2 Cr2O7�LODYH�HGLOHUHN�NDOÕQWÕ�L\LFH�ÕVODWÕOÕU�VRQUD��]HULQH�oHNHURFDNWD����PO������OÕN�V�OI�ULN�DVLW��LODYH�HGLOLU�����GN�NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ�VRQUD����GN�UHDNV\RQ�LoLQEHNOHQLU�� .DUÕúÕP� ���� PO� VX� LODYHVL\OH� VH\UHOWLOGLNWHQ� VRQUD�� � �� PO� �� ���� OLN� GLIHQLODPLQçözeltisi ilave edilir ve fazla K2Cr2O7, 0.5 N Fe(NH4)2(SO4) 2�LOH�WLWUH�HGLOLU���7LWUDV\RQ�ELWLúQRNWDVÕQGD�UHQN�PRUPHQHNúHGHQ� � \HúLOH�G|QHU��6RQXo�����J�|UQHNWHQ�\ÕNDPD�VX\XQD�JHoHQQLúDVWDQÕQ��J�RODUDN�PLNWDUÕ�úHNOLQGH�YHULOLU��TOM = ( B-S ) x ( 20/ B) x 3.75 x 100 x 0.9 x 1.0283 (22)

720��7RSODP�RUJDQLN�PDGGH�PLNWDUÕ%���������ùDKLW�LoLQ�KDUFDQDQ������1��)H�1+4)2(SO4)2��PLNWDUÕ���PO��S : Örnek içim harcanan 0.5 N Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 �PLNWDUÕ��PO�20 : 10 ml K2Cr2O7 o|]HOWLVLQH�NDUúÕOÕN�JHOHQ�)H�1+4)2(SO4) 2�o|]HOWLVL�PLNWDUÕ3.75 : 1 ml 0.5 N Fe(NH4)2(SO4) 2 o|]HOWLVLQH�NDUúÕOÕN�JHOHQ�JOXNR]�PLNWDUÕ��PJ�100 : Seyreltme faktörü0.9 ��JOXNR]X�QLúDVWD\D�oHYLUPH�IDNW|U���������1LúDVWDQÕQ�RNVLWOHQPL\HQ�PLNWDUÕ�LoLQ�G�]HOWPH�IDNW|U�

Page 63: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

��������6RQXoODUÕQ�'H÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL��������������720�'H÷HUOHUL��J������� Makarna özellikleri <14 Çok kaliteli 1.4 - 2.1 ����������������������ø\L�NDOLWHOL >2.1 ��������������������'�ú�N�NDOLWHOL9.1.6.Duyusal Testler:

0DGGH�������� WH�HOGH�HGLOH�PDNDUQD�SRUVHOHQ�ELU� WDEDN� LoHULVLQH� DOÕQÕS� � � ����GN�GD�\�]H\LQLQQLúDVWDOÕ� ROXS� ROPDGÕ÷ÕQD� �� SDUPDNOD� YH� GLúOH� H]HUHN� VHUWOL÷LQH� �� LoHULVLQGH� GDPDU� KDOLQGHSLúPHPLú� NÕVÕP� NDOÕS� NDOPDGÕ÷ÕQD� EDNÕOÕU�� ��� 'N� VRQXQ� GD� LVH� PDNDUQD� HOOH� NDOGÕUÕOÕSEÕUDNÕODUDN�ELUELULQH� \DSÕúÕS�\DSÕúPDGÕ÷ÕQD�J|UH�N�PHOHúPH�GXUXPX�NRQWURO�HGLOLU� ��.DOLWHOLPDNDUQD� SLúWLNWHQ� VRQUD� ELUELULQH� \DSÕúPDPDOÕ� �� EDúODQJÕoWDNL� úHNOLQL� YH� UHQJLQL� PXKDID]DHWPHOL���GD\DQÕNOÕ�YH�HODVWLN�ROPDOÕGÕU����'X\XVDO�WHVWOHUGH�HVDV�RODUDN�'¶�(JLGLR�HW�DO�������WDUDIÕQGDQ�|QHULOHQ�\|QWHPGHQ�\DUDUODQÕOPÕúWÕU��3XDQODPDGD� WDEOR������GH�EHOLUWLOGL÷L�úHNLOGHN�o�N� PRGLILNDV\RQODU� \DSÕOPÕú� ROXS� HQ� D]� � �� HNVSHU� WDUDIÕQGDQ� \DSÕODQ� SDQHOGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQLQ�RUWDODPDVÕ�YHULOLU�7DEOR������0DNDUQD�'X\XVDO�7HVWOHULQGH�.XOODQÕODQ�3XDQODPD�6LVWHPL��������0DNDUQD�|]HOOL÷L ��������'H÷HUOHQGLUPH Puanlama����������<DSÕúNDQOÕN �����������$úÕUÕ�GHUHFH 0-15

Çok 16- 30 Orta derece 31- 40 Az 41 -55 Çok az 56 - 75 Hiç yok 76- 100

������������.�PHOHúPH ��������dRN�DúÕUÕ�GHUHFHGH 0-15 Çok 16- 30 Orta derecede 31- 40 Kabul edilebilir düzeyde 41 -55 Yok denecek kadar az 56 - 75 Hiç yok 76- 100

Sertlik ����dRN�\XPXúDN�GD÷ÕOÕ\RU 0-15 Ezilmeye çok az dirençli 16- 30 Ezilmeye orta dirençli 31- 40 Kabul edilebilir düzeyde 41 -55 Arzu edilen düzeyde 56 - 75 mükemmel 76- 100

Page 64: HUBUBAT(Sezgin Unal

�������.RORULPHWULN�<|QWHPOH�0DNDUQD�3LúPH�.DOLWHVL�7D\LQL

9.1.7.1. Prensip

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9.1.7.2. Gerekli alet ve malzemeler

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