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5Prenatal Development And

BirthCognitive Development

in Infancy

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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

• Recall from Chapter Two

– Assimilation • Process of using schemes to make sense of experiences

– Accommodation • Changing a scheme to incorporate new information

– Sensorimotor Intelligence • Refinement of innate schemes by experiences

Piaget’s Views


Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

18 to 24 months6. Transition to Symbolic

Thought

12 to 18 months5. Tertiary Circular Reactions

10 to 12 months4. Coordination of Secondary Schemes

4 to 10 months3. Secondary Circular

Reactions

1 to 4 months2. Primary Circular Reactions

Birth to 1 month1. Basic Reflexes

AGESENSORIMOTOR SUBSTAGE


• Object Permanence– The realization that objects still exist when hidden

• 2 months – rudimentary expectations shown by surprise when an object disappears

• 6 – 8 months – looking for a missing object for a brief period of time

• 8 – 12 months – reaching for or search for a toy that is hidden



• Imitation• 2 months – can imitate actions they could see themselves

make

• 8 – 12 months – can imitate other people’s facial expressions

• 1 year – imitation of any action that wasn’t in the child’s repertoire begins

• 18 months – deferred imitation (a child’s imitation of some action at a later time) begins



Figure 5.1


– Piaget underestimates the cognitive capacity of infants.

– He may have wrongly equated the infant’s lack of physical ability with lack of cognitive understanding.

– Object permanence occurs much earlier than he predicted.

Challenge to Piaget’s View


• Baillargeon – Babies as young as 4 months show clear

signs of object permanence.

• Recent theories – Development of object permanence is more

of a process of elaboration than of discovery.

Modern Studies of Object Permanence


• Learning– Permanent changes in behavior that result from

experience

• Classical conditioning– Learning of emotional responses as early as the first

week of life

• Operant conditioning– Both sucking responses and head-turning have

been increased using reinforcement.

Learning, Categorizing, and Remembering


• Schematic Learning– The organization of experiences into expectancies,

or “known” combinations.

– Categories • By 7 months infants actively use categories to process

information.• Cannot process levels of categories

– Babies respond differently to animals and furniture but not to dogs and birds.

– Hierarchical categories appear by 2 years.



Memory

• Carolyn Rovee-Collier

• Babies as young as 3 months can remember specific objects and their own actions for as long as a week.



• The Behaviorist View– B. F. Skinner

• Begins with babbling, which the parents reinforce• Responds to grammatical use of words with

reinforcement• Withholds reinforcement for nongrammatical

words• Correct grammar is reinforced and becomes

more frequent.

The Beginnings of Language


• The Nativist View– Noam Chomsky

• Children make rule-governed grammatical errors.

• LAD – Language Acquisition Device– An innate language processor which contains the basic

grammatical structure of all human language

• Infants prefer speech in a particular pattern – motherese or infant-directed speech.



• The Constructivist View– Language development is part of a broader

process of cognitive development.

– Language is used to express only those meanings the child has already formulated.

– New words are learned when they help to communicate thoughts and ideas.



• Eclectic Approach– Exposure to Language

• Children’s experiences in the earliest years influence language.– Poverty influences a substantial gap in vocabulary by

age 4 and widens over the school years.

• Children whose parents talk to them often develop richer vocabularies and more complex sentences.



• Eclectic Approach– Motherese

• Speech in a higher pitch

• Adults repeat often, introduce minor variations, use slightly more elongated sentences.

• Babies prefer motherese.

• A baby more easily imitates a correct grammatical form “recast” from his own sentences by and adult.



• Which language theory appears to be right to you? Why?

• What are three effective strategies parents may use to help stimulate language development in their children?

Questions to Ponder


• Birth – 1 month– Crying is the predominant sound

• 1 – 2 months – Laughing and cooing sounds (aaaaa)

• 6 – 7 months– Babbling; repetitive vowel–consonant

combinations

Sounds, Gestures, and Word Meanings


Receptive language

• The ability to understand words

• 8 months — begin to store words in memory

• 9 – 10 months — can understand 20 – 30 words.

• 13 months — 100 words

Sounds, Gestures, and Word Meanings


Expressive language

• The ability to produce words

• 12 months — babies begin to say first words

• Words are learned slowly in context with specific situations and cues.

The First Words


• Holophrases – Combining a single word with gestures to make a

complete thought– Used between 12 and 18 months.

• Naming Explosion– Used between 16 and 24 months– 16 months old – 50 words in vocabulary– 24 months old – 320 words– Vocabulary grows in spurts

The First Words


• Sentences appear at 18 – 24 months

– Child has a threshold vocabulary of 100 words

– Sentences are short, generally 2 or 3 words, and simple• Sometimes called “telegraphic speech.”

– Create sentences following rules

The First Sentences


• Differences in rate of language development– A wide range of normal variations exists in

sentence structures.

– Most children catch up.

– Those who don’t catch up have poor receptive language.

Individual Differences in Language Development


• Differences in Style– Expressive style

• Early vocabulary linked to social relationships rather than objects

– Referential style• Early vocabulary made up of names of things or

people• Often advanced in understanding adult language

Individual Differences in Language Development


• Cooing, babbling, first words, holophrases, and telegraphic speech are typically found in all languages.

• The use of specific word order in early sentences is not the same.

• Particular inflections are learned in highly varying order.

Language Development Across Cultures


• Bailey Scales of Infant Development

–Measure sensory and motor skills

–Help identify children with serious developmental delays

Measuring Intelligence in Infancy

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This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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